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The treatment planning process includes a review of the radiation treatment plan which leads to a decision on the patientʼs treatment technique. The scope of this study was to create a mathematical model for calculating of a radiation therapy session duration during the pre-radiation planning stage.For dosimetric planning of radiation treatment the authors provided a formula and an algorithm for determining of a patientʼs irradiation session duration. Radiation therapy session parameters such as radiation technique, number of monitor units, characteristics of radiotherapy equipment, number of radiation fields, radiation field parameters (angles of rotation of the radiotherapy coach, collimator, gantry), presence / absence of dose-modulating devices, dose rate, and duration of patient position verification procedures have all been taken into account during the development of software. The developed application explains how to define typical timing characteristics for various items as well as how to select a template from a built-in drop-down menu. If the dosimetric plan does not match for one of the templates, the program provides a space for defining of all parameters manually.The anticipated deviations of the true indicators from the expected indicators of the duration of the radiation therapy session were assessed. A total of 300 cases have been completely measured, with 100 cases studied for each irradiation technique (IMRT, VMAT, 3D). The maximum detection confidence value for the 3DCRT irradiation technique is 2.3 %, while the deviation for the IMRT and VMAT irradiation techniques is less than 1 %. The magnitude and degree of the deviation of the measured value from the expected one for a variety of characteristics and features have been revealed to depend on the actions of the personnel.The program developed allows medical physicists to analyze the timing parameters of the specified dosimetric planning methodologies directly on the treatment planning workstation. Evaluation of the duration of a radiation therapy session during the treatment planning stage, selection of various radiation treatment modalities, and consideration of the characteristics of the radiation session in each clinical case are available for analysis and further justified action.

One of the main factors affecting the effectiveness of radiation therapy is the constancy of the patient’s position on the treatment table created by immobilization devices of various designs and held throughout the entire irradiation procedure, which guarantees the accuracy of the delivery of the prescribed dose distribution. The purpose of the work was to establish the numerical values of the dominant components of a radiation therapy session for each of the irradiation techniques most commonly used in clinical practice of the radiation therapy.To determine the numerical values of the components of the radiation therapy session, the authors have measured each component for some clinical cases of patients’ irradiation placed. The patients had been diagnosed with the following malignant tumours: prostate cancer, breast cancer, lung cancer, head and neck tumours. More than 2000 individual measurements have been carried out with the help of such medical linear accelerators as "Clinac", "Unique", "Truebeam", and the gamma-therapeutic apparatus named "Theratron".The numerical values of the time spent on 3 groups of parameters of an irradiation session were established: the mechanical parameters of the radiation therapy equipment, the functional characteristics of the irradiation systems and the parameters that directly depend on the personnel involved in an irradiation procedure.According to the measurement results, the flow diagram for the procedures of verifying a patient’s position on the therapeutic table (2 different techniques), preceding their irradiation and the radiation therapy procedures themselves was proposed. It has been shown that a number of session components can run in parallel to each other thus optimizing the time spent by a patient in the treatment room.Using the obtained values of the time spent on the radiation session parameters it is possible to actualize the mathematical model that will allow the medical physicist to determine in advance the duration of the irradiation session at the stage of treatment planning and choose a radiation therapy technique taking into account the individual parameters of the irradiation session in each particular clinical case.

Study objective: to analyze the activities of the regional Ryazan medical and physical dispensary in health maintaining and promoting in various medical and social groups and identify ways to improve the dispensary medical services quality. Materials and methods: a timing study of specialists, registry and laboratory workers involved in an in-depth examination at the medical exercises dispensary in Ryazan region. The 14-day study involved 20 specialists and 50 patients who underwent an in-depth medical examination. Results:We identifies the specialists working time consumption to develop and implement an action plan to reduce medical visit duration, the time spent by athletes at the examination stage and, accordingly, to increase the institution capacity. Conclusions: there is an obvious need to modernize medical support for people involved in physical culture and sports in the Ryazan region due to a significant lag in the growth rates of physiotherapy and sports medicine services from the rate of new sports facilities are commissioned and a significant increase in the number of athletes involved in physical culture and sports.

It is necessary to develop special assessment tools for international students, which will comply with the principles of evidence-based education. This is especially important in the context of Russian higher education export. Multiple choice questions (MCQs) are an essential part of the assessment and are suited for assessing the knowledge level of international students. The “Organic chemistry” is a basic course for pharmaceutical students, which is necessary for the understanding of principal subjects. The study objective was to develop a normative-oriented model of the “Organic chemistry” MCQs based examination for international students (the specialty 33.05.01 “Pharmacy”) in accordance with the recommendations of the Association for Medical Education in Europe (AMEE). The previously developed interactive “Organic Chemistry Test Simulator”, created at the Sechenov University, was used as the basis for the examination MSQs bank. It was analyzed by five independent experts, who work as teachers of organic chemistry. The average timing and the cut score were determined by the Angoff method, 90 sec and 64%, respectively. Among analyzed MCQs the 3% were found irrelevant, 22% were recommended for revision and modernization. Valid MSCs (600 items) served as the basis for the creation of extended examination MSQs bank. An algorithm for modeling the “Organic chemistry” MCQs based examination was proposed. The standardized examination test has 30 MSQs of different types. The standardized normative-oriented model of the “Organic chemistry” MCQs based examination for international students (the specialty 33.05.01 “Pharmacy”) was validated in terms of relevance and representativeness, optimized in time and cut score.

The article presents a review of the neurocognitive studies of time perception, timing, and sensorimotor synchronization. These fundamental abilities of humans and animals are an essential component of many cognitive processes: speech, memory, attention, planning, and forecasting. Violations of the processes of timing and sensorimotor integration and synchronization accompany some disorders in the motor and cognitive spheres: speech and language problems, autism, ADHD, neurodegenerative diseases, memory disorders. Many brain structures are involved in the implementation of timing processes: motor cortex, cerebellum, basal ganglia, some brain stem structures. The emotional valence and arousal of stimuli change the subjective perception of their duration. It is important to note the positive role of training time and rhythm perception and movements to rhythmic sounds and music in the rehabilitation process.

The subject. Detection of the essence of electoral process, the election campaign and their influence on the temporal component of the electoral process is the subject of this publication.The purpose of the article is to confirm or disprove hypothesis that the concept of "election campaign" should include activities for the preparation and conduct of elections, carried out in the period from the date of the decision on the appointment of elections to the day of official publication (publication) of the decision on the results of electionsThe methodology. General scientific methods were used when considering and analyzing the concepts of the electoral process, election companies, and stages of the electoral process. Normative-logical and comparative-legal methods were used in the process of analyzing the electoral legislation.The main results and scope of their application. The definition of the electoral process is considered by scientists not only as a system of relations, but also as a phenomenon, as an institution, as a form of implementation of constitutional principles, as a legal technology, as a technological infrastructure. Almost all authors, detecting the essence of the electoral process, cannot avoid the temporal aspect of this phenomenon. Political scientists and sociologists understand an election (election) campaign as a system of various campaigning events, with the help of which political parties and individual candidates seek the support of voters in elections. The election campaign in the broad sense is the period of time during which citizens have the opportunity to exercise most of their electoral rights. It is essential not only to legislate consolidation of the definition of “election campaign”, but also to define its temporal component, adequate to the goals and objectives of the implementation of the constitutional right to elect and to be elected.The current law defines the election campaign as activities for the preparation and conduct of elections from the date of publication of the announcement of elections until the day the election commission submits the election report.The start of the election campaign is given by the publication of the announcement of the election, but not the adoption of this decision. The campaign ends not with the determination of the winner, but after the election commission submits a report on budget spending, i. e. 3 months after the actual completion of the election. This duration of the campaign does not correspond to the objectives of the election and artificially lengthens the election campaign.The time limits of an election campaign are closely related to the stages of the electoral process, i.e., a set of electoral actions and procedures that are separate in time, aimed at forming a government body and electing an official. The author refers to the mandatory stages of the electoral process as determining the voting day and publishing the decision to call elections; nominating and registering candidates (lists of candidates); election campaigning; voting, determining the results of voting, determining the results of elections and publishing them. Deadlines mark the boundaries of the stages of the electoral process, affecting its institutional, subject and technological components.Conclusions. Nowadays, it is necessary to reduce the legislatively fixed period of the election campaign and, as a result, clarify the definition of “election campaign”, which is preferably defined as activities for the preparation and conduct of elections, carried out from the date of the decision of the authority or official on the election to be held until the day official publication of the decision of the election commission on the election results.

The authors discuss the issue of objective assessment of complexity in forensic psychiatric evaluation. The complexity of expert assessment is determined by a combination of factors hampering clinical diagnosis and making it difficult to assess the legal significance of a mental disorder. There have been four groups of complexity of examinations in civil cases and three groups of complexity of expertise in criminal cases singled out.

The article is aimed at building the functions of forecasting the indicators of economic development of production, represented by time series. Modeling of changes of financial-economic indicators of production in short and medium-term perspectives is considered. The methodology of detection of anomalies of a time series together with significance of their influence on values of the basic characteristics of a time series is provided. It is substantiated, that forecasting of processes of economic development of enterprises is most optimally executed by means of polynomial quadratic approximation. Use of the proposed approach allows to exclude subjectivity of expert estimation and to increase accuracy and reliability of forecasts. The prospect of further researches in this direction is comparison of real production data of financial-economic indicators of dynamic series with the calculated trends and adaptation to current conditions. Further development of modeling and forecasting of processes of economic development implements the process of constant updating of the model depending on influences of surrounding factors, bringing closer the characteristics of mathematical model to real data.

Long-term spectral and photometric observations of transit and nontransit exoplanet systems are carried out in MAO NAS of Ukraine. On the base of obtained data we study the influence of exoplanets on chromospherical activity of the host stars, model the light curves, calculate exoplanet system's parameters and search planets in eclipsing binary star's systems. In the field of protoplanetary disc researches it was developed a new algorithm for calculation of the energy distribution in spectra of systems containing a spherical central source and a surrounding protoplanetary disc.

For the conditions of the Republic of Mordovia adaptive technology of cultivation of sweet sorghum is developed which is based on resource-saving techniques to ensure the creation of high-productive agro-cenoses. The best preceding crop for sorghum are wetch-oat mixture and peas. After harvesting they should be plowed to a 20-22 cm depth with a preliminary shallow plowing. This method provides the lowest water consumption (7.6-8.3 mm) to create a 1 ton of green mass and increases sweet sorghum yield by 18-28 % in comparison with surface processing and disking. The best term of sowing for green mass is the end of the third decade of May (soil temperature 15-16 °C at a depth of seeding). At the same time, the maximum seed yield (3.25 t/ha) is achieved at an early stage of sowing and warming of seed layer up to 12 °C. Sweet sorghum is advisable to sow at seed rate of 0.6-0.8 million viable seeds per 1 ha, while there is an optimal ratio between the height (171-176.3 cm) and plant productivity (36.4-40.2 t/ha ). The best conditions for plant growth and development are at sowing seeds with 45 and 15 cm distance between rows. The main criterion for evaluating the seed depth is field germination; the optimal value of it (78.0%) is observed during the germination of seeds from 45 cm depth. Harvesting of sorghum should be started during the shooting and flowering stages that increases the exchange energy content of the fodder up to 9.82-10.42 MDJ/kg of dry matter in comparison with other phases of development.

On the basis of the original photometric data, the light curves of several transits in the exoplanet system TrES-3 were simulated by Monte Carlo method. Using these curves, the estimates of precise values of mid-transit time were calculated to assess the possibility of finding new planets by timing method in already known exoplanet systems using ground-based observations at small telescopes. More accurate values of the some orbital and physical parameters of TrES-3 system were also obtained including following the planet-star radius ratio (R_P/R_*), the angle of the planet orbital plane inclination (i).

The article presents the theoretical analysis of temporal and event norms of life course in the context of foreign approach, called “timing”. Timing includes normative characteristics of the time when key life events occur and their content and order of realization at different stages of life. In the basis of the theory, timing is the assertion that the same life event can have a completely different effect on a person’s life depending on the time when they occurred. It is proved that following to normative life schedules plays important role in building the subjective image of life course and influences social well-being and satisfaction with life. The modern transformations of the regulatory characteristics of life course inherent in postmodern society are analyzed. They include the diffusion of regulatory trajectories, the variable nature of life schedules, destandardization of life course. In conclusion the phenomenon of individualization of life course is discussed.

In the provision of primary health care to the rural population, the role of paramedic and obstetric stations (FAP) is great. The purpose of the study is to develop a system of measures aimed at improving the quality of medical care provided at paramedic and obstetric stations. The study was conducted in 2019-2020 on the basis of 26 FAP of 12 central district hospitals (CRH) of the Republic of Dagestan. The organization of labor of 26 paramedics and 26 midwives during 1740 hours was studied by the method of time-lapse observation. The content of 16511 visits by the FAP population was analyzed. The expert evaluation method studied the quality of medical care to 445 patients on 7 FAP. The main work of FAP paramedics accounts for 74.5%, and for midwives - 76.3% of all labor costs. A significant share in the cost structure is occupied by preventive (22.9% for paramedics and 27.8% for midwives) and diagnostic and therapeutic activities (17% and 15.6%). There are high costs for transitions and relocations (17.3% and 14.1%) and for working with documentation (13.7% and 14.5%). In the structure of visits by the population of paramedics and midwives of FAP, for reasons of the greatest proportion are visits with therapeutic and diagnostic purposes (37%), followed by visits for medical appointments (32.8%) and preventive (23.9%). The quality of medical care provided by paramedics to patients with therapeutic diseases was inadequate in 23.8% of cases. Every third (35.7%) patient was treated with FAP unreasonably. Out of the total number of patients who were treated unreasonably on FAP, according to experts, 62.5% had to be treated in the CRH, 34.8% - in the district hospital (outpatient clinic).