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Vitamins and minerals are essential for normal conception, pregnancy, fetal and child's development. Widespread micronutrient deficiency in the modern population adversely affects the health of both mothers and children. The use of vitamins and minerals in step pregravidal preparation and during pregnancy is an important factor in the prevention of miscarriage, premature delivery, impaired function of the fetoplacental complex, fetal malformations and weight lacking infants or immature ones, and, the best way to introduce the necessary micronutrients is the use of vitamin-mineral complexes .Vitamin and mineral complexes have obvious advantages in comparison with a subsidy of some micronutrients in pregnant women. The review highlights the role of vitamins and minerals in a successful pregnancy and justified their prophylactic use.

Adequate folate status is a necessary condition for a normal pregnancy, the development of the fetus and child. Recent clinical studies have enhanced the classic recommendations for folic acid intake for the prevention of obstetric complications and fetal malformations. Subsidy of folic acid in the stage of pregravidal preparation and during pregnancy is an important factor in the prevention of miscarriage, premature birth, dysfunction of the fetoplacental complex, fetal malformations and birth weight of infants or immature children. The optimal dose of folate required to compensate for their lack (in addition to folate derived from food), ranges from 400 to 800 micrograms. The use of folic acid in combination with other vitamins and minerals needed during pregnancy has a better effect compared with monotherapy with folic acid. At the moment, there are drugs with structure that, instead of folic acid includes L-methylfolate. In Europe, a comparative, placebo-controlled study, which compared the effects of the use of L-methylfolate ([6S] -5-methyltetrahydrofolate) and folic acid in folate concentration in plasma and erythrocytes was recently held. These studies suggest that folic acid and methylfolate increase the concentration of folate in the blood at the same level, so it makes no sense to use methylfolate instead of folic acid, which has a broad evidence base.

Premenstrual syndrome is a disease leading to the loss of quality of life and temporary disability. Currently, there are ways of not only relieving the symptoms and treatment of premenstrual syndrome, but also treating the patients with different therapy variations, that can provide a good quality of life of both patients and healthy women experiencing discomfort before the menses. The use of drospirenoncontained combined oral contraceptives solves this medical and social problem.

Комбинированные пероральные контрацептивы (КОК) пользуются большой популярностью во всем мире не только благодаря своей противозачаточной надежности, но и по причине дополнительных профилактических и лечебных эффектов. В результате врачи во всем мире назначают КОК не по прямым показаниям – для контрацепции, а для лечения гинекологических заболеваний [1]. Среди благоприятных неконтрацептивных эффектов КОК, используемых в лечебных целях, на одном из первых мест стоит их способность регулировать менструальный цикл.

Гормональная контрацепция широко используется во всем мире благодаря своей эффективности, хорошей переносимости и дополнительным неконтрацептивным эффектам, носящим лечебно-профилактический характер и улучшающим качество жизни. Фактор улучшения качества жизни важен не только с позиций сохранения репродуктивного здоровья женщин, но и по причине повышения приверженности контрацептивному методу, обеспечивающему продолжительный прием выбранного средства и, следовательно, снижающему риск аборта и связанных с ним осложнений. Большинство комбинированных оральных контрацептивов (КОК) положительно влияет на качество жизни, уменьшая проявления предменструального, климактерического синдромов, дисменореи и других симптомов, связанных с гормональными флюктуациями [1]. Между тем воздействие КОК на психоэмоциональную сферу неоднозначно. По-разному оценивается влияние КОК и на сексуальную функцию женщин. В целом применение КОК связывают с повышением сексуальной активности, частоты и интенсивности оргазма, но возможно и снижение полового влечения, и возбуждения, и дискомфорт во время полового акта, обычно обусловленный уменьшением секреторной активности слизистых оболочек полового тракта, неизбежным в условиях снижения уровня эстрадиола. Описано негативное влияние микродозированных КОК на половое поведение женщин [2]. В зависимости от компонентов противозачаточного средства и особенностей их характеристик неконтрацептивные свойства гормонального лекарственного препарата различаются. Имеет значение также путь введения противозачаточного средства, определяющее удобство и приемлемость его применения. Так, в отношении влагалищной гормональной контрацепции существует предположение о преимущественно позитивном влиянии на сексуальную жизнь. Но исследования на эту тему малочисленны и требуют продолжения. Цель исследования – оценить параметры качества жизни на фоне использования интравагинальной гормональной системы НоваРинг.

Важным фактором, снижающим репродуктивный потенциал женщин, является нежелательная беременность и ее искусственное прерывание. Около 10% всех незапланированных беременностей приходится на 18-месячный период после родов. Беременность, наступившая в этот период, негативно влияет на здоровье новорожденных и матерей, повышая риск преждевременных родов, рождения детей с низкой массой тела, раннюю неонатальную и младенческую смертность [92, 109]. Аборт, произведенный в первые месяцы после родов, является тяжелейшим психологическим и гормональным стрессом для организма женщины и приводит к функциональным и органическим нарушениям в репродуктивной системе [10]. Искусственное прерывание беременности в 1-й год после кесарева сечения способствует несостоятельности рубца на матке и резко ухудшает прогноз последующей беременности [3]. В этой связи контрацепция в послеродовом периоде имеет первостепенное значение для сохранения общего и репродуктивного здоровья женщины.

В кругу вопросов регуляции рождаемости особое положение занимает проблема контрацепции у подростков. Это закономерно. Пубертатный период – важнейший этап в жизни женщины. В подростковом возрасте линейное поступательное развитие сменяется на бурный ростовой скачок с интенсивным созреванием и функциональной перестройкой всех систем организма, в том числе репродуктивной. По напряженности процессов, протекающих в организме, период полового созревания занимает второе место после периода новорожденности. Жан-Жак Руссо назвал его «вторым рождением человека».Одновременно с физиологическими изменениями в организме в подростковом возрасте происходит становление образа жизни, вырабатываются стиль и стереотипы поведения, включая сексуальное и репродуктивное. Группа юных женщин в возрасте 12–19 лет формирует фон и структуру осложнений беременности и перинатальной патологии в будущем, в значительной степени определяя здоровье последующих поколений [1].Положение дел с регуляцией рождаемости в этой возрастной группе, к сожалению, нельзя считать благополучным. Раннее начало половой жизни, плохая информированность о методах контрацепции приводят к частому возникновению незапланированных беременностей, печальным исходом которых часто становится искусственный аборт. Из пяти беременностей у подростков только одна заканчивается родами, а четыре искусственно прерываются. Абсолютное число абортов у лиц моложе 19 лет в 2006 г. составило 143 816, или 10,26% от общего числа абортов во всех возрастных группах.Высокий уровень непланируемых беременностей у подростков и молодежи поддерживается рядом медико - социальных факторов.

A two-stage method has been developed for calculating and forecasting the annual volumes of glacial runoff feeding mountainous rivers. At the first stage, the series of morphological characteristics of glaciers are reconstructed using limited data from regional glaciation monitoring. An example of a numerical description and analysis of the annual reconstructed dynamics of glaciation parameters in the upper Rhone River (Switzerland) is presented. Similar results of reconstruction of annual values of the morphological characteristics were obtained for the basins of tributaries of the Terek River (North Caucasus) and the Western Kyzylsu River (Pamir). At the second stage, the calculation and forecast of the time series of the average summer air temperature Ts(Zmean) at the height of Zmean is performed, which is used as an argument for determining the ablation layer by the formula Ab = f(Ts) on the glaciation area Fgl. The annual vertical profiles of mean air temperature of April T4 = T4(Z), summer ones Ts = Ts(Z), and formulas for calculating Ts as a function of T4 are constructed and used for the calculations. Thus, on a regional scale, it was established for the first time that the April air temperature T4 allows calculating a thickness of the annual ablation layer Ab = f(Ts) with a month earliness the forecast at the average height Zmean of the glacier. The reconstructed Fgl(t) series is used to obtain annual volumes of glacial alimentation. A regional study of variability of the index of glacial alimentation δ (Schultz, 1965) with time t was carried out using long-period measurements of runoff in the river basins of Eurasia, North America, Central Europe, and Central Asia. The index δ is equal to the ratio between the volumes W of flow or the average water discharges Q for the periods July-September (Q7–9) and March-June (Q3–6).As a result of the analysis of the expression δ = δ(t), it was found that the gradient of the linear trend equation for the δ index in all the above river basins is negative, which is indicative of a reduction in glacial-snow alimentation, or more precisely – in only its glacial component. Notwithstanding this, the annual runoff Qyear decreased only in three basins, and in the others Qyear, increased due to the growth of Q3–6, which overlapped decreasing of Q7–9. Index δ for the upper reaches of the Rhone River turned out to be not only a representative characteristic of changes in the vegetation period and annual runoff of the river, but also an efficient argument for the super-long-range prediction of these variables for 2025–2054 years.

The study was aimed at analysis of changes in the area Fgl, the number Ngl and statistical parameters of distribution for different aggregates of glaciers over two periods: 1946–1975 and 1976–2005. The determined changes in the above parameters of glaciers located in river basins of the following mountain regions: the North Caucasus (Baksan, Chegem, Cherek, Malka, Teberda, Terek), Alay ridge (Akbura, Isfara, Isfayram, Shahimardan, Sokh), Altay (Aktru, Chuya, Katun) and Pamir (Gunt), are presented in the article. For better reliability of the height parameters of the glacier aggregates at the scale of the river basins, the maximum, minimum and average height values of individual glaciers were weighed by area. The trustworthiness of changes of the weighed height parameters confirms consistency with the linear relationship adopted at the scale of the river basin between the dimensions of the glaciers and the average weighed heights of beginning, end and average altitude of individual glaciers. Definition of the concept and the scale of representativeness of local measurements of glacier mass balance in the WGMS database is the actual glaciological problem. The proposed quantitative substantiation and the results of the selection of a group of representative glaciers are, in general, based on the use of parameters of dynamical state of individual glaciers distributed over several intervals from the minimum to maximum area values. The parameters of each glacier included: total area, volume, maximum and minimum height difference, index of morphological type, average thickness, orientation and slope of the surface. The sequence of determining the composition of a sample of representative glaciers on the example of glaciations in the basins of the Kyzylsu Western (Pamir) and Katun (Altai) rivers is described. Important part of the work was performed to reveal the possibilities to use local values (Ab – ablation/Bs – summer mass balance) measured on a priori reference/representative glaciers in the WGMS database as an additional argument for modeling and calculation of river runoff at the scale of river basins for June–September and other time intervals. Adding of local values of Ab/Bs as a complementary argument to the regression equations for regional calculations of runoff of the rivers of a snow-glacial feeding in the North Caucasus, Pamir-Alai and Altai was found to be efficient in only limited number of cases. The hydrological representation of the glacier is a new characteristic of practical importance for solving problems of hydrology and glaciology in river basins of snow-glacial type of the flow formation, which include almost all Alpine river basins. The method of revealing the hydrological representativeness of local Ab/Bs measurements described in the paper may be used for glaciers from the existing WGMS network.

Rivers with snow-glacier alimentation in six basins of the Northern Caucasus (Cherek, Chegem, Baksan, Malka, Teberda, and upper course of the Terek River) and Altai (the Katun’ River) were investigated in 1946–2005 for the purpose to analyze long-term streamflow variations. It was noted that in 1976–2005 volume of annual runoff increased relative to the previous 30-year interval in four of six rivers of the Northern Caucasus. During the vegetation period the volume of runoff changed synchronously with the annual one. As for the river Katun’, its volumes and variability of both, the annual runoff and that for the vegetation season, decreased. In the course of investigation of spatial-temporal dynamics of hydrological and glaciological characteristics in the above river basins of the Northern Caucasus and the same of Katun’ River the following problems were considered and solved: a) the information and methodological basis for regional calculations of the runoff for the rivers with snow-glacier alimentation had been improved and corrected; b) changes of the components of hydrological cycle (precipitation, evaporation, and glacier runoff) over the glaciation area had been estimated for the period of 1946–2005; c) data on quality of the initial glaciological and hydrological information were integrated; d) definitions of the runoff were verified by means of comparison of measured runoff with similar values calculated by equation of the annual water budget as a whole for the basin. It should be noted that the total areas of glaciers and areas of their ablation were significantly reduced, but areas and thicknesses of ice under the moraine cover increased. Despite widespread, sometimes twofold decrease in the relative part of glacier alimentation in the total river streamflow for period of April–September this did make almost no effect on the water supply of the vegetation period in individual basins as well as in the whole the Northern Caucasus.

The issue of forming integral risk management programs is vital for industrial enterprises. A new option of solving the task is discussed. Industrial enterprise risk management general structure is proposed for the whole integrity of risks, detailed description of the procedure of forming thisprogram being provided for. Subprograms of the management of current and positioned risks as well as of enterprise project risks are described in the article along with the succession of operations needed.

Analysis of changes in WB components (precipitation, evaporation, glacier runoff, dynamical water resources) on the Northern slope of the Zailiisky Alatau was performed for the 1946–2005 time divided into two periods: 1946–1975 and 1976–2005. The territory under investigation included basins of the following rivers: Bolshaya Almatinka, Malaya Almatinka, Talgar, Turgen, Issyk, Chemolgan, Kaskelen, Kargalinka, Prohodnaya, and Uzunkargaly. Their total area down to the closing gauge points amounts to 2644 km2. Summarized glacier areas in these basins and annual runoff were equal, respectively, to: 306.6 km2 and 39.05 km3in 1946–1975, and 253.0 km2 and 38.35 km3 in 1975–2005. In 1946–2005, typical features of regional glaciation dynamics were increasing area of the moraine cover on glaciers and reducing area of bare ice that results in decreasing of the glacial runoff volume, all other factors being the same. The method to calculate the WB components consists of the following constituents: model of seasonal runoff from melted snow and ice in the areas of accumulation and ablation of glaciers; complex of formulas to calculate precipitation, air temperature and humidity, intensity of ice melting under the moraine, bare ice and evaporation within the height intervals corresponding to the main types of surfaces on the glaciers. On the basis of our method, we could reconstruct for the 1876–2015 period long‑term series of data on a runoff, separately annual values and sums for the vegetation periods. They can be used for regional scientific and applied analyses of the river stream discharges. The data on runoff in the Malaya Almatinka River basin and observational data on the meteorological station Almaty (Hydrometeorological Observatory) had been quantitatively substantiated as the representative information for modeling and calculation of water resources on the Northern slope of the Zailiisky Alatau Range.

Results of distant satellite sounding (the TERRA satellite) of high-mountainous areas and digital models SRTM 4.1 and ASTER DEM G2 of the same relief were used to calculate the following parameters of high-mountain dammed glacial lakes: area, depth, the water volume, excess of the dam above the water level. It is important for estimation of the water volume that can be dangerous for a break-through of a dammed lake. Formulas deduced to calculate the depth and volume of a lake for several sections of its area were tested and proposed. It is demonstrated that the regression equation V = Hmax × F, where Hmax is maximum depth of the lake, can be used as the parameterization of the formula «lake volume V equals the product of the area F on average depth D». More precise values of the coefficients a and b in the formula V = aFb were also obtained. Parameters and the water volumes of lakes were estimated for the river Gunt (right tributary of Pyanj River) basin. According to [28], there are 428 high-mountain lakes in this region with their total area ≥ 2500 m2. For basin Inflow of melted snow and glacier water caused by the rise of mean summer air temperatures in 1931–2015 was estimated for the lake Rivankul basin (the Pamir Mountains).

Suggested new method for reconstruction of runoff includes: 1. Search informative points based weather observations for dependence runoff = f(climate index). Climate index consists of normalized anomalies of annual precipitation and air temperature, together with water vapor pressure and total cloud amount in the June–September. 2. The selection of sites that represent local relationship between the index of climate and tree rings. 3. Getting the multivariate linear regression equation between the runoff V and tree rings D. Basic climatic period 1961–1990 is used as a calibration interval of time. Verification of the equations for 1940–1960 identified the need to use other arguments in addition to the width of tree rings. For this purpose, two climate index: PDSI and SPEI were tested. It is established that the empirical formulae V = f(D, PDSI) and V = f(D, SPEI) are suitable for assessing the annual flow of the Naryn in 1901–2006. In the report is described a process of reconstruction of flow for the years 1700–2005 based on the data of the width of the tree rings, and taking into account the temporal variability of parameters of regression equations.Chronologies of the width and density of tree rings in the thirty-two tree ring sites were used to reconstruct long-term series of average summer air temperature Ts at meteorological stations of the Pamir and Tien Shan. The calibration interval of time was 1961–1990 to find equations Ts = f(D) of third-order multiple regression, and independent control of their quality, done in 1932–1960. Combined correlation coefficient in 10 cases out of 15 was more than 0.80, a relative error of calculation Ts in 19611990 ranged from 0.13 to 4.73%, and in 1932–1960 from 0.23 to 8.10%. Duration of the reconstructed series Ts ranged from 100 to 278 years. Positive results were received for predicting a common and glacial runoff of Naryn river, a long-term range of density of tree rings.

Altitude and areal characteristics of glaciation of the Earth, as well as annual ELA and AAR values for a limited number of glaciers can be found in references [10, 15, 16, 18, 29]. According to these data, the analysis of the relations between ELA, AAR, annual mass balance of glaciers and its components was performed for use in the remote monitoring of glaciation. Appropriate sample included 45 to 66 glaciers located mainly in Eurasia, at mean weighted altitudes Zmed from 520 m to 4253 m above sea level. The existence of close and stable spatial relations AAR = f (Bn) and AAR = f (ELA) (see Table 1) allows, ultimately obtain local or regional estimates of glacier mass balance. In 1957, the area of the moraine on the glaciers of the Pamir was 320 km 2 , or 4.8% of the total area of glaciers in the region, and after ~ 20 years it has increased to 644 km2 or 10.7% [10]. In this paper we used photos of glaciers Medvezhiy and Bivachny in late August 2007 and 2012 from the ISS. Ground resolution is of 3–5 meters. Photos were transformed into WGS projection and tied to a topographic map 1:50 000. Altitudinal interval of moraines propagation on glaciers Medvezhiy and Bivachny in 2007–2012 was equal to, respectively: 3000–5000 and 3400–4800 m above sea level. It was revealed increase of total area of the moraine on these glaciers for the years 1975– 2007. Analysis of the content and quality of the main sources of global and regional information about modern glaciation of the Earth shows that without additional thematic processing they are not suitable for monitoring the dynamics of glaciers in the major river basins and use on a par with the existing data on precipitation, temperature, humidity, cloud cover and other climatic characteristics. Additional processing should be provided to exclude asynchronies in morphometric parameters. This will reduce errors in glaciological interpretation of satellite images and improve the quality of spatial extrapolation of meteorological data. Examples are given of determining the spectral albedo of glacier surface, using ENVI software and remote sensing data from Landsat 7 ETM+ and TERRA. Application of the methods for determining the albedo on the one hand creates additional opportunities for remote monitoring of glaciers, on the other – provides calculation different types of melted glacier surface as a function of absorbed solar radiation.

The work was aimed at numerical modeling of spatial-temporal variability of the river Terek seasonal (April to September) streamflow characteristics and long-term fluctuations of components of annual glacier mass balances in this basin and on the adjacent territories. Mass balance of glaciers Djankuat and Garabashi was calculated. Simulation was performed by means of stochastic modeling and discrete data presenting fields of main meteorological parameters (precipitation, air temperature and humidity) having effect on the streamflow. Realization of this approach is complicated by the fact that spatial representativeness of hydrological and meteorological sites are not corresponding one to another. Data on the runoff is clearly related to the total drainage area closed by a gauging station. And for this data we study a relationship with meteorological parameters which are measured at a non-regular observational network whose spatial representativeness is unknown. These stations are generally located beyond the area under investigation (Fig. 2). Similar problem exists when we analyze a relationship between components of the mass balance of individual glaciers (Djankuat and Garabashi) and the above climate characteristics measured at some stations located on the whole Caucasus territory. The same takes place when long-term indices of width and density of tree annual rings obtained in upper reaches of the river Kuban’ are used for analysis of variations of the runoff and the glacier mass balance in the river Terek basin located at a distance of 100-150 km from the Kuban’ dendrologic sites.To solve the problem we used a wide number of factors which directly (various information about the climate) or indirectly (indices of the climate dryness, wood ring characteristics) characterize conditions of formation of annual and seasonal river runoff and components of glacier mass balance in the North Caucasus. Use of all obtained information made possible the following results: a) new formulas for the calculation of seasonal runoff of the Terek river at the seven gauging stations for 1901–2010 years were derived and verified with independent data; b) significance of various arguments in these formulas was assessed to describe variability of function; c) for the first time relationships between the equilibrium line altitude (ELA), the index of area of accumulation (AAR), and components of the mass balance of the glaciers Djankuat and Garabashi were obtained; d) a technique for regional calculation of average accumulation on these glaciers was developed by using data on ablation and ELA.

The paper analyzes the issue of calculating the endurance of the body of lowflying orbital objects from cyclic temperature alternating deformation beyond the limits of Hooke's law. The practical absence of direct calculation methods is stated. An indirect calculation is proposed on the basis of available experimental data on mechanical tests of samples with the «stress» parameter and an algorithm for transition from actual deformations to equivalent stresses. The calculation method is based on the use of the existing experimental fatigue curve under a symmetrical bending cycle, the results of static tensile tests at extreme cycle temperatures, and a generalization of known information about the patterns of changes in the endurance parameters of the material under consideration in relation to the conditions of cyclic temperature alternating deformation. The adequacy of the methodology is verified using the example of depressurization of the housing of the Zarya orbital module of the international space station, made of AMg6 alloy after ≈120,000 cycles of alternating temperature loading. The difference between the calculated and actual endurance of the AMg6 alloy is within the natural range of 20 % during fatigue testing.

The aim of the research is to obtain the static characteristic of the angular velocity measuring transducer of the developed design and to determine its design parameters. The research methodology provides theoretical substantiation of the static characteristic of the proposed angular velocity measuring transducer with inertial flap and nozzles. The paper considers the principle of operation of various designs of measuring transducers of angular velocity with inertial masses. The variant of constructive execution of angular velocity measuring transducer with inertial flap and nozzles is substantiated, for which the static characteristic is obtained. On the basis of the obtained expressions the main design parameters of the device are determined. The methodology of calculation of static characteristic of angular velocity measuring transducers in the adaptive control system of hydraulic drive is considered. The obtained expression of the static characteristic of the proposed design of the angular velocity measuring transducer connects the external disturbing influence (angular velocity) and the pressure drop in the interthrottle chambers in the steady-state mode of operation. The recommended parameters of the elements of the angular velocity transducer are: nozzle orifice diameter in the range of 0.5–1.5 mm, nozzle face diameter in the range of 1.2–1.5 nozzle orifice diameter, flap stroke up to 0.1 nozzle orifice diameter. It should be noted that at diameters of permanent throttle and nozzle orifices less than 0.5 mm, as well as at the flap movement less than 0.02 mm, obliteration may occur, i.e. overgrowing of resistance passage sections by polarised liquid molecules, which breaks the performance of the angular velocity transducer. The obtained expression of the static characteristic of the proposed design of the angular velocity transducer with an inertial flap and nozzles allows us to determine the design parameters of its elements and, on their basis, the dynamic characteristics.

The purpose of the research is to substantiate the critical rotation speed of a rotor with bent blades based on force analysis and modeling the movement of mixture particles in a horizontal loader of a circulation mixer. The research method[1]ology included the substantiation of the highest rotation frequency of the loader blade rotor based on a force analysis of moving particles of forces when they were moved by the bent blades of the loader and compliance with the conditions for the entry of flying particles into the tray. The numerical analysis performed on the basis of the obtained expressions using the Mathcad mathematical package made it possible to establish the critical values of the rotation speed of the rotor-loader with bent blades based on the condition of the material coming off the blade and the condition of the flight of particles from the blade into the receiving tray. With radial blades, the limitation is the entry of particles into the receiving tray at a critical frequency of 43 min-1 , then for a blade bend of 30° – about 60 min-1 , for a blade bend of 45° – about 70 min-1, for a blade bend of 60° – about 80 min-1. The lowest critical values of the rotor-loader rotation frequency from the condition of particle movement along the blade correspond to the blade bend angle of 27–60° and are determined by the friction coefficient of the material, amounting to 83–78 min-1. With an increase in material friction, the critical values of the rotor rotation speed from the condition of material coming off the blade decrease slightly, and the bend angle for the rotation speed extremum increases. The highest rotation speed of the rotor - loader with a radius of 0.12 m is limited to 78 min-1 at a blade bending angle of the order of 30–60°, determined by the friction of the material on the blade.

INTRODUCTION. Modern technologies for 3D printing of implants for surgical treatment of patients are actively introduce into the medical field. Chronic injuries of the pelvis are an actual problem in traumatology and orthopedics, and the use of the developed original metal structure in conjunction with additive technologies will improve the results of treatment in male and female patients, as it allows creating adapted designs, taking into account the morphology of an individual patient. The OBJECTIVE was to create the adapted design taking into account anatomical features for stable fixation pelvic bones in each individual patient using modern additive technologies and to compare the results of treatment using a serial polyposition plate and an individual plate. METHODS AND MATERIALS. We carried out a comparative analysis of the results of treatment in the study groups. Group ¹ 1 consisted of patients with fixation of the anterior pelvis with polyposition plate, group ¹ 2 – fixation with individual reconstructive plate. RESULTS. We used computed tomography of the female pelvis. A virtual 3D reconstruction of the female pelvis was performed and the original reconstructive plate was modeled taking into account the morphology of the anterior pelvis in a particular case. After sending the results of computed tomography and agreeing on the plate model and its position, a finished titanium original metal structure was obtained. The total period from the CT examination to the manufacture of the plate was 8 days. In the studied groups, the number of destabilizations was: in group ¹ 1 – 6.6 %, in group ¹ 2 – 0 %. CONCLUSION. The use of additive technologies in the manufacture of metal structures allows creating the adapted design for a particular patient, taking into account his morphology. The use of metal structures using 3D printing technology will improve the results of treatment of patients with chronic pelvic injuries and reduce the number of destabilizations. The short time required for modeling and creating the adapted metal structure allows patients to receive the necessary medical care as soon as possible.

Subject and Purpose. Designers of the research radars intended for detecting manifestations of biological activity of living organisms may be interested in the noise characteristics shown by their oscillators at offsets about 10–2 Hz or even 10–3Hz from the carrier frequency. Unfortunately, the producing companies do not practice regular information on noise performance of their products at frequencies below 1 Hz. The present authors have set the goal of deriving an analytical expression for the spectral density of flicker noise which should allow radar engineers estimating the probable noise performance of low-noise oscillators over any frequency range. Methods and Methodology. A great number of writers considering spectral properties of flicker noise tend to support the assertion that its spectral density increases continuously with a decrease in frequency, following the power law 1/f. Meanwhile, the present authors assume availability of a certain frequencyfmbelow which the spectral density should most likely remain unchanged, even to as low as zero frequency. Also, there is a range of frequencies above which the spectral density of flicker noise remains constant and the total spectral density is determined solely by thermal noise. Results.The spectral density of noise follows the power law 1/f throughout the range fromfm and up to the point where thermal noise starts to overbalance the flicker noise. The authors have proposed an approximating function to describe the behavior of the averaged spectral density of noise from the oscillator within the entire frequency range. Conclusions. The results obtained shall allow radio system designers to make estimates of the probable noise performance of low-noise oscillators in any frequency range, using only known reference data provided by the manufacturer.

The destabilization of bone fixators has led to repeated surgical interventions that increased the risk of migrations of metal fixators, infectious and inflammatory complications as well. The modern trends in hip bone injury surgery are related to developing and using of metal fixators, which are effective in acute injury; however, sometimes the condition of the patient and the technical support of hospitals don’t allow performing surgery in the acute period, and these metal fixators are ineffective for chronic damage. Consequently, until now, the problem of finding the optimal design of structures for fixing chronic damage of anterior pelvic semi-ring which will be able to exclude its destabilization, is still of current interest.The purpose of the study: developing and experimental researching of durable features of original plate for reconstruction of the anterior pelvic semi-ring.Materials and methods: In order to ensure stable fixation of chronic pelvic injuries, the original metal plates have been worked out. They are made individually in accordance with the anatomical and functional structures of the anterior pelvic semi-ring of the patient with using additive technologies. The study of the reliability of the different variants of ostiosynthesis of the anterior pelvic semi-ring with using well-known pelvic plates and a new original design was carried out. Stability tests for different plate fixing methods and mechanical strength of metallophyxators were carried out on a universal test machine of LFM-50kN series.Results: one plate fixation in tensile test showed the lowest result – 0.341 kN, a low result of shear loads was received with the same object. The best result was shown by the polyaxial monolithic plate fixation in case of stretching – 0.51 kN at the shear loads – 0.591 kN. Necessary force applied to destabilizing of the metal structure while using a polyaxial monolithic plate was a half-higher than stretched, and a third higher than at shear loads, it demonstrates the benefits of using these metal fixators.Conclusion: It is experimentally confirmed that the polyaxial monolithic plate provides the highest stability of fixing anterior pelvic semi-ring indicator in contrast with fixing of one or two plates.

Starting from 2014, several cases of exceedance of the specific total alpha-activity of the natural radionuclides and specific activity of 222Rn were identified in the water of the underground wells in the eastern districts of the Orenburg region. Based on the results of the surveys, a number of settlements were equipped with the systems of aeration of water from underground wells prior to the distribution, but significant expenditures on the technical maintenance of the aeration units lead to their frequent malfunctions. Based on the results of the surveys of the drinking water in settlements of the Adamovskiy, Kvarkenskiy, Novoorkskiy, Dombarovsky, Svetlinsky districts and Yasnenskiy urban district, it was estimated that in some settlements specific activity of 222Rn in drinking water exceeded the intervention levels up to a factor of 10. No exceedances of intervention levels for 226Ra, 224Ra, 228Ra, 210Pb, 210Po and 238U were identified. Based on the results of experiments and analyses the authors performed the hygienic assessment of the indicators of the radiation safety of the drinking water from the underground water supply sources in several settlements in the eastern districts of the Orenburg region, performed the analysis of the effectiveness of the aeration systems, developed recommendations on the provision of the radiation safety of the public of the eastern parts of the Orenburg region for the use of the drinking water from the underground water supply sources and developed proposals on the improvement of the limitation of concentration of 222Ra in drinking water.

The results of an experimental study of the formation of thickwalled hollow products compressed with conical matrices are presented. The influence of the characteristics of the tool and the size of the blanks on the technological capabilities of crimping is established. The quantitative evaluation is made in the form of graphs, which make it possible to predict more accurately the final configuration and dimensions of the stamped product.

Combined oral contraceptives (COCs) are a highly effective method for preventing unintended pregnancy, but unfortunately, the resource of their contraceptive and therapeutic potential is not used enough, and global unintended pregnancies account for about 40%. The reasons for the lack of proper distribution of COCs are insufficient awareness of the beneficial properties of contraception, along with exaggerated fears of the adverse effects of hormone intake both among women and among doctors. This problem can only be overcome by providing adequate information to health professionals regarding the accumulated data and bringing this information to potential users. The review examines the risks of possible complications, as well as the preventive and therapeutic benefits of some COCs. The COC group is represented by preparations, which properties may differ significantly due to the different dose of the estrogen component and the qualitative characteristics of the progestins. Despite the launch of new combination drugs, COCs deserve high attention. Their efficacy and safety is confirmed by the long practical administration.

The purpose of this paper is to improve the accuracy of X-ray diagnostics of circular-shaped growth (CSG) by developing computed tomographic semiotics of qualitative characteristics of its surface and the state of the surrounding bronchi using target 3D-reconstruction.Material and methods. 560 patients at the age of 3–89 years were examined. Target 3D reconstruction was carried out with the use of 3D Fly Through program (Toshiba Medical Systems, Japan) which removed the tissue surrounding CSG at a distance of 5–10 mm from the outer boundaries.CSG was inscribed into a cube. In case of the primary central and peripheral lung cancer a number of patients with severe rough surface of CSG prevailed over a number of patients with slightly rough surface was detected. In case of infiltrative tuberculosis, pneumonia, echinococcus, retention cysts the prevalence of a number of patients with slightly rough surface of CSG over a number of patients with rough surface was identified. In case of single cancer metastases, single and multiple tuberculomas the prevalence of a number of patients with non-uniform smooth surface of CSG over a number of patients with uniform smooth surface was identified. In case of multiple cancer metastasis, focal tuberculosis, cysticercosis the prevalence of a number of patients with a uniform smooth surface of CSG over a number of patients with uneven smooth surface was identified. In case of benign tumors, eosinophilic infiltrate, gamartohondroma, aspergilloma, chronic abscess, intrapulmonary hematoma there was not difference between the number of patients with a uniform smooth surface of CSG and a number of patients with uneven smooth surface. In case of primary lung cancer metastasis, single and multiple tuberkulomas, echinococcus, cysticercosis there was a prevalence of the number of patients with expressed deformed bronchi surrounding CSL over a number of patients with moderately deformed bronchi. In case of infiltrative and focal tuberculosis there was prevalence of a number of patients with moderately deformed bronchi surrounding CSL over a number of patients with expressed deformed bronchi.Results. In case of pneumonia, benign tumors, retention cysts, gamartohondroma, aspergilloma, chronic abscesses, and intrapulmonary hematomas there was no difference between the number of patients with expressed deformed bronchi surrounding CSL, and a number of patients with moderately deformed bronchi. Patients with single and multiple metastases, eosinophilic infiltration, bronchi surrounding CSL were not changed. It is necessary to develop a software that allows quantitatively characterize the surface of CSL and the degree of deformation of the surrounding bronchi.