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The study examined thermal stability and digestibility of a biopolymer delivery system for the liposomal form of minor nutrients (omega-3 polyunsaturated fatty acids, vitamin D3, essential oil of clove buds) in enriched meat products. A fraction of encapsulated liposomes in the biopolymer delivery system, i. e. in the supramolecular complex with sodium caseinate (SC), was more than 74%. The difference between the number of bound liposomes before and after freeze-drying is statistically insignificant. The study of the fatty acid composition in samples of enriched meat product containing a supramolecular complex (EPSC) and enriched meat product containing components of the supramolecular complex (EPC) showed that the total omega-3 fatty acids content in EPC was 0.079 ± 0.002 g/100 g, while in EPSC it was 0.207 ± 0.002 g/100 g. The data obtained made it possible to state that EPSC sample was a source of omega-3 fatty acids. Product fortification with the supramolecular complex made it possible to meet the daily requirement of eicosapentaenoic acid (EPA) and docosahexaenoic acid (DHA) by 70%, and vitamin D3 by 470%. A study of the in vitro digestion of EPC and EPSC enriched meat products, it was revealed that in both samples, release of fat in the gastric phase was almost identical, in contrast to the intestinal phase, where the released fat in EPSC was found to be 2 times higher than in EPC. This indicates that the use of physiologically functional ingredients in encapsulated form to fortify meat products is more effective and does not violate the general principles of lipid digestion. At the same time, the mass fraction of released fatty acids in the intestinal phase was higher by 74.4% and 48.5%, respectively, when using physiologically functional ingredients in the form of a supramolecular complex in comparison with a product containing these ingredients in their native form. Use of high temperature treatment did not affect the bioavailability of EPA and DHA, as well as the organoleptic parameters or oxidative stability of EPSC.

Introduction. COVID-19 is strongly linked to cardiovascular disease, with direct myocardial injury and systemic inflammation as common mechanisms. Pre-existing or infection-induced cardiovascular disease worsens the outcomes for COVID-19 patients. Materials and methods. To estimate the serum electrolytes (Na+, K+, Ca++, Zn) and vitamin D3, the study depended on ichroma ii device for Vitamin D3 and Chemistry Analyzer for electrolytes in patient samples. Results. A study was conducted on 192 individuals diagnosed with COVID-19, including 35 critical cases, 53 severe cases, 54 moderate cases, and 50 individuals in a control group. The age group with the highest prevalence of infection was between 50‒69 years, while the lowest prevalence was observed in those under 30 years. The study found significant decreases in calcium, potassium, sodium, zinc, and vitamin D3 levels among COVID-19 patients compared to the control group. Zinc and vitamin D3 levels showed a significant correlation with sex, with males experiencing a decline in zinc levels and females having lower vitamin D3 levels. The concentration of calcium, sodium, and zinc showed a negative correlation with age, with older patients having the lowest levels. COVID-19 patients with chronic cardiac issues and high blood pressure exhibited the lowest levels of these markers. The severity of the disease also had a detrimental impact on electrolyte levels, zinc, and vitamin D3, with critical cases showing the lowest levels. The complications such as heart failure were associated with lower levels of potassium, sodium, and zinc. Conclusion. In conclusion, the study revealed significant associations between COVID-19 and decreased electrolyte levels, zinc, and vitamin D3. Sex and age were found to be correlated with these markers. Patients with chronic cardiac issues and high blood pressure exhibited the lowest levels of these markers. The severity of the disease was also linked to lower electrolyte levels, zinc, and vitamin D3. Complications such as heart failure were associated with decreased levels of potassium, sodium, and zinc.

Degenerative-dystrophic changes in the musculoskeletal system of various localizations are one of the most common reasons for patients to turn not only to a rheumatologist, but also to a neurologist and first-contact doctors (therapist and general practitioner) who provide primary health care. Medicines that modify the symptoms of degenerative-dystrophic changes in the musculoskeletal system are divided into “fast-acting” (analgesics, NSAIDs, tramadol) and “slow-acting” (chondroprotectors). When considering “slow-acting” drugs, many publications are devoted to the natural components of the cartilage intercellular substance – glucosamine and chondroitin sulfate, while much less attention is paid to the importance of collagen. In articular cartilage, collagens provide most of the biomechanical properties of the extracellular matrix necessary for its function. Collagen hydrolysates have demonstrated positive results in clinical trials related to joint health, such as reducing joint pain, increasing mobility, and improving joint structure. Marine collagen is the closest in molecular structure to human collagen fibers. Its main characteristics include high biological activity and biocompatibility, as well as low antigenicity. The possible effects of vitamin C, vitamin D3, zinc and calcium in the complex treatment of degenerative-dystrophic changes in the musculoskeletal system are considered. A biological supplement containing vitamins, microelements and hydrolyzed marine collagen Promerim® optimizes the prevention and treatment of patients with degenerative changes in the musculoskeletal system.

The pathogenesis of inflammatory bowel diseases has not been fully studied, and the therapies used have side effects that limit their use.The purpose of this study is to conduct a clinical and immunological analysis of the effectiveness of vitamin D3 in the original rectal suppositories in experimental colitis (EC).EC was modeled with oxazolone. Original suppositories with vitamin D3 in group 3 and 5-ASA in group 4 were used per rectum. The clinic was evaluated on the Disease activity index scale. The expression of MPO and TNFa, the content of neutrophils, lymphocytes, eosinophils, histiocytes, plasmocytes, fibroblasts, ulcerative defect, tissue damage index were determined in the focus of colon injury. The study was carried out on days 2, 4 and 6.With EC, DAI increases for the entire day, MPO and TNFa increase in the lesion, ulcerative defect isfixed, neutrophil-lymphocytic infiltration increases, and TDI increases. When comparing the morphometric parameters of the alteration zone in EC under the conditions of vitamin D3 use, in contrast to the use of 5-ASA, a decrease in the number of lymphocytes, an increase in fibroblasts was revealed on day 2, a decrease in the number of plasmocytes and an increase in fibroblasts on day 4, an increase in the number of histiocytes and fibroblasts on day 6. The diameter of the ulcerative defect and the TDI index have no significant differences between the compared groups. When comparing the effectiveness of vitamin D3, in contrast to the use of 5-ASA, the MPO content is higher on day 6; the TNFa content is higher on day 4.In EC, the effects of using rectal suppositories with vitamin D3 on clinical signs, the size of the ulcerative defect, the content of MPO and TNFa in the lesion are comparable to the effects of using rectal suppositories with 50 mg of 5-ASA; more pronounced with respect to the dynamics of the cellular composition of the lesion of the colon.

Introduction and purpose: This article will discuss the relationship between nutrition deficiency, focusing on folic acid and vitamin D3 and autism spectrum disorder (ASD). Research suggests that nutrient deficiencies play a role in the development and progression of autism. This article will investigate causes of nutrient deficiencies in ASD, like dietary constraints, food choice, and environment exposure, and their impact on ASD and related symptoms. The purpose of this article is to provide an overview of the research examining the relationship between folic acid and vitamin d3 supplementation and autism. Materials and methods: A broad search was conducted using the PubMed database in order to identify relevant studies published between 2010-2020 using keywords such as “folic acid”, “folinic acid”, "vitamin d3", "autism spectrum disorder". A brief description of the current state of knowledge: Autism spectrum disorder (ASD) is a complex neurodevelopmental disorder that in recent years has been increasingly diagnosed among children. Only between 2016 and 2014 measured prevalence in the United States has increased by 10%. [1] The exact etiology of ASD in not known. In this review we will examine a role of folic acid and vitamin D3. Research suggests that folic acid supplements can help improve verbal skills in people with ASD. Research also shows decreased levels of vitamin d3 in ASD patients. Clinical trials involving vitamin d3 present inconclusive data but lean towards positive impact of supplementation. Both folic acid and vitamin d3 supplementation is safe. Dietary changes and oral supplementation may be beneficial for patients. Conclusions: Studies with larger participant numbers should be done to prove the significance of folic acid and vitamin D3 supplementation as it shows potential in being a safe and not expensive complementary therapeutic option.

Enzymatic protein hydrolysates of milk are used as a protein component of functional foods intended for children, athletes, and senior citizens. They are easy to absorb and possess hypoallergenic, antioxidant, antimicrobial, and antimutagenic properties. However, the peptides in their composition have a bitter taste, which limits the use of milk protein hydrolysates in food industry. Functional foods are often fortified with fat-soluble vitamins and other hydrophobic ingredients. They require multicomponent compositions that contain both hydrophilic and hydrophobic compounds. Complexes of β-cyclodextrins with peptides of whey protein hydrolyzates and fat-soluble vitamins can solve this problem. The present research featured nanocomplexes of β-cyclodextrins with whey peptides and their multicomponent mixes with vitamins D3 and A. The methodology involved HPLC-MS, electrophoresis, thermogravimetry, and fluorimetry. The obtained clathrates were used to develop new multicomponent compositions for functional nutrition. The article introduces a new production method for hypoallergenic peptide fractions with a molecular weight of 300–1500 Da from enzymatic whey protein hydrolyzates. The obtained peptides contained 6–14 amino acid residues and demonstrated hypoallergenic properties because they contained no antigenic determinants capable of causing IgE synthesis. The complexes of inclusion contained hydrolyzate peptides of dairy proteins and fat-soluble vitamins A and D3. The research revealed some antioxidant and antimutagenic properties, as well as the toxicological and hygienic profile of the clathrates. The resulting peptide clathrates had a less bitter taste. The inclusion complexes of fat-soluble vitamins D3:β-cyclodextrins, and A:β-cyclodextrins could be converted from an olive oil solution into a soluble powder. 100 g of the multicomponent composite contained 47.0 g of whey protein hydrolyzate of low molecular weight fraction peptides, 1.06 mg of vitamin D3 (42 500 IU), 3.44 mg of vitamin A (10 000 IU), and 1.54 g of olive oil. The article also describes the structural and functional properties of the inclusion complexes. Nanocomplexes of whey protein hydrolyzate of low molecular weight fraction peptides:β-cyclodextrins, D3:β-cyclodextrins, and A:β-cyclodextrins and their multicomponent composite were tested for toxicological and hygienic properties using Tetrahymena pyriformis. They appeared to belong to the 5th hazard class in terms of the average lethal dose (non-hazardous substances). The obtained powder forms of fat-soluble vitamins and peptides are easily dosed and can be used to design new functional foods.

Introduction: Vitamin D belongs to the group of fat-soluble vitamins. cholecalciferol (D3) and ergocalciferol (D2) are the most important forms. Vitamin D is associated with a regulatory role in calcium and phosphate metabolism. In recent years, there has been attention to its pleiotropic action. Aim: The aim of the study was to present the general characteristics of vitamin D and explore its relation with polycystic ovary syndrome (PCOS), endometriosis, pain management, insulin resistance, influenza and chronic kidney disease (CKD).Description: VDR receptor has been detected in the cells of the intestines, bones, kidneys, heart, brain, prostate, breast, ovaries, skin. In the ovaries, vit. D3 affects the production of progesterone, estradiol or estrone which suggest its important role in the folliculogenesis and ovulation. Women with PCOS have significantly lower levels of vitamin D3 compared to healthy women. It has been suggested that the deficiency of this vitamin may be related to infertility. Research show that vit. D3 may affect the mechanisms of the inflammatory and nocyceptive pain perception. A significant connection has also been found between vit. D3 and the metabolism of the adipose tissue and insulin secretion. Vitamin D3 deficiency may increase the risk of development of obesity and insulin resistance as well as CKD.Summary: The observation of statistically significant correlation between the reduced level of vit. D3 and occurrence of numerous diseases indicates the need for further research to explain the mechanisms in which D3 deficiency may contribute to development of these diseases. This knowledge is important for the development of new prevention and treatment methods of the diseases mentioned in this article.

Increased incidence of ulcerative colitis (UC) is a prerequisite for searching new therapeutic approaches, primarily with an opportunity of site-directed impact on the colon lesion. UC pathogenesis is associated with dysregulated immune response, and limited effectiveness of basic therapy for the disorder. Vitamin D3 exhibits antioxidant, anti-inflammatory, immunomodulatory and other properties, it has been shown to be effective in some autoimmune diseases, thus prompting us to study its effect on immune status in UC. We aimed for studying the effect of vitamin D3, as a component of original rectal suppositories, upon clinical course and indexes of immune status in experimental UC. UC in rats was modeled with 3% oxazolone solution. The vitamin D3-containing suppositories (1500 IU) weighing 300 mg were administered per rectum every 12 hours for 6 days. On days 2, 4 and 6 of UC, the clinical features were assessed as well as blood leukocyte counts, numbers of CD3+, CD45RA+; absorbing and NBT-reducing abilities of blood neutrophils were determined; IgM, IgG, IL-6 and IL-8 concentrations in serum were also studied.The DAI index increased in non-treated UC, along with raised neutrophil numbers in blood, their absorption and NBT-reducing activity was also increased, the total number of lymphocytes, including CD3+, CD45RA+ became higher, serum concentrations of IgM, IgG, IL-6, IL-8 increased. Local use of vitamin D3 in UC reduces DAI parameters, causes decrease in blood neutrophil counts, reducing and partially restoring absorptive and NBT-reducing abilities of neutrophils, decline of total lymphocyte counts in blood, partially restoring the CD3+ and CD45RA+ numbers, causing decline and partial restoration of serum IgM, IgG, IL-6, IL-8 concentrations. An association between clinical signs and indexes of immune status in UC was established under the conditions of vitamin D3 use. Conclusions: The protective effect of vitamin D3 in UC can be mediated by its antioxidant effect, changes in production of immunoregulatory cytokines, modulation of Th1-, Th2-, Th17-dependent reactions and Treg activity, being a pre-requisite for further studies to clarify the mechanism of vitamin D3 immunotropic action in UC,with an opportunity of using it in clinical practice.

ErratumIntroduction. An inadequate diet and living in the northern regions can lead to a lack of vitamin D3 and the development of diseases, including a decrease in immunity. To compensate for the lack of vitamin D, vitamin drugs are used that contain vitamin D in one of its active forms (usually in the form of cholecalciferol, vitamin D3).Aim. To develop and validate HPLC-UV method for the determination of vitamin D3 in vitamin drugs and to evaluate the content of cholecalciferol in selected drugs anddietary supplements presented in the Russian Federation.Materials and methods. Determination of vitamin D3 was carried out by HPLC with UV detection at a wavelength 266 nm. Sample preparation of vitamin drugs was carried out by extraction with methanol (for liquid dosage forms based on aqueous or triglyceride solutions) and extraction with an aqueous-methanol solution (for solid dosage forms based on water-soluble substances with vitamin D3) in a ratio of 2 to 8 (water-methanol).Results and discussions. The analysis methodology for the parameter "Vitamin D3 (cholecalciferol) content" in vitamin dosage forms by HPLC was validated according to the following validation parameters: specificity; accuracy; precision; linearity; range.Conclusion. The analysis methodology for the parameter "Vitamin D3 (cholecalciferol) content" in vitamin dosage forms by HPLC was developed. The method was validated according to the following validation parameters: specificity; accuracy; precision; linearity; range. The range of the method was 9,5–38 μg/ml. The method was used to determine vitamin D3 in vitamin drugs based on water-soluble forms of vitamin D3, in the form of aqueous solutions and form of fatty acids triglyceridessolutions.

Falls have been recognized by the WHO as one of the most significant problems in aging societies. In the elderly after 65 years of age, they cause 90% of the fractures of the proximal femoral bone (bkk) and 100% of the forearm fractures [5].They usually occur when walking (most often), getting up and sitting down. The consequences of falls, as well as themselves, can be prevented by supplementing vitamin D3 [6] [8] regulating the body's calcium-phosphate homeostasis. It improves neuromuscular function, including the mechanism reduces the frequency of falls. It also affects response time and balance. The concentration of vitamin D3 in the body is variable. Depends on endogenous biosynthesis and food supply. It also shows seasonal fluctuations. Its deficiencies lead to not only orthopedic and dental complications. It has been proven that there is a decreased level of 25 (OH) D3 in serum and such diseases as diabetes, hypertension, depression,neuro-degenerative diseases including Alzheimer's disease and increased likelihood of cancer, especially breast, prostate, and colon cancers [15].

Abstract Objective: to establish specific features of BA course in children with various phenotypes on the background of metabolic syndrome, depending on serum vitamin D3 level. Subjects and methods. 106 children with BA participated in the study. 42 patients had BA associated with metabolic syndrome (MS), and 64 had BA with no MS. By the phenotype 61 (57.5 %) of patients had allergen-induced (allergic) asthma and 45 (42.5 %) – virus-induced (non-allergic) BA. The control group consisted of 44 children (the patients with MS and those without MS and BA), average age 15.5 ± 1.3 years. All the patients underwent a unified complex of diagnostic investigations: general physical examination, measurement of waist circumference and body mass index (BMI), clinical blood test, spirometry, lipid profile. Weight categories (normal weight, excess weight and obesity) were determined by percentiles (P) of BMI variation series with regard to age, as indicated in WHO recommendations. Serum 25(OH)D levels were determined by enzyme immunoassay. Vitamin D level ≥20 ng/ml was considered sufficient, 11–20 ng/ml – insufficient, ≤10 ng/ml – deficient. General and specific serum IgE levels were determined by enzyme immunoassay. The data obtained were processed with Statistica 8 program, P values of less than 0.05 were considered to indicate statistical significance. Results. In the group of patients with vitamin D3 level below 20 ng/ml, 19.5 % had controlled BA and 41.3 % – uncontrolled BA, while among the children with vitamin D level over 20 ng/ml, 30.4 % had controlled BA and 8.6 % – uncontrolled BA (χ2= 9.12, P < 0.05). Mean value of vitamin D3 concentration in the control group was significantly higher than in the patients with BA associated with MS and BA without MS (P < 0.05). The relationship between OW, obesity and atopy was confirmed by high serum level of sIgE antibodies in those weight categories. High sIgE levels to allergens from the pollen of meadow grass, weeds and trees, animal epithelium, household dust mite, food and fungal allergens were determined much more frequently in the children with OW and obesity than in those with NW. In the patients with BA associated with MS and vitamin D3 level below 20 ng/ml, FEV1 and FVLC values appeared to be significantly lower as compared to those with vitamin D3 level over 20 ng/ml (P = 0.002). Inverse relationship between the most important parameters of external respiration function and BMI was established: VLC (rxy = -0.45, P = 0.002), FVLC (rxy = -0.52, P = 0.001), FEV1 (rxy = -0.78, P = 0.000), respectively. Conclusions. The severity of BA as well as the degree of its control in the patients with different phenotypes was found to be influenced by both the presence of MS and vitamin D3 level. Therefore, vitamin D deficiency can be one of the risk factors of BA and MS development, and can affect the severity of both BA and MS course. Vitamin D3 deficiency and the presence of MS greatly influence FEV1, FVLC, PEF values, decreasing the indices of external respiration in children and leading to more severe obstruction.

Chronic pain in joints and back is almost constant component of the comorbidities. The comorbidities are caused by the systemic inflammation syndrome, which activity affects the degree of pathology mediating the progression of chronic pain as well. The pathogenesis pattern of systemic inflammation differs in having the whole range of transcriptional proteins, which activity is associated with the level of synthesis of pro-inflammatory mediators. Many recent studies showed that vitamin D3 deficiency and insufficiency increases the activity of these transcriptional proteins, increasing the progression and intensity of comorbidity components, including pain syndrome. Fundamental research demonstrates anti-inflammatory and anti-erosive vitamin D3 effects in cartilage and bone tissue.

Currently, the leading place in the structure of morbidity in older people takes the cardiovascular disease. It is also the leading cause of death in developed countries. The significance of osteoporosis is now also due to the high and growing prevalence of this pathology. Osteoporotic fractures are associated with a reduction in the quality of life in patients, lead to disability, require a significant investment. This pathology is ranked fourth in the structure of mortality after cardiovascular disease, oncopathology, and diabetes.Numerous studies indicate that these two diseases are associated not only with the occurrence of age, but have common pathogenetic mechanisms. The data obtained suggest that osteoporosis, calcification of the aorta and heart valves and atherosclerotic vascular disease – related pathological processes. Vascular and bone have some common morphological properties, vascular calcification and consists of the same components as the bone tissue.From the standpoint of modern medicine it is extremely important to identify specific relationships between diseases and their common pathogenetic mechanisms for development of a comprehensive and individual approach to the diagnosis, treatment and prevention.

Purpose: to study the effect of vitamin D3 on cytokine activity of macrophages and monocytes of gingival fluid. Material and methods. The examination and treatment of 42 patients with chronic generalized periodontitis at the age of 45-50 years were conducted. Gingival fluid was obtained from the periodontal pockets of patients. Material processed statistically. Results. Colecalciferol efficacy in inflammation and processes of destruction of periodontal tissue was twice higher than using traditional therapy. Resistance anti-inflammatory effect of the drug was maintained for 6 months, which had been confirmed by clinical and laboratory investigations. Conclusion. The use of applications of vitamin D in the treatment of periodontitis may achieve compensatory restoration of immune protection of the oral cavity.

Abstract. The aim of present study was to evaluate efficacy of generation and characterization of regulatory T cells (Treg). The Treg were derived from peripheral mononuclear cells of healthy donors, using activation with anti-CD3mAb and IL-2, either in absence (model 1), or in the presence of immunosuppressive agents (vitamin D3 and dexamethasone, model 2). It was shown, that the Treg, obtained in model 1, are characterized by decreased anti-CD3-induced proliferative response and lack of suppressive activity. Treg, obtained in presence of vitamin D3 and dexamethasone, proved to be profoundly anergic. Such a state may be partially abolished by exogenic IL-2. These cells are also characterized by suppressive activity mediated by both cell-to-cell contacts and soluble factors, such as IL-10. Hence, the regulatory T cells generated in model 2, can be referred as inducible Treg (Tr1). Nevertheless, increased ratio of cells expressing CD4+FOXP3+ among Treg obtained by model 2, may also suggest an ability to generate natural regulatory cells. (Med. Immunol., 2008, vol. 10, n 2-3, pp 173-180).

The paper considers the current pathogenesis, by choosing the actual targets of pharmacotherapy with available drugs. It reflects the cytokine mechanisms responsible for lesion of the synovial membranes, cartilage, and subchondral bone. Particular emphasis is laid on the role of chondroitin sulfate, glucosamine, vitamin D3 as drugs that affect the key components of pathogenesis, including the volume of resorptive cavities in the subchondral bone.

The paper gives information on osteoporosis (OP) as a cause of back pain. In OP the latter is stated to be induced by not only osteoporotic fractures, but also other pathological changes associated with bone mineral density loss. Data on the management of back pain due to OP are presented and the efficacies of alendronate and vitamin D3 are noted

Research objective is to investigate the seasonal pattern to multiple sclerosis (MS) in newborns in the Republic of Bashkortostan (RB) depending on months of year in comparison with the RB population. Materials. Months of the birth of 1224 patients with MS republican have been analyzed in the center of the Republic of Bashkortostan (Ufa). The data of patients were compared to the data of birth rate in the RB within a year. Results. The majority of patients was born in May (12%), and the minimal amount of patients was determined in November (5.6%) and December (4.4%) that authentically differs from the rate of birth in various months of the year in the RB (p

Background: Bladder catheterization is a common medical manipulation that is associated with the risk of complications, including catheter-associated urinary tract infection (CAUTI), which accounts for 80% of all nosocomial infections of the urological profile., Aim: To evaluate the combined use of the biologically active additive Uronext and ceftriaxone in the prevention of the development of CAUTI in the early postoperative period in 120 patients aged 20-80 years with a Foley indwelling catheter., Materials and Methods: The patients were divided into 2 groups: in group I (n=60), D-mannose with cranberry extract and vitamin D3 as part of Uronext dietary supplement was administered orally in the form of sachets 48 hours before surgery and after surgery until urethral catheter was placed, as well as intravenous ceftriaxone 1000 mg 2 hours before surgery and in the postoperative period within 7 days. In group II (n=60), ceftriaxone monotherapy was prescribed in a similar way., Results: According to the results of bacteriological examination of the removed urinary catheter on 3-7 days in Uronext group, bacterial growth was absent in 40 patients (66.67%, p<0.05), versus 23 cases (38.33%) in the control group., Conclusions: The data obtained confirm the efficiency of the use of the biologically active additive Uronext in combination with an antibacterial drug, which allows to recommend this scheme in patients with an indwelling urinary catheter for the prevention of the development of CAUTI.

The objective of the present study was to elucidate the possible correlations between the vitamin D 3 level in the blood serum and lactase gene polymorphism (LCT-13910 T>C) in the patients presenting with chronic polypous rhinosinusitis (CPRS). The study included 50 patients with this condition and 14 subjects comprising the control group. The variants of lactase gene polymorphism (LCT-13910 T>C) were identified with the use of polymerase chain reaction (PCR) in real time. The total level of serum vitamin D 3 (VD 3 ) was determined by means of the immunochemical analysis (the electrochemiluminescence technique). In the group of patients presenting with chronic polypous rhinosinusitis, the level of VD 3 in the blood serum ranged from 48 nm/l to 85 nm/l (mean 60 nm/l) compared with that in the patients of the control group (from 78 nm/l to 112 nm/l; mean 97 nm/l) . The level of vitamin D 3 'below the normal values' was documented in 71% of the patients with CPRS in comparison with 7% in the control subjects. Lactase gene polymorphism (LCT-13910 CC, CT) suggesting pronounced and latent hypolactasia was identified in 94% of the patients with CPRS compared with 78.6% in the control group. The occurrence of the CC genotype in the patients of both study groups was virtually identical: 52% in the patients presenting with chronic polypous rhinosinusitis and 57% in the control group. CT polymorphism was identified in 42% of the patients with CPRS and in 21% of the control subjects. The significant difference between the patients of the two groups was documented for the occurrence of TT polymorphism: 6% among the patients with CPRS and 21% in the controls (i.e. much higher in the healthy subjects). There was no significant difference between the serum levels of vitamin D 3 either among the patients with CPRS having LCT-13910 gene polymorphisms (CC, CT, TT) or among the control subjects. It is concluded that the study revealed the higher levels of vitamin D 3 in the blood sera from the control subjects in comparison with that in the patients with chronic polypous rhinosinusitis. Moreover, the patients of the latter group more frequently exhibited the variant of the LCT CT-13910 gene polymorphism suggesting latent hypolactasia whereas the subjects comprising the control group more frequently had the variant of the LCT CT-13910 gene polymorphism indicative of the normal tolerance of lactose.

Diabetes was shown to be associated with a considerable lowering of 25(OH)D3 in blood serum of mice. Vitamin D3 deficiency was correlated with impaired mineral metabolism in bone tissue, indicating the development of secondary osteoporosis. A decrease in weight, length and diameter (diaphysis, proximal metaepiphysis) of tibia in diabetic animals was observed as compared with control. Diabetes caused hypocalcemia, hypophosphatemia and increased enzymatic activity of alkaline phosphatase (ALP) and its isoenzymes in serum. This changes were accompanied by the impairments of vitamin D3 25-hydroxylase isoforms (CYP27A1 and CYP2R1) expression, which are the main enzymes of cholecalciferol biotransformation to 25(OH)D3 - precursor of hormonally active form of vitamin D3. A decrease in bone resorption processes was established after vitamin D3 administration as it is evident from normalization of bone morphometrical parameters and mineral metabolism in diabetic mice. Vitamin D3 ability to counter diabetes-induced alterations in bone tissue can be ascribed, at least in part, to its positive effects on the formation of vitamin D3 hormonally active forms.