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The assessment of the technical and operational characteristics of overhead transmission lines of voltage classes 35–110 kV in the Oryol Region has been carried out in accordance with the methodology presented in the order of the Ministry of Energy of the Russian Federation dated July 26, 2017 No. 676; their service life was determined according to STO 56947007-29.240.01.053-2010. The analysis of the length of overhead lines and the types of conductors used has taken place using support-by-support schemes. In the construction of 35 kV lines, steel-aluminum wire (sectional area – 70 mm2) is mainly used, the length of which is 1,358,456 km, and 110 kV overhead lines are made using an AS-120 conductor (1,094 km). Overhead transmission lines are characterized by high indicators of technical condition, since 40 % of lines of voltage class 35 kV and 53 % of lines of voltage class 110 kV are in very good technical condition with a wear rate of no more than 15 %. The study has found that 71 % of overhead lines with a voltage of 35 kV and 85 % of lines with a voltage of 110 kV have been in operation for more than 35 years; at the same time, due to the implementation of a timely strategy for maintenance and repair, the lines are characterized by high indicators of technical condition.

Research objectives: This article investigates the alignment of forces in political elite of the Crimean Khanate in 1613–1616. Research materials: A wide range of published and archived sources – books and ambassadorial documents of the Russian state. Results and novelty of the research: The author discusses the little-studied period of diplomatic relations between the Russian state and the Crimean Khanate in 1613–1616, after the accession of Mikhail Fedorovich Romanov: the stay of the embassy of A. Lodyzhensky and P. Danilov in Crimea from autumn 1613 to July 1614, the preparations and implementation of an embassy congress and exchange near Livny in August 1614, the stay of the embassy of Prince G.K. Volkonsky and P. Ovdokimov in the Crimea from August 1614 to June 1615, the preparation and implementation of the embassy exchange near Valuyki in July 1615, and the stay of the embassy of I. Speshnev and B. Nesterov in Crimea from July 1615 to May 1616. The author shows the central role of the political elite of the Crimean Khanate, meaning the most influential people in the government of Janibek Giray Khan, in establishing peaceful relations between the Russian state and the Crimean Khanate in the framework of their parallel military-political confrontation with the Polish-Lithuanian Commonwealth. The article also discusses the role of individual clans of the Crimean nobility in the implementation of diplomatic relations between the two states.

This article explores the impact of e-commerce development on inflation in the euro area. Low inflation in the euro area has been a concern for policymakers since the global economic crisis. Economic growth and inflation have recovered in many countries, but in the euro area, growth has remained sluggish and inflation low. As a result, the European Central Bank to reach its inflation target cut its policy rate to zero and implemented several non-standard monetary measures. The possible cause of the disinflation could be digitalization and e-commerce development. With the development of digital technology and the internet, company competition may increase, and costs will decrease. The main hypothesis of the study is that the developing e-commerce sector may channel into lower consumer inflation. The e-commerce development was measured by two indicators, namely a share of online purchases by individuals and a share of purchases by enterprises via a computer network. To evaluate the impact of e-commerce, a panel database on the 19 euro area countries was compiled. Initially, a cross country analysis shows no negative relationship between e-commerce development measures and inflation. However, a basic linear panel model with fixed effects and a panel vector autoregression showed the negative impact of e-commerce development and digitalization on inflation. As a result of a panel analysis, the hypothesis of the disinflationary impact of e-commerce was generally confirmed. However, given a weak relationship between e-commerce development and inflation in a basic cross-country analysis, the negative relationship was likely attributable to the ongoing upward e-commerce development trend. The trend has a natural cap of 100%, meaning that this disinflationary factor will eventually fade away. For many countries, in 2019, the share of online purchases by the population was below 50%. Should the trend stop, inflation in the euro area may accelerate. Among other factors hindering the e-commerce development and digitalization are tighter information technology regulation and worsening international trade relations.

The article discusses geochemical groups identified according to the results of the LA-ISP-MS analysis of tin bronzes of the Ural-Kazakhstan region of the Late Bronze Age. Based on the statistical analysis of 13 impurity elements of 74 bronze and tin-containing copper products from the sites of the 2nd — early 1st mil BC in the Southern Trans-Urals and Northern Kazakhstan, seven chemically contrasting groups have been identified, which mark various types of tin sources. A significant part of the metal reflects the polymetallic nature of tin deposits, which are probably associated with the structures of Northern and Central Kazakhstan, where tin was mined together with copper ores. The second part of the sample — without a clear correlation of tin with other metals — reflects the cassiterite type of ores. It clearly shows the correlation As-Co-Ni±(Sb, Fe, Au), which is characteristic of the copper deposits of the Urals, indicating the alloying of the Ural copper ores with cassiterite master alloys. Data on tin metallogeny, ore chemistry, types of deposits, and known ancient mines of Northern, Central and Eastern Kazakhstan, which could have been sources of raw materials in the metallurgy of the Late Bronze Age, are presented. The main tin-bearing structures of Kazakhstan are the Kokshetau block in the north, the Kalba-Narym zone in the east, and the Ulytau, Bulattau, Atasu, and Sarysu-Teniz structures in Central Kazakhstan. Greisen, quartz-vein and pegmatite types of primary tin deposits, accompanied by placers, are known here. The ores at the deposits are represented both by pure cassiterite (in association with quartz, wolframite, tourmaline, etc.) and by association with sulphides (chalcopyrite, pyrite, arsenopyrite, galena, bismuthine, etc.) and copper oxide-carbonate ores.

The relevance of the study lies in the consideration and correction of the results of calculations of the single-phase short circuit current in a rural 0.4 kV electric network obtained using existing physical, computer and mathematical methods that give different results. Purpose. Development of correction coefficients for different methods of calculating the single-phase short circuit current in a rural 0.4 kV electrical network. Materials and research methods. During the calculations of the single-phase short circuit current in the 0.4 kV rural electric grid, using different methods, general initial conditions were set: power was supplied from a TM-250 transformer and using A-35 wire. Results. It was revealed that the error between the results obtained using different methods reaches 35.9%. In the work, correction coefficients with values from 0.93 to 1.47 relative units were proposed in order to increase the reliability of calculations. These coefficients made it possible to increase the reliability of the considered methods for determining the current of a single-phase short circuit in a rural 0.4 kV electrical network by 2.9-6.1 times compared with the initial values.

The paper provides a brief description of results of Spitsbergen glacier observations by the seismic method. The study has been carried out both by permanent and temporary stations data. Characteristic features of glacier-related seismic events have been shown. Main areas of glacier seismic activity on the Archipelago have been revealed. A detailed study of Horsund-fjord glacier activity has been carried out using local seismic station HSPB data. Temporal and spatial distributions of glacier-related events have been obtained for the area. Season variations in temporal distribution of the events have been found

The goal of the article is generalisation and development of methodical technique within the taxonomic method and distance and similarity method for convolution on the basis of the system of measured features-symptoms into a single joint characteristic of the latent notion “level of enterprise socio-economic development”. Algorithms of taxonomic analysis and distance and similarity method are systemised, generalised, itemised and presented as technological schemes with consideration of innovations in the format of their practical use. The article develops recommendations on increase of accuracy and justification of joint assessments, which take into account results of the classical and modified algorithms of building multi-dimensional assessments within the framework of each method. The article gives recommendations on a comparative analysis of results of assessment of latent properties on the basis of features-symptoms of their manifestation at simultaneous application of several variations of the considered methods of multi-dimensional analysis, by criteria of co-ordination of variants of assessment and selection of the preferred variant. Using example of a real enterprise, the article justifies a possibility of trustworthy assessment of the level of its socio-economic development on the basis of accounting indicators, which reflect manifestation of internal factors only.

Introduction. The high prevalence of chronic kidney disease (CKD) has a negative impact on the length and quality of life of patients, especially in the older age group. Renal replacement therapy is required when the disease progresses to end-stage renal failure. In elderly patients with comorbidities, dialysis therapy has its own peculiarities and challenges, often prolonging life for a short period. The increase in the number of patients aged ≥70 years requesting to be placed in the kidney transplant waitlist (KTWL) at Sklifosovsky Research Institu- te of Emergency Care has led to the need to evaluate kidney transplant (KT) outcomes in this patient cohort.Objective. To analyze the early and long-term outcomes of deceased-donor KT in recipients aged ≥70 years.Materials and methods. The retrospective study included 23 kidney recipients aged ≥70 years who underwent a deceased-donor KT in the period from 2014 to 2023 at the Kidney and Pancreas Transplantation Department, Sklifosovsky Research Institute of Emergency Care. Recipient survival was computed using the Kaplan–Meier estimate.Results. Sixteen recipients (69.6%) had primary function and 7 (30.4%) had delayed function. Nineteen recipients (82.6%) showed a drop in blood creatinine below 200 μmol/L after KT. Hospital, 1- and 3-year survival were 96% (n = 22), 84.8% [95% CI 72–95] and 79% [95% CI 65–92], respectively; 1- and 3-year graft survival were 84.8 [95% CI 72–95] and 73% [95% CI 59–87], respectively.Conclusion. KT for patients aged ≥70 is a feasible treatment option for CKD stage 5.

In the article, the author conducted a review of modern research on the stated topic and concluded that from the standpoint of sociology, the category of mentoring seems insufficiently researched (in this vein, it is given much less attention in the scientific literature). Mentoring, studied by specialists within the framework of the sociological sciences, was usually considered from the standpoint of the concepts of structural functionalism and social exchange (A. Goffman; J. Allan; E. Gardiner, etc.). For the sociological concepts of the mentoring institute, the basic factor is the category of socialization. Mentoring, along with the processes of education and upbringing, is an integral component of socialization. The practice of introducing mentoring allows us to state the ambiguity and vagueness of the mentor’s ideas about himself and his role, as well as the image of the mentor for his wards, which creates obstacles to instilling standards of mentoring in terms of its organization and successful implementation, both at the individual and group levels. It should be noted that the focus of mentoring has shifted from its representation as a conductor of powerand holder of a certain structure to its importance in the education and development of the corporate culture of a modern organization. The processes of socialization are also related to the mechanisms of adaptation and motivation. If adaptation is considered as part of the socialization process, then, as for motivation, its role in the sociological mechanism of the mentoring institute is debatable.

The article shows the role of integral indicators and methods of their construction in assessment of the state of a company in dynamics of its development. It draws attention to the problem of comparability of values, obtained through various methods of compression. It offers a method of interpretation of the rates of growth of diagnostic indicators for construction of integral assessments of both profitable and unprofitable (at some periods) companies. It substantiates expediency of analysis of rate dynamics of complex indicators.Раскрыта роль интегральных показателей и методов их построения при оценке состояния предприятия в динамике его развития. Акцентировано внимание на проблеме сопоставимости оценок, полученных разными методами свертки. Предложен способ интерпретации темпов роста диагностических признаков для построения интегральных оценок как прибыльных, так и убыточных (в отдельные периоды) предприятий. Обоснована целесообразность анализа темповой динамики комплексных показателей.

The article attempts to interpret the little-known anti-statist conception of the early 20th century – anarcho-humanism of Alexey A. Borovoy. The introduction of the research paper justifies the relevance of studying “secondary” figures in the anarchist tradition, both for a better understanding of Anarchism itself in a broader context of intellectual history, and for the advancement of contemporary political theory. The first part of the article outlines the issues raised in Russian academic literature regarding anarcho-humanism, provides a brief historical overview of its evolution, identifies the main stages in the formation of Borovoy’s views, and delineates the influence on him of key ideological currents and authors (Karl Marx, Friedrich Nietzsche, Mikhail Bakunin, Henri Bergson, etc.). The main body of the study is devoted to a detailed analysis of the philosophical foundations of Borovoy’s social and political doctrine. It examines the conceptual grounds of anarcho-humanism, reconstructs the crucial philosophical principles, and elucidates the political and legal perspectives of the theorist. The authors argue that the core philosophical features of Borovoy’s anarcho-humanism include dynamism (apology for the perpetual movement of life), anti-rationalism (rejection of rigid intellectual frameworks), and individualism (apology for personal emancipation and development). The central problem shaping the development of Borovoy’s theory is interpreted as the antinomy between the individual and society, an irreconcilable antagonism between the two poles of human existence. It is emphasized that for Borovoy, an individual holds primacy in this conflict, and is engaged in an eternal struggle for emancipation, yet unable to achieve complete liberation from society and collective interests. The authors reveal Borovoy’s critique of determinism and mechanistic reductionism as a characteristic trait of his thought. The research outcome is a detailed conceptualization of the philosophical foundations of anarcho-humanism, providing insight into the political and legal views of one of the most ingenious libertarian theorists of the early 20th century.

PURPOSE. Currently, modeling is one of the most reliable ways to study normal and emergency modes of operation of electrical networks. In this regard, a mathematical model of the 0.4 kV rural electric network was developed in the MATLAB Simulink program.PURPOSE. Evaluation of the accuracy of the parameters of the operating modes of the 0.4 kV rural electric network obtained by modeling in MATLAB Simulink by estimating the values of the steady-state single-phase short circuit current at different distances from the transformer substation.METHODS. The currents obtained using the 0.4 kV electrical network model developed in MATLAB Simulink were compared with the currents obtained using other calculation methods (according to GOST 28249-93, the simplified phase-zero loop method and the mathematical model «Project RZA»).RESULTS. It was revealed that the discrepancy in the results at individual points was 9-11%. When simulating a steady-state single-phase short circuit in MATLAB Simulink, it was found that the voltage of the damaged phase A decreases to 0 V, while the voltages on the two remaining intact phases increase by 1.4-1.5 times, i.e.E. by a factor of 2 to the values of 335-354 V when short-circuiting at the transformer terminals and to the values of 329-338 V when short-circuiting behind a section of a 0.4 kV power line.CONCLUSIONS. The resulting mathematical model of a 0.4 kV rural electric network in the MATLAB Simulink program can be used to study normal and emergency operating modes, study the modes of joint operation of renewable energy sources with a centralized network, and the processes of switching on backup generation sources.

The article examines the structural and functional properties of terms in popular scientific discourse. The authors aim to characterize the orientation of a term as a combination of its linguistic and functional properties, which define the concept expressed by the term, its connections with other concepts, and its place within the terminological system. The object of the study is linguistic and speech units in popular scientific texts, while the subject is the means of expressing orienting properties of terms in popular scientific discourse. The novelty of the research lies in studying the orienting properties of terms in popular scientific style based on their linguistic and speech properties, and providing a classification of these properties according to the scope and content of the expressed concepts. The relevance of the study is determined by the important role of these properties in the process of forming specialized concepts, understanding scientific, popular scientific, and educational discourses, and solving practical problems related to terminology use. The authors focus on the orienting function of a term, which is carried out through linguistic and speech means, with logical definitions, textual explanations, intercategorical connections expressed by elements of word formation and morpho-syntactic systems being the most active ones. The authors conclude that orienting properties of terms play a significant role in terminological conceptualization (formation of specialized concepts).

RELEVANCE. The reliability of power supply to consumers depends on the reliability of all elements of the power supply system, including relay protection and automation devices (RZiA). Knowing the current values of the reliability indicators of various devices makes it possible to take them into account when designing RPA, choosing more reliable devices, identifying shortcomings in RPA and performing work to eliminate them. THE PURPOSE. Due to the lack of open data on the current values of reliability indicators of relay protection and automation devices (RPA) of electric networks of 10-110 kV, the question of their determination on the example of power systems of various regions is relevant. METHODS. The authors present and analyze official statistical data on the number of emergency failures, false and correct actuations of relay protection and automation devices in the electric grid organization - branch of PJSC «Rosseti Center» – «Ore lenergo» for 2013-2021. RESULTS. In the course of the study, numerical values of the following reliability indicators of relay protection and automation devices were determined: the failure rate and the frequency of excessive triggering. Relayprotection and automation devices, for which reliability indicators have been determined, are used to implement arc protection, maximum current protection, automatic re-activation, differential protection of buses and transformer, transverse directional differential protection, gas protection of transformer, differential-phase protection. CONCLUSION. The values of the failure flow for different types of relays and microprocessor devices of the RPA are established, for example, for an electromechanical relay of the DZT-11 type used to implement differential protection of transformers with a higher voltage of 110 kV, the failure flow is 0,2 year-1/100 pcs., and the frequency of excessive triggering is 22,22 year-1/100 pcs. Conclusions are drawn about the need for measures to regulate the settings and maintenance of devices of various types.

Therapy with neutralizing monoclonal antibodies (mAbs) is particularly relevant during COVID-19 outbreaks in patients at high risk of severe disease, including kidney transplant recipients (KTRs).Objective: to evaluate the efficacy and safety of neutralizing mAbs in KTRs with mild to moderate COVID-19.Materials and methods. The retrospective study included 99 KTRs who received inpatient treatment for COVID-19 between September 1 and December 31, 2021. Patients were 52.0 ± 11.5 years old (M, 47.5%). Bamlanivimab/etesevimab combination drug at a dose of 700/1400 mg was used as mAbs. To evaluate the efficacy of mAbs therapy, two groups of patients were identified. Group 1 consisted of 33 KTRs who received mAbs as one of the therapy components, while group 2 consisted of 66 patients who received no mAbs. Discharge from the hospital or death was considered as the endpoint of follow-up.Results. In group 1, after the use of mAb, progression of pulmonary process was observed less frequently than in the control group with CT1-2 transformation to CT3-4 (9.1% vs. 30.3%, respectively, p < 0.01). Group 1 KTRs differed significantly from group 2 - lower need for ICU and ventilator care (6.1% vs. 27.3% and 3% vs. 19.8%, respectively). The groups were comparable by sex, age, body mass index, Charlson Comorbidity Index (CCI) and time after kidney transplant (KTx) at the onset of the disease and by rnseline blood biochemistry parameter values at the time of hospitalization. Only C-reactive protein (CRP) and fibrinogen values were higher in the non-mAbs patients who were hospitalized later in the course of the disease (7.7 ± 3.2 days versus 4.6 ± 1.6 days in group 1, p < 0 .001). The frequency of prescription of other therapies did not differ between the compared groups. Use of mAbs significantly reduced mortality from 19.7% in KTRs in group 2 to 3% in group 1 without adverse effect on graft function. Conclusion. The use of mAbs therapy in the early stages of COVID-19 in KTRs is safe, it prevents severe COVID-19, and reduces the incidence of adverse outcomes.

Despite many shortcomings, the semen analysis remains the leading method of male fertility assessment. For several decades, the WHO has been working on standardisation of the methodology for examining human ejaculate. In 2021, the sixth edition of WHO laboratory manual for the examination and processing of human semen was released, which proposed several concepts for performing and interpreting the results of a semen analysis. Many of these concepts are not new and have already been covered in previous tutorials. At the same time, the rejection of reference values and the transition to “decision limits” raises several questions that have not yet been answered.

THE PURPOSE. Analysis of the fleet and evaluation of the switching resource of 10 kV switches of the branch of PJSC «Rosseti Center»-«Orelenergo». METHODS. In the work, based on the database of the branch of PJSC «Rosseti Center»-«Orelenergo», an analysis of the fleet of 10 kV high-voltage switches was carried out, the types of switches used, their shares in the fleet of switches were identified. The park of circuit breakers was investigated according to technical characteristics, including rated currents and currents of maximum breaking capacity in accordance with GOST R 52565-2006 and GOST 687-78, as well as the current standards of the technical organization of PJSC «Rosseti». RESULTS. In the course of the study, it was revealed that the fleet of 10 kV switches installed in switchgear substations with a higher voltage of 35-110 kV of the branch of PJSC «Rosseti Center»-«Orelenergo» is represented by 1833 switching devices, among which: 1197 switches with low-oil arc extinguishing chambers, 636 switches with vacuum, which is, respectively, 65% and 35% of the park. At the same time, 1009 switching devices have a rated current of 630 A, and 366 switching devices – 1000 A, 1526 pieces of equipment have a rated cut-off current of 20 kA. A comparison of a low-oil switch of the VMP type and a vacuum switch BBB with a modern vacuum switch of the BB/TEL series from the point of view of the switching resource in order to justify its use to replace these switches on specific power lines. CONCLUSIONS. Identification of the parameters of the 10 kV circuit breaker fleet makes it possible to develop rational plans for equipment replacement. Analysis of the switching resource of different types of switches allows you to choose equipment with the best characteristics.

THE PURPOSE. Investigation of the time structure forthedistortion source identification of the electric power quality and a method for its reduction using of a mobile software and hardware instrumentation system.METHODS. The analysis of the number of complaints regarding low-quality electric power, the structure and values of the time spent on the identification of the distortion sources of the electric power quality indicators (PQI) for the standard values, taking into account all its components, was carried out.RESULTS. It is determined that the number of complaints received by the power grid company regarding lowquality electric powerremains high. At the same time, it takes a long time to identify the distortionsource before putting in place the necessary remedial measures. According to the analyzed data, it can take up to 21 days. The number of cases when the distortion source of the PQI couldn’t be detected within two days was 117 cases of 419 analyzed. The solutions to reduce this time are proposed.CONCLUSIONS. The solutions presented in the article make it possible to reduce the time spent on the source distortion identificationofthe PQI due to the use of a mobile hardware and software instrumentation system (HSIS). A variant of the HSIS structure is proposed, which includes sensors and the HSIS central unit. The proposed HSIS can be used in the absence of external communication channels through the use of data transmitted from the sensors of the system to the central unit using Long Range (LORA) or Wireless Fidelity (Wi-Fi) technologies. In addition, the HSIS provides time synchronization of all the sensors.

The image of the target audience of training courses advertising is considered. The authors set a goal — to characterize the speech modeling of the addressee of advertisement on the basis of advertising discourse. The object of the study is the private discourse of Spanish courses advertising, the subject of the study is the language and speech units of the advertising text, which create a psychological and speech portrait of the addressee of the advertisement. The novelty of the study is seen in the fact that, on the basis of advertising texts, the communicative features of not their authors, but their addressees are analyzed. The relevance of the study is due to the importance of advertising discourse in modern mass culture, in particular, the interest in its influencing function. The authors dwell on the properties of the advertising text as one of the targeting tools, which is carried out due to the positive tone created by the system of language and speech units. The most active language and speech means of creating a positive tone in the text of advertising training courses are analyzed. Particular attention is paid to the vocabulary of different thematic groups. The authors conclude that the lexical composition of advertising training courses makes it possible to reconstruct fragments of the psychological and speech portrait of advertising recipients (students), to model their psychological characteristics, their range of interests and preferences.

BACKGROUND: Type 2 diabetes mellitus (DM) is one of the important markers for the development of adverse cardiovascular events after carotid endarterectomy (CEE). However, studies on this issue are based on small sample of patients and do not take into account the type of surgery as an additional factor of potentially negative impact on the course of the postoperative period.AIM: Analysis of hospital and long-term results of eversion and classical CEE with plastic surgery of the reconstruction zone with a biological patch in patients with type 2 diabetes and without it.MATERIALS AND METHODS: In this multicenter retrospective study from January 2010 to December 2020. included 5731 patients. Depending on the presence / absence of type 2 diabetes and the type of implemented CEE, 4 groups were formed: group 1 — 12.2% (n = 702) — patients with type 2 diabetes and eversion CEE; Group 2 — 55.0% (n = 3153) patients without type 2 diabetes and eversion CEE; Group 3 — 8.5% (n = 484) patients with type 2 diabetes and classical CEE; Group 4 — 24.3% (n = 1392) patients without type 2 diabetes and classical CEE. The duration of postoperative follow-up was 78.6 ± 39.2 months.RESULTS: At the long-term follow-up stage, patients with type 2 diabetes after the classical surgical technique demonstrated the highest rates of all types of complications: death (p

THE PURPOSE. Evaluation of the power transformer fleet 6-10/0,23-0,4 kV on the example of a branch of PJSC «Rosseti Center»-«Orelenergo».METHODS. In the work, based on the database of the branch of PJSC «Rosseti Center»-«Orelenergo», an analysis was made of the fleet of power transformers with a higher voltage of 6-10 kV in terms of their number, circuits and groups of connection of windings, rated power, terms of service, as well as energy efficiency classes, taking into account the current standards of the technical organization of PJSC «Rosseti».RESULTS. According to the results of the study, it was revealed that among the transformer fleet of the branch of PJSC «Rosseti Center»-«Orelenergo», the number of which is 6026 units, 4528 (73% of the total number) transformers have a circuit and a group of winding connections Y/Y0. The most numerous are transformers with rated capacities of 63 kVA, 100 kVA, 160 kVA, 250 kVA (respectively 853, 1454, 1252, 802 pieces of equipment). It was also revealed that only 268 transformers out of 6206, i.e. 4.3% of the total amount comply with the standard of PJSC «Rosseti» in terms of modern requirements for the level of energy efficiency class.CONCLUSION. A variant of the strategy for replacing power transformers in the branch of PJSC «Rosseti Center»-«Orelenergo» is proposed, within the framework of which trasformers with a given design, circuit and winding connection group, rated capacities and energy efficiency classes are replaced. The implementation of the strategy proposed in the work will make it possible to reduce total electricity losses by 2.3%, as well as increase the share of energy-efficient transformers from 4.3% to 20.4% in the branch of PJSC «Rosseti Center»-«Orelenergo».

The main idea of this article is based on the uncertainty of the current recommendations, according to which a temporary shunt (TS) during carotid endarterectomy (CEE) can be used selectively, routinely, and even completely abandon its use. This statement is supported by the low level of evidence (class B) of the conclusion that indications for the use of TS are established only on the basis of a decrease in retrograde pressure in the internal carotid artery (ICA) and/or indicators of cerebral oximetry. Thus, the low efficiency of these procedures makes it possible not to use them at all.

The aim of the study was to evaluate microcirculatory and metabolic changes in damaged skeletal muscles in rats with experimental explosive trauma with acute blood loss. Material and methods. An experimental model of explosive damage to the soft tissues of the pelvic limb in rats was used to assess microcirculation and metabolic activity in the muscles of the area of the explosive wound by laser Doppler flowmetry and laser fluorescence diagnostics using the LAKK-M device. Results and discussion. It was found that during the entire follow-up period (28 days), pronounced disorders of microcirculation and metabolism were formed in the damaged muscles. Tissue perfusion was significantly reduced, which is confirmed by a change in the coefficient of variation of the microcirculation index, the value of which was lower by 36–51 % (p < 0.05) in all follow-up periods in animals from the intact group, and the maximum decrease in the indicator was observed by 28 days (6.7 (6.3; 7.4) %, at p < 0.05). Tissue metabolism was rearranged in the direction of activation of the anaerobic pathway: there was a decrease in the index of specific oxygen consumption by the tissue – by 2.3 times (p < 0.05), the fluorescent index of oxygen consumption by the tissues – by 60 % (p < 0.05), the integral index of oxygen exchange efficiency by an average of 8.5 times (p < 0.05) relative to healthy animals, which generally indicated weak oxygen utilization by the tissues. These disorders of metabolism and oxygen consumption by the tissues of the damaged area persisted throughout the experiment with a slight positive dynamics by the end of the observation period. Conclusion. The obtained data are a pathogenetic justification for the development of means for the local correction of microcirculatory and metabolic disorders in the muscles in the case of explosive trauma in the post-traumatic period.

Objective: to evaluate the 1- and 5-year graft and recipient survival after primary and second kidney transplantation, to compare the outcomes depending on the age of recipients.Material and methods. The treatment outcomes for 364 patients who underwent kidney transplantation at Sklifosovsky Research Institute of Emergency Care, Moscow over the period from 2007 to 2019. Of these, 213 patients underwent kidney transplantation for the first time, while 151 patients were having a second transplantation. We analyzed the effect of previous transplants, as well as the age of the recipients on long-term survival rates.Results. No significant difference in 1- and 5-year survival of kidney recipients after primary and second transplantations was found. In contrast, the long-term graft survival significantly depended on this criterion and turned out to be significantly higher after primary transplantations. The 1- and 5-year survival of older recipients was lower than the survival of younger recipients after primary and second kidney transplantation. The 1-year graft survival after primary kidney transplantation was higher in young recipients than in older recipients of the same group, however, but there were no significant differences in the 5-year graft survival. After second transplantations, there were no significant differences in the 1- and 5-year graft survival depending on the age of recipients.Conclusion. A history of previous transplantation is an important factor in kidney transplantation outcome, which must be taken into account in clinical practice.

THE PURPOSE. To consider and analyze the definitions of the concepts "configuration of the electrical grid", "control of the configuration of the electrical grid ", "parameters of the configuration of the electrical grid ". To justify the need to manage the configuration of electrical grid, describe the principles and methods of managing the configuration of the electrical grid. To demonstrate the implementation of the principles of managing the configuration of the electrical grid on the example of an electrical grid with a nominal voltage of 0.4 kV with the use of proprietary technical configuration management tools. METHODS. Based on the literature review, the study identified the wording of key concepts, such as" configuration of the electrical grid"," management of the electrical grid configuration", "parameters of the electrical grid configuration". Methods of managing the configuration of the electrical grid are shown. The principles of electrical grid configuration management proposed by the authors are considered, which include observability, manageability, segmentability, flexibility of the electrical grid configuration, equipment intellectualization, and integration into the economy. The essence of each of the management principles is revealed and the effects of their implementation are shown. The effects of implementing the configuration management principles are to reduce the number of power supply interruptions and reduce the time of power supply interruptions to consumers, mismatch the quality parameters of the electricity supplied to them, as well as to increase the availability of electricity infrastructure. The rationale for the need to manage the configuration of electrical grid is given. Within the framework of the conducted research, the method of system analysis, methods of comparisons and analogies, and expert assessments were used. RESULTS. On the example of the scheme of power supply to consumers at a voltage of 0.4 kV, the implementation of the principles of control of the configuration of electrical grid with the use of proprietary technical means – multi-contact switching systems, input-accounting-distribution devices integrated into the monitoring systems of the parameters of the operating modes of electrical grid and other devices is illustrated. CONCLUSION. The implementation of the principles of configuration management of electrical grid allows to increase the efficiency of power supply systems for consumers and at the same time causes the need to develop new technical means of automation and monitoring of parameters of operating modes of electrical grids.

Introduction. In the case of a nonuniform (NU) design of the antenna elements (AEs) of the receiving antenna array (AA), the antenna pattern (AP) features sidelobes (SL) with a significantly higher noise level than acceptable values. Under low signal-to-noise ratios (SNR), this noise leads to angular coordinate measuring errors thus worsening the statistical accuracy characteristics (ACs) of the signal. It is of relevance to construct the ACs of angular coordinates when a modified parametric Burg method (BM) is applied to spatial reflected signal processing in a transportable decametre range radar (DRR) with a nonuniform array (NUA) and linear accuracy characteristics. Aim. To analyse the statistical ACs of angular coordinate objects when using a modified BM for spatial reflected signal processing in a DRR with a linear NUA, in which AEs are located with a random step in the range from λ/2 to several λ, where λ is the operating carrier wavelength.Materials and methods. Statistical ACs were constructed by computer modelling in the MatLab software, the reliability of which was confirmed by conventional discrete Fourier transform methods, as well as by comparing the obtained ACs with asymptotic bounds, including Cramer-Rao bounds.Results. The possibility and conditions of using a modified parametric BM for estimating the azimuthal coordinates of reflected radar signals were determined for the case of a nonuniform design of the over-the-horizon DRR receiving AA AEs. Statistical ACs were obtained and compared with the asymptotically optimal ACs of the maximum likelihood estimations corresponding to the uniform AE design.Conclusion. The obtained results confirm the suboptimality of the BM modified for signal processing in the NUA at a random AE spacing step in the range from λ/2 to 2λ, making it applicable for use in transportable DRRs.

Objective: to analyze the in-hospital and long-term outcomes of classical carotid endarterectomy (CEE) in extended atherosclerotic lesions in comparison with the outcomes of this operation in local atherosclerotic plaque (AP). Materials and Methods. This study, which lasted from January 2010 to December 2020, included 148 patients with extended AP and hemodynamically significant internal carotid artery (ICA) stenosis. The term “extended” was understood as a hemodynamically significant lesion ≥ 5 cm long. These patients made up Group 1. Group 2 was formed over the same period of time from 632 patients with hemodynamically significant stenosis

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The article is devoted to the consideration of the Russian pre-revolutionary legislation regulating the control over industrial pollution of the environment. The early Russian sanitary legislation and features of its development in the XIX — early XX centuries are analyzed. Particular attention is paid to the positions of various social groups on the issues of state and public control over the sanitary state of industrial enterprises. It is shown that the first norms prohibiting water and air pollution appeared already at the beginning of the 19th century. The author notes that although they did not contain clear criteria and measures for eliminating pollution, this was typical of many European countries during the study period. As the range of studied sources and literature shows, active work on the development of comprehensive measures against industrial pollution began in the 1890s and continued until the revolution: it did not bring practical results in the legal field, but contributed to a significant deepening of scientific understanding of the environment. The author concludes that, despite the revolutionary events of 1917, the pre-revolutionary experience in combating environmental pollution had a significant impact on the development of Soviet environmental policy.

Introduction. The possibility of application of modified parametric methods of spatial signal processing in a sparse antenna array (SEAA) of the receiving position of transportable over-the-horizon decameter range radar (DRR) intended for all-weather remote monitoring of the shelf zone is considered in this paper. With an operational deployment of DRR on unprepared coast, problems of the equidistant location of antenna elements (AEs) often arise. In the case of nonequidistant AEs location and matched spatial processing, antenna pattern has interference sidelobes, which level can significantly exceed the allowable or calculated one for an equidistant AA. A well-known alternative to matched processing are parametric methods of spectral analysis based on the using of models with a finite number of parameters, but their direct application requires an equidistant sampling of the spatial signal.Aim. The aim of the research is to develop and analyze the method of parametric processing of spatial signals of the SEAA which AEs are located on the line with a random step in the range from λ/2 to several λ, where λ is the DRR wavelength.Materials and methods. To construct the detection characteristics (DC) computer modeling in the MatLab environment, the reliability of which was confirmed by the construction of known and theoretically calculated DC, was used.Results. The developed method includes a procedure of restoring (synthesizing) of artificial signal of equidistant AA with subsequent application of Burg parametric algorithm to obtain an estimate of the angular spatial frequency spectrum. To prove the applicability of the parametric method of SEAA signals processing in the case of location signals detecting, DC were obtained and compared with optimal ones.Conclusions. The obtained results have proved the suboptimality of the parametric method of SEAA signal processing at the random AEs spacing step lying in the range from λ/2 to 3λ, what makes it possible to recommend it for using in transportable DRRs.

We herein present our initial report from «ROKKOR-recipient», a national multicenter observational study. The prevalence, risk factors, clinical manifestations and outcomes of the novel coronavirus disease 2019 (COVID-19) in solid organ transplant recipients receiving immunosuppressive therapy were investigated. The study enrolled 251 COVID-19 patients (220 kidney recipients, 7 liver recipients, 1 liver-kidney recipient, and 23 heart recipients). The subjects came from 20 regions in Russia. The symptoms, clinical presentation, imaging and lab test results, therapy and outcomes of COVID-19 were described. It was established that solid organ transplant recipients with COVID-19 have a higher risk of developing adverse events. Predictors of adverse events include associated cardiovascular diseases, pulmonary diseases, diabetes, and kidney failure. Symptoms of the disease include dyspnea, rash and catarrhal signs, as well as initial low blood oxygen saturation (SpO2 10 × 109/L), elevated creatinine levels (>130 μmol/L) and a marked decrease in glomerular filtration rate, requiring hemodialysis. Performing organ transplant surgery in COVID-19 does not increase the risk of adverse events but could save the lives of waitlisted terminally ill patients.

Male accessory glands infections (MAGI) are considered one of the causes of male infertility. Chronic prostatitis is the most prevalent form of MAGI. Researches that assessed the influence of chronic prostatitis on conventional semen parameters have shown contradictory results, so the debate regarding this issue continues. Conventional semen parameters are imperfect markers of male fertility, as many men remain infertile despite being normozoospermic. The search for reliable predictors of male fertility continues to this day. Oxidative stress is considered one of the main pathogenetic mechanisms of male infertility. Free radical oxidation is the leading cause of spermatozoa DNA damage. Spermatozoa DNA fragmentation caused by oxidative stress was associated with a number of unsuccessful reproductive outcomes. There are several factors that are responsible for making spermatozoa vulnerable to free radical damage including abnormal maturation characterized by insufficient chromatin protamination. Acrosin activity defines the ability of spermatozoa to penetrate the ovum membrane and is therefore an independent marker of spermatozoa fertilizing capacity. Possible mechanisms of chronic prostatitis influence on male fertility and current scientific data regarding its association with novel predictors of male infertility are discussed in this article.The study did not have sponsorship. The authors have declared no conflicts of interest.

The subject. The article is devoted to the study of the polluter pays principle from the point of view of the mechanism for its implementation to ensure the right to a favorable environment.The purpose of the article is to identify the degree of implementation of polluter pays principle in Russian legislation in comparison with the OECD countries. The methodology. The study is based on the comparative legal method, which allows us to analyze the strengths and weaknesses of the models of legal regulation of relations in the field of environmental protection chosen by different countries and international organizations. The study also relies on general scientific and private scientific methods, including formally legal method, interpretation of legal acts.The main results and scope of their application. The content of the polluter pays principle is determined, as well as the goal of its establishment and the methods used by legislator to achieve this goal. The effectiveness of the polluter pays principle is determined by an integrated regulatory approach. It includes several elements: not only the obligation to compensate for the harm caused in full, but also to take all necessary measures to prevent the possibility of harm at all stages of the activity, including design, construction, etc. The analysis of international legal regulation, as well as the regulatory legal acts of different countries shows that this principle is implemented in the legislation of many countries and an effective mechanism for its application is created in developed countries. Genuine implementation of this principle lets create balance between economic and environmental relations and protect the vital interests of human and society.Conclusions. A comparative analysis of the legal regulation of relations on environmental protection in terms of applying the polluter pays principle allows us to conclude that there is a rather formal approach to its implementation into Russian legislation. There is no comprehensive approach to the regulation of economic activity at all stages of its implementation, from planning and design to decommissioning and waste management. This, in turn, does not allow creating a balanced management mechanism of environmental protection in Russia. In this connection, a list of priority measures to create an effective legal regulation mechanism is proposed.

The most important feature of economy of knowledge emphasis ofattention doesn’t become simple on process of receiving new knowledge, and on their use in economy for the purpose of receiving the greatest economic benefits. Actually it predetermines transition from traditional scientific and technical policy to innovative policy and dictates need of development of a credit policy of Russia for the concept of economy of knowledge.

Now in the Russian commercial banks there is an objective need for modernization of system of a risk management. The growing arrears among borrowers of bank, on the one hand, and absence in a credit portfolio of commercial bank of the innovative and investment credits more than three years, with another - testify to imperfection of model of a risk management in a banking system and emphasize requirement of its expeditious improvement.

BACKGROUND: A growing body of evidence demonstrates increasing prevalence of normoalbuminuric chronic kidney disease (NA-CKD) in subjects with type 2 diabetes (T2D), while proportion of albuminuric pattern is decreasing. AIMS: To determine the clinical and laboratory parameters associated with different patterns of CKD in patients with T2D. METHODS: This observational, single-center, cross-sectional study included 360 patients with T2D duration ≥10 years. Patients with urinary albumin/creatinine ratio (UACR) 60 ml/min/1.73 m2 were classified as no-CKD group (n=89). Patients with UACR 1 (p=0.01) and HbA1c levels >8% (p=0.005). The duration of T2D ≥15 years (p=0.01) and the use of dihydropyridine calcium channel blockers (p=0.01) were associated with A-CKD+. In T2D groups, the urinary excretion of nephrin and podocin was increased (all p

It performed the analysis of literature data on modern approaches to the treatment of vas deference spermatic obstruction caused by epididymis cyst (EC). High medical and social significance of male infertility was noted, one of the etiological factors of which may be EC. It is shown that at present, minimally invasive methods of treatment of EC are widely used, not inferior in effectiveness and safety to traditional types of surgical treatment of this pathology. As one of such approaches, sclerotherapy of EC is considered an affordable and low-impact method, the use of which does not require large economic costs and can be used in young men of reproductive age. The results of studies showing high clinical efficacy and safety of EC sclerotherapy. It was noted that information on the this assesment of the impact on men fertility is practically absent in the available literature, which indicates the need for further clinical trials to studу on the possibility of sclerotherapy in the EC treatment.

The article presents the case report of a rare hereditary form of systemic ATTR-amyloidosis in Russian patient with a discussion of approaches to the diagnosis and treatment of this form, also based on the own experience in the management of such patients. Modern ideas about the pathogenesis of the disease as well as detailed information about the clinical manifestations of amyloid cardiopathy and of other organs are presented. The nature of structural and hemodynamic changes in the heart is discussed on the basis of experience, including own, ultrasound examination of the heart in patients with amyloidosis, especially the article focuses the reader's attention on the true infiltrative nature of transtiretin amyloid cardiopathy in contrast to AL-amyloidosis, in which there is a significant inflammatory component that determines a more unfavorable natural course of AL-amyloidosis of the heart. The article discusses the differential diagnosis of different types of amyloidosis, the diagnostic difficulties associated with weak congophilia of transtiretin amyloidosis and at the same time substantiates the need for morphological verification of the diagnosis. Modern methods of treatment of ATTR-amyloidosis are discussed.

For detection and recognition of ground moving objects with seismic devices it's nesessary to form the model of seismic signals, corresponding of each object class. Unknown moment of seismic wave incoming and it's time parameters demand to building of multichannel scheme etalon signals generator.

This article scrutinizes possible consequences of lifting of economic sanctions against Iran for relationships between Middle East countries and United States.

The article reveals the contemporary state of Saudi-U. S. relations with reference to the growing tensions in the Middle East region, mainly Yemeni civil war. The focus is on American authorities’ response to an ineffective and bloody military campaign in Yemen led by Saudi Arabia and coalition forces. In the meantime, the article reveals the background and main causes of the civil war. Authors hold thesis on the fact that initial support of Saudi Arabia by the United States was driven by their aspiration to soften Saudi resentment towards nuclear deal with Iran. Authors also insist on the fact that since the end of 2016 more and more American politics declaim against the observance of the previously closed arms deal and condemn Saudi Arabia’s abusive fighting methods on the foreign territory. In attempts to explore scale, depth and perspective of the seeming split between the two countries authors take into account soundness of the bilateral relationships between U. S. and Saudi Arabia, huge interconnection of their economic interests and regional strategic priorities. In that context authors suggest the high probability of overcoming the existing discord in Saudi-U. S. relations under the new President of the United States - Donald Trump.

This article scrutinizes new Saudi Arabian governments policy towards domestic economy aimed at diversification and it’s influence on Saudi-American relations.

Patients, after radical prostatectomy with the use of nerve-sparing techniques, without carrying out penile rehabilitation, are at risk of forming cavernous fibrosis with the emergence of subsequent persistent erectile dysfunction. In order to minimize damage to cavernous tissue and early restoration of erectile function during the period of neuropraxia, it is necessary to ensure a sufficient level of oxygenation. The role of applying vacuum in penile rehabilitation for the prevention of hypoxia of cavernous tissue is not fully understood, due to the lack of data on the gaseous composition of the blood at the time of reaching the vacuum of erection. The purpose of this work was to review the scientific studies devoted to the study of vacuum induced penile erection in animals or humans, which indicates high results due to increased oxygenation of cavernous tissue.

OBJECTIVE. The authors created an effective system of prediction of acute erosive-ulcerative lesions of the stomach and duodenum in victims with extensive burns. MATERIALS AND METHODS. The patients (85) were divided into two groups. The first group included 45 patients (53 %) with erosive ulcerative lesions of the stomach and duodenum which developed during 14 days after injury. The second group numbered 40 patients (47 %) without complications. The clinical, laboratory and instrumental methods of investigations were applied. RESULTS. According to data analysis of patient’s examination, the scale of assessment of sign rates was developed. The amount of rates corresponded to the index of prediction (IP). The values of IP were calculated at the interval from -15 to +15 units. The high possibility (85 %) of development of acute erosive and ulcerative lesions of the stomach and duodenum could be expected in cases when IP was about +15 units. CONCLUSIONS. The developed predictive scale of erosive-ulcerative complications of gastrointestinal tract appeared to be highly reliable and allowed doctors to use preventive measures on time.

Aim. To study the changes in indicators of 24-hours blood pressure (BP) monitoring during the antihypertensive treatment with amlodipine in hypertensive women with normal psycho-emotional status or with subclinical depression.Material and methods. 29 women with stage 2 hypertension were divided into 2 groups. 24-hours BP monitoring was performed in Group 1 (n=15; mean age 45.4±1.7 years; with normal psycho-emotional status) and Group 2 (n=14; mean age 46.7±1.3 years; with subclinical depression) at base- line and after 1 month of amlodipine treatment. We analyzed the dynamics of the following indicators: time index (VI), load measurement index (AI) of increased and reduced systolic (SBP) and diastolic (DBP) BP, reflecting the influence of hypertension and hypotension on the target organs.Results. BP variability during the day was higher in group 2 than in group 1. Increase in load by increased DBP at night was found during amlodipine therapy in both groups: from 34.5±8.7 to 84.8±14.8 (p=0.006) in the Group 1 and from 38.5±10.2 to 95.3±14.7 (p=0.004) in the Group 2. Be- sides increase in load by reduced SBP during a day was also observed in both groups: from 9.1±3.2 to 45.4±12.8 (p=0.0039) in the Group 1 and from 0.5±0.06 to 53.8±13.1 (p=0.0016) in the Group 2. DBP variability at night increased from 7.5±0.8 to 10.3±0.8 (p=0.011) in the Group 1 and from 8.5±0.4 to 9.7±0.8 (p=0.083) in the Group 2. Increase in severity of subclinical depression according to HADS was demonstrated in Group 2 after one month of treatment with amlodipine.Conclusion. The use of amlodipine requires regular control of 24-hours BP monitoring indices and assessment of mental and emotional status dynamics

Aim. To study pharmacokinetics of apixaban in patients with atrial fibrillation and cardioembolic stroke in acute phase. Material and methods. 17 patients (14 women and 3 men), aged 76.6±9.5 years with atrial fibrillation and cardioembolic stroke in acute phase were enrolled into the study. High performance liquid chromatography mass spectrometry analysis was used to determine apixaban plasma concentration. Results. Intake of a single dose of apixaban 5 mg is described by the following pharmacokinetic parameters: geometric mean of Cmax 124.5 ng/mL (CV%=48), AUC (0, τ) 1008.0 ng•h/mL (CV%=48), AUC (0, ∞) 2751.6 ng•h/mL (CV%=82), median Tmax 3 hours (min 1, max 4), mean t½ 16.9 h (SD 13.6). Negative correlation between NIHSS stroke severity score and Tmax was found (r=-0.628, p=0.007) as well as positive correlation between apixaban t½ and patient age (r=0.638, p=0.01). A tendency to increase in AUC (0, ∞) was observed according to CHA2DS2-VASc points amount but it did not reach the statistical significance (r=0.620, p=0.14). Conclusion. For the first time in Russia pharmacokinetic data of apixaban were obtained in patients with cardioembolic stroke in acute phase. It could be the basis for the development of new personalized approaches to anticoagulation therapy in these patients. Keywords: new oral anticoagulants, apixaban, pharmacokinetics, atrial fibrillation, cardioembolic stroke

The analysis of the modern homeland assortment of vegetable crops is given. The donors of the most important traits and the accessions of vegetable and melon crops perspective for breeding from the VIR collection are shown. The short characteristic of the varieties is given.

Analysis of investigation and application of genetic resources of vegetable and melon crops since Vavilov's time up to nowadays has been done. The main trends of investigations of the gene bank collection in recent times are described. The results of breeding and seed production are shown. The initial breeding materials are recommended.