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Introduction Forearm fractures are common injuries in childhood. Completely displaced and unstable fractures require surgical intervention. Elastic Stable Intramedullary Nailing (ESIN) is widely used in treating these fractures. Although stainless steel and titanium implants are the most widely used, resorbable nails are becoming an option. Aim To present our initial experience in treating forearm fractures in children with Resorbable Stable Intramedullary Nailing (ReSIN). Methods The authors present several cases treated with ReSIN, their summarry and describe the techniqual steps. Results The series included 4 patients operated on with ReSIN. Bone union with anatomic and functional recovery was stated in all cases within the period of 5-7 months after surgery. Discussion More and more paediatric fractures can be treated with absorbable implants and result in good outcomes. It can be said that the new methods enabled similar stable fixation as with metal implants, which is considered the gold standard. A distinct advantage over metal implants is that there is no need to remove the implant, thus avoiding a second operation and reducing the risk of surgical complications. Another positive thing is that absorbable implants can be sunk the level of the cortical layer of the bone, they can easily be dropped under the skin. The only drawback of the method is the price of the implants. Conclusion The management of paediatric diaphyseal forearm fractures with bioabsorbable intramedullary nails is a promising emerging alternative to the gold standard ESIN technique.

This paper presents a contribution to the field of numerical solutions for contact problems, which pose significant challenges in engineering and simulations. Specifically, we address the intricate task of connecting bodies that have been discretized using non-conforming and non-overlapping meshes. Our primary focus lies in investigating the efficacy of the mortar method with a segment-to-segment approach. In this context, we provide a concise overview of the underlying theoretical framework and present our implementation in the MATLAB programming environment. To ascertain the reliability and accuracy of our proposed methodology, we conduct a rigorous validation study by comparing the outcomes obtained from our implementation with those derived from the widely adopted commercial software, ANSYS. To enable a comprehensive evaluation, we select specific benchmark problems that involve the interaction of two elastic bodies. Through a meticulous analysis and comparison of results, we demonstrate the effectiveness and robustness of our approach. The findings of this study contribute substantively to the advancement of numerical techniques for solving contact problems. The validated methodology not only establishes a solid foundation for future research endeavors but also offers a reliable framework for conducting simulations in this domain. Furthermore, the insights gained from this study can potentially facilitate the development of more efficient and accurate computational algorithms for addressing contact problems encountered in various engineering applications.

Professional ethics is one of the most important mechanisms that ensures the effectiveness of counselling, both for a client and a therapist. The importance of ethical principles increases when the family system as a client is concerned. Today counselling is based on relatively established ethical principles and therefore require specific attention and comprehension: social uncertainty and crisis, fseparation of families both geographically and in terms of values, teletherapy and virtuality in all areas of life, accessibility, diversity and fashion for psychological help, etc. The aim of the discussion is to point to some new circumstances, their impact on the ethical side of counselling.

Surgical management of thyroid disease Clinical and practical recommendations

Статтю присвячено аналізу сучасного стану дотримання принципу прав і свобод людини в діяльності Національної поліції України. За результатами аналізу встановлено, що сучасний стан дотримання прав людини поліцією свідчить про наявність системних проблем у відповідній сфері, які потребують нагального вирішення. Україна як демократична і правова держава закріпила принципи поваги і непорушності прав та свобод людини, утвердження і забезпечення яких є головним обов’язком держави. З цією метою держава зобов’язана запроваджувати юридичне регулювання, яке відповідає конституційним нормам і принципам, необхідне для забезпечення реалізації прав і свобод кожної особи. При цьому окремі конституційні цінності, зокрема недоторканність людини як гарантія від посягань з боку інших осіб на права і свободи, потребують посилених гарантій їх захисту. Така конституційна гарантія випливає передусім із принципу прав людини як засади конституційного ладу в Україні, передбаченої приписами статті 3 Конституції України. На виконання вимог Основного Закону держава має втілювати у своїй діяльності конституційний принцип її відповідальності перед людиною, що полягає в обов’язку держави забезпечення захисту людських прав як загальноєвропейських цінностей. Працівники поліції, забезпечуючи та захищаючи передбачені Конституцією України права і свободи людини і громадянина, водночас є потенційними порушниками цих прав і свобод, адже наділені повноваженнями застосовувати заходи примусу та покарання. Але основна мета їхньої діяльності не тільки припинення правопорушень. Поліція повинна виступати гарантами захисту законних інтересів громадян, охорони честі та гідності особи. У зв’язку з цим одним із основоположних принципів правоохоронної діяльності має стати принцип верховенства права. Порушення прав людини завдає непоправної шкоди авторитету органів поліції, підриває рівень довіри до них.

This study is devoted to the expectations of supervisors and supervisees of the supervision process and their vision of the successful and unsuccessful supervision. We developed two questionnaires: one for the supervisor and other for the supervisee . A total of 103 respondents with various occupational experiences participated in the study, including 85 females and 10 males, and 8 respondents did not indicate gender. The age of the participants ranged from 22 to 61 years, with an average age of 38.92±11.22 years. The methods of statistical processing are: the principal component method with oblimin rotation, ANOVA. The results show that supervisee identifies three components of supervision process — knowledge, developing a professional identity and focusing on the client, while the supervisor considers all these aspects of the work to be complementary and inseparable from each other. The supervisor's expectations of the supervision differ from the supervisee's expectations, and these differences must be taken into account in education. Four factors (training, understanding/support, ethics, and novelty) are identified in supervisee’s expectations from the supervisor. The more experienced the supervisee is the less he focuses on gaining specific knowledge and techniques, and more on understanding his client. Work experience also helps to develop criteria for unsuccessful supervision — they are unambiguous and consolidated. Noteworthy the criteria for good supervision are not revealed. That means that the options for successful supervision are diverse, unlike unsuccessful supervision.

У статті розкрито інноваційні методи підходу у маркетинговій діяльності торговельного підприємства. Сформовано актуальність даного питання та з’ясовано роль важливості використання інноваційних методів. Проведено контент-аналіз поняття «інновація» та розглянуто чотири типи інновацій, що охоплюють широкий діапазон змін, характерних для діяльності підприємств: продуктові, процесні, організаційні та маркетингові. Метою статті є аналіз сучасних інноваційних методів підходу в маркетинговій діяльності та обґрунтування необхідності їх впровадження для покращення роботи торговельного підприємства. Завдання: здійснити сутність поняття «інновація», розглянути результати успішної інноваційної діяльності. Визначено, що у торгівлі основним завданням новаторства є вдосконалення розвитку етапу купівлі-продажу, а також раціонального використання торгових приміщень, якісного обслуговування споживачів та інших торговельних операцій. Проаналізовано, що швидкий розвиток та доступність мережі Інтернет надає змогу отримання нових можливостей для досягнення мети. Переваги від інноваційного технологічного методу отримують як самі торговельні підприємства, так і покупці. Уведення в експлуатацію різних онлайн стратегій дадуть позитивний результат тоді, коли буде організована тісна співпраця з усіма наявними ресурсами. Визначено, що тільки всі етапи розвитку та тісний взаємозв’язок нададуть вагомих переваг підприємству: інноваційний маркетинг, інноваційна стратегія, інноваційна діяльність.

Taking into consideration the characteristics of the Hungarian culture, language and legal system, this paper aims to study complex interrogation strategies used by Hungarian judges. This research is based on my corpus consisting of 10 Hungarian criminal trials recorded by a voice recorder, and written notes from direct observations. The analysis has a complex nature, since it relies on the results of different scientific disciplines: (1) linguistics – the main goal is to present effective interrogation strategies (2) law – it is crucial to start the research with understanding the function of the discourse type being analysed: the question strategies are intrinsically connected to the institutional role and the legal system by nature, and (3) psychology has also a great role in the investigation of interrogation in two main aspects: the testimony is based on memories and interrogation has an interpersonal part which should not be omitted in discovering the effective question strategies. This research offers rare data related to courtroom interrogation strategies and the results may also have a significant role in legal practice.

The Editors' Network of the European Society of Cardiology (ESC) provides a dynamic forum for editorial discussions and endorses the recommendations of the International Committee of Medical Journal Editors (ICMJE) to improve the scientific quality of biomedical journals. Authorship confers credit and important academic rewards. Recently, however, the ICMJE emphasized that authorship also requires responsibility and accountability. These issues are now covered by the new (fourth) criterion for authorship. Authors should agree to be accountable and ensure that questions regarding the accuracy and integrity of the entire work will be appropriately addressed. This review discusses the implications of this paradigm shift on authorship requirements with the aim of increasing awareness on good scientific and editorial practices.

In this study, the activities of a volunteer based grassroots development in rural India  Food for Life Vrindavan (FFLV)  are presented. A thorough examination of how it complies with the dimensions established in the scientific literature about grassroots and social innovations and what the characteristics of its activities are in the light of the latest trends in human development is per-formed. The article is organised into six sections: after a short introduction about the subject, the objectives and the layout of the pa-per, section 2 presents the timeline of the development industry with a particular emphasis on the process of turning from national economy boosting initiatives to the dimensions of human development. In section 3 the key elements in the literatures on the capabil-ity approach and grassroots/social innovations are presented. Section 4 introduces the case of FFLV, followed by a detailed analysis in section 5 where FFLV’s position with regards to the different perspectives is discussed. In section 6, the quantitative analysis is conducted. Concluding the paper in the final section, some reflections on the usefulness of the study are mentioned. Based on the results of the conducted research the following conclusions have been made: 1) In the beginning, Food for Life Vrindavan was an entirely volunteer based grassroots innovation. With a gradual increase in the number of people it served and sub-sequent expansion in it’s fields of services, it has become a social innovation. 2) The characteristics of FFLV’s activities fit into the dimensions of human development established by the United Nations based on Amartya Sen’s concept of capability approach. 3) The financial resources of FFLV are modest in comparison to the OECD financed development industry, with the former having access to merely a quarter of the latter’s “per capita” funds available for the area of activity around Vrindavan.

During the last decades many financial and other typed supports were spent for the rise of the peripheries by both the interna-tional (European) and the state development policies. However, these efforts actually are often unable to reverse the backwardness of the most disadvantaged districts. Thus the issue of peripherization is an appreciating subject of also the contemporary geographic studies. In this article we aim to analyse the different faces of the peripherization (the spatial marginalization). It is a key question what kind of factors hide behind the reproduction of the peripheries. According to some critical, neo-Marxist approaches, the peripheral existence is not a predestined situation, ‘periphery as des-tiny’ (Kühn, M. 2014), but a resultant of dynamic processes, the peripherization, which is reversible. The peripheries should not re-main necessarily as peripheries. According to our experiences based on the example of a real Hungarian periphery, the Encs district with a typical pathway development, we would like to call the attention for the area- and dimension-specific character of the pe-ripherization. It is argued that there are two types of peripherization; processes originated from spatial (potential) and local causes. The previous one is inevitable due to its geographic frames, the development policy can hardly do anything with it, only trying to reduce, compensate the initial handicaps through e.g. infrastructural investments, which have huge social costs. Nevertheless, the regional policy can do something with the latter, the local causes! Even a relative small district could be heterogeneous at intrare-gional level from the viewpoint of the peripherization. Furthermore, the lagging behind varies in different dimensions too. The suc-cess of the de-peripherization depends on some local factors (e.g. creative utilization of the supports and systematic settlement policy by the local mayors). However, the structural mismatches (e.g. not an adequate development policy for the ability for absorption of the supports) plays also a crucial role result in the reproduction of the peripheries.

The psychotherapist's office considers here as a frame of the therapeutic process. Its interior is a message to the client. It differs depending on therapeutic approach. The factors of the physical environment influencing the effectiveness of psychotherapy are highlighted.

Цель работы – выявление в литературном наследии русского художника, поэта и антропософа Маргариты Сабашниковой-Волошиной представлений о роли России и русского народа в мировой истории, в развитии человечества и космоса – о «русской идее», а также их интерпретация. Исследование проведено на материале опубликованного ею в 1913 г. на русском языке жизнеописания преподобного Серафима Саровского «Святой Серафим» и ее автобиографии «Зеленая змея», вышедшей впервые в 1954 г. на немецком языке. Несмотря на то, что ни в одном из вышеприведенных сочинений она не употребляет понятие «русская идея» в качестве обобщения своих историософских взглядов, касающихся призвания России и русских, автор приводит аргументы, обосновывающие применение к ним именно его. У М. Сабашниковой-Волошиной выработался определенный конгломерат взглядов по поводу исторической миссии России. С опорой на избранные тексты Рудольфа Штейнера в рамках намеченного им пути развития человечества посредством смены культурных эпох указывается на осмысление данных идей М. Сабашниковой-Волошиной и на их применение для толкования тех или иных фактов, связанных с русской историей, русским человеком вплоть до становления советского строя. Его возникновение представлялось ей трагедией, катастрофой, изменой «русской идее».

Taking into consideration the characteristics of the Hungarian culture, language and legal system, this paper aims to study complex interrogation strategies used by Hungarian judges. This research is based on my corpus consisting of 10 Hungarian criminal trials recorded by a voice recorder, and written notes from direct observations. The analysis has a complex nature, since it relies on the results of (1) linguistics, because the main goal is to present effective interrogation strategies (2) law, because it is crucial to start the research with understanding the function of the discourse type being analysed:the question strategies are intrinsically connected to the institutional role and the legal system by nature, and (3) psychology has also a great role in the investigation of interrogation in two main aspects: the testimony is based on memories and interrogation has an interpersonal part which should not be omitted in discovering the effective question strategies. This research offers rare data to the courtroom interrogation strategies and the results may also have a significant role in legal practice.

Taking into consideration the characteristics of the Hungarian culture, language and legal system, this paper aims to study complex interrogation strategies used by Hungarian judges. This research is based on my corpus consisting of 10 Hungarian criminal trials recorded by a voice recorder, and written notes from direct observations. The analysis has a complex nature, since it relies on the results of (1) linguistics, because the main goal is to present effective interrogation strategies (2) law, because it is crucial to start the research with understanding the function of the discourse type being analysed:the question strategies are intrinsically connected to the institutional role and the legal system by nature, and (3) psychology has also a great role in the investigation of interrogation in two main aspects: the testimony is based on memories and interrogation has an interpersonal part which should not be omitted in discovering the effective question strategies. This research offers rare data to the courtroom interrogation strategies and the results may also have a significant role in legal practice.

Taking into consideration the characteristics of the Hungarian culture, language and legal system, this paper aims to study complex interrogation strategies used by Hungarian judges. This research is based on my corpus consisting of 10 Hungarian criminal trials recorded by a voice recorder, and written notes from direct observations. The analysis has a complex nature, since it relies on the results of (1) linguistics, because the main goal is to present effective interrogation strategies (2) law, because it is crucial to start the research with understanding the function of the discourse type being analysed:the question strategies are intrinsically connected to the institutional role and the legal system by nature, and (3) psychology has also a great role in the investigation of interrogation in two main aspects: the testimony is based on memories and interrogation has an interpersonal part which should not be omitted in discovering the effective question strategies. This research offers rare data to the courtroom interrogation strategies and the results may also have a significant role in legal practice.

Metaphern sind eine der traditionellen Analyse­kategorien der Diskurs­linguistik germanistischer Prägung, diskurs­semantische Frame-Analysen eine ihrer etablierten Analyse­methoden. Auch das aus den Kommunikations- und Sozialwissenschaften stammende Konzept des Framing findet dort seit einigen Jahren immer stärkere Verbreitung. Im Zentrum des Interesses stehen hier verschiedene Arten von Framings, die sich in der Struktur semantischer Frames manifestieren und folglich mit Hilfe von Prädikations­analysen untersuchbar werden. Dabei wird zwischen der Type- und der Token-Ebene von Frames unterschieden: Auf der Type-Ebene manifestieren sich (metaphorische) Framings durch quantitative Unterschiede in der Verteilung von Füllwerten (Filler) auf die verschiedenen konzeptuellen Leerstellen (Slots) von Frames; auf der Token-Ebene durch qualitative Unterschiede in Bezug auf diese Füllwerte selbst. Metaphern nehmen dabei insofern eine besondere Stellung ein, als sie die Anschluss­möglichkeiten von Wissens­elementen sowohl auf der Type- als auch auf der Token-Ebene von Frames potenziell erweitern.

The International Committee of Medical Journal Editors (ICMJE) provides recommendations to improve the editorial standards and scientific quality of biomedical journals. These recommendations range from uniform technical requirements to more complex and elusive editorial issues including ethical aspects of the scientific process. Recently, registration of clinical trials, conflicts of interest disclosure, and new criteria for authorship -emphasizing the importance of responsibility and accountability-, have been proposed. Last year, a new editorial initiative to foster sharing of clinical trial data was launched. This review discusses this novel initiative with the aim of increasing awareness among readers, investigators, authors and editors belonging to the Editorsô Network of the European Society of Cardiology.

The article describes the different ways for supervision in a systems approach. It describes the goals and objectives of system supervision, its distinctive features. Methodical principles of systemic supervision are given. The diagnostic role of the isomorphism of the systems is analyzed. What affects perceptive and conceptual capabilities of the supervisee. The article provides examples of different cases of supervision.

Обгрунтування. Ендовенозна лазерна коагуляція (ЕВЛК) має численні переваги порівняно з класичною хірургією варикозної хвороби (ВХ) нижніх кінцівок (НК). Проте, деякі фахівці вважають її застосування обґрунтованим лише за неускладнених форм ВХНК. Метою дослідження є вивчення можливості застосування ЕВЛК при ВХНК, ускладненій варикотромбофлебітом (ВТФ). Матеріали і методи. З пацієнтів, яких у 2015 – 2016 рр. лікували з приводу ВТФ, відібрані 30, у 15 з них застосували ЕВЛК, у 15 – виконали флебектомію. Після операції пацієнтам обох груп проводили тромбопрофілактику з використанням прямих антикоагулянтів. Результати. Застосування ЕВЛК при ВТФ ефективне та безпечне, її ефективність, як мінімум, не менша ефективності флебектомії. ВТФ є показанням до застосування ЕВЛК в таких самих ситуаціях, коли показана й флебектомія, крім ситуацій при розташуванні тромбу в ділянці співусть або ближче 10 см до них.

Обгрунтування. Найбільш перспективними сучасними методиками лікування варикозної хвороби (ВХ) нижніх кінцівок (НК) є ендовенозні. Поряд з численними перевагами, ці методики мають і певні недоліки, серед яких післяопераційні тромботичні ускладнення. Збільшення частоти виявлення тромбофілії у пацієнтів також змушує звернути увагу на боротьбу з тромботичними ускладненнями. Матеріали і методи. У дослідження відібрані 2 групи по 27 пацієнтів, з яких у 25 – застосовували ендовенозну лазерну коагуляцію (ЕВЛК), у 2 – радіочастотну облітерацію (РЧО). Пацієнтам 1–ї групи для тромбопрофілактики призначали надропарин, 2–ї групи – ривароксабан. Тривалість тромбопрофілактики 5 діб. Результати. Ендовенозні методики виявилися достатньо безпечними щодо післяопераційних тромботичних ускладнень, проте, певний ризик їх виникнення все одно існує. Проведення тромбопрофілактики дозволило зменшити ризик виникнення післяопераційних тромботичних ускладнень до 3,7% (за даними літератури – 5,3%).

Emotional state of the child, how he perceives his family before and after the birth of a younger sibling explored in this article. The sample consists from 31 child preschoolers. The children were divided into a control group — whose mothers were not pregnant, and an experimental one, in whose family a new child was expected to appear. Children were tested twice before and after the birth of a younger sibling. Drawing test "My Family" was used in the study. The data obtained show that there are no difference between experimental and control groups when mothers were pregnant. There are statistically significant differences between groups after the birth of younger sibling. The children from experimental group shows higher level of anxiety, aggression, sense of lost emotional contacts with the parents. A qualitative analysis of drawings is also made in the article. Practical recommendations are proposed

The family is an open system that adapts to its external environment-society and is influenced by the social environment. The social environment in Russia has always been hostile to man and to the family. Collective traumatization creates a certain culture of society. The experience of overcoming trauma is formalized in the family in the form of survival messages. In the history of Russia, recently, there have been many traumatic events. They formed a traumocentric mentality in the whole society. This article describes the study of family rules of survival. The aim of the study is to compare the survival messages obtained from ancestors with the survival messages addressed to children. Studying family survival messages helps to understand the historical, psychological and cultural consequences of traumatization. In turn, this knowledge is necessary for the development of psychotherapeutic influences and social interventions that can help break the cycle of trauma. Subjects-women N 58, average age 38 years completed a questionnaire on the rules of survival received in their parents' families. In addition to questions about the rules of survival obtained, the questionnaire asked what kind of parting words they would give their children. The questionnaires were processed using content analysis. Unique and general survival messages related to the survival experience of parental families were identified. The rules of survival addressed to children differ from the rules received from ancestors. The main difference is that in the survival messages addressed to children there are rules about ethical behavior, the value of compassion, the value of education and profession, in contrast to the survival rules derived from ancestors that contain traumocentric attitudes.

In the article the basic requirements are analysed to the increase of competitiveness of domestic enterprises that consist in forming and maintenance of proof competitive edges. It is educed that a process of forming of competitive edges of enterprise must be clearly structured, that will give possibility to the enterprise to purchase firmness of him to the competitive edges. Determination actual competitive edges and the prospects of their use and employment of leading positions are analysed on markets. Expediency of introduction of innovations, integrating is reasonable and recommendations are given at the choice of competition strategies on enterprises. It is well-proven that the clear sequence of determination of competitive edges of enterprise will give to them to firmness and stability.В статье проанализированы основные требования к повышению конкурентоспособности отечественных предприятий, которые заключаются в формировании и содержании стойких конкурентных преимуществ. Выявлено, что процесс формирования конкурентных преимуществ предприятия должен быть четко структурированным, что предоставит возможность предприятию приобрести стойкость его конкурентным преимуществам. Определении актуальные конкурентные преимущества и проанализированы перспективы их использования и занятия лидирующих позиций на рынках. Обоснована целесообразность внедрения инноваций, интегрированности и предоставлены рекомендации при выборе конкурентных стратегий на предприятиях. Доказано, что четкая последовательность определения конкурентных преимуществ предприятия предоставит им стойкости и стабильности.

Bilingualism, as a social category within the educational system, requires special attention of professionals. Education in the language and script of national minorities is a part of an overall educational system. Pupils belonging to Hungarian minority in Croatia speak two languages, which they do not master equally, and are therefore considered as a challenge group to a teacher who teaches Croatian language opposite to native Hungarian language. There are several types of teaching activities that can be used for preparation of Croatian language lecture units for Hungarian minority pupils. These refer to teaching aids (teaching materials and equipment), which contribute to successful learning of foreign language and overcoming of linguistic obstacles. This paper presents a possible methodological approach to interpretation of the Dragutin Tadijanović’s lyric Dugo u noć, u zimsku bijelu noć, which is taught to pupils in the 7th elementary grade, according to the plan and teaching program for the Croatian language teaching.

The role of rheumathology as a section of clinical medicine is consider in the article. It is presented the structure of rheumathology service in the Karelian Republic. Authors evaluate diagnostic possibility of rheumathology service and bring yourself data of the role of osteoscintigraphy in the differential diagnostics of rheumathoid arthritis and osteoartritis. Authors consider main therapeutic interference under rheumatic diseases and present own original strategies of local therapy by rheumathoid arthritis and osteoartritis. In the article are brought data about an efficiency of x-ray local therapy and blinding local therapy by rheumathoid arthritis, lumbricant local therapy by osteoartritis.

Objective. To assess Structum (chondroitin sulfate) efficacy in treatment of osteoarthritis in Republic of Karelia. Methods. 34 pts with osteoarthritis (mean disease duration 6,44±0,67 years) were included. Functional Leken score (FLS), pain at rest and at walk on visual analog scale (VAS), pts nonsteroidal anti-inflammatory drugs (NSAID) requirement (diclofenac daily requirement in mg), percent of pts refused NSAID treatment, achievement of clinically significant improvement (40% decrease of FLS and/or 50% decrease of NSAID requirement) were regarded as variables for the evaluation of therapy efficacy. Results. Structum administration in pts with osteoarthritis provided reduction of FLS, pain at rest and at walk, NSAID requirement and in some cases allowed to withdraw of NSAID completely. Structum has good safety and is effective in doctor and pts opinion. Conclusion. Structum is an effective drug for treatment of osteoarthritis.

Цель. Анализ распространенности ревматоидного артрита (РА) и остеоартроза (ОА) в Республике Карелия (РК). Результаты. В 2000 г по сравнению с 1998 и 1999 гг. в РК выявлен рост обшей заболеваемости болезнями костно-мышечной системы. Однако показатели общей заболеваемости были более низкими по сравнению с Россией в целом. Самой частой формой суставной патологии являлся ОА, на долю которого приходится от 60 до 80 % всех ревматических болезней. Первичная заболеваемость ОА в РК превышала среднюю первичную заболеваемость по России. Самые высокие показатели выявлены в крупных промышленных центрах. Распространенность РА в Карелии сопоставима с показателями по России и не увеличивается в течение 1998-2000 гг. Заключение. Высокая распространенность болезней костно-мышечной системы обусловливает возрастание медико-социальных и экономических потерь общества. Поэтому важна разработка программ по ранней диагностике, своевременному и эффективному лечению, первичной и вторичной профилактике этих заболеваний с учетом климато-географических и производственных условии