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The prevalence of obesity and type 2 diabetes continues to grow, which determines the need to develop new methods of prevention in order to reduce the population risks of developing these diseases. The current direction is to limit the consumption of easily digestible carbohydrates and use low-calorie or non-calorie sweeteners instead. Currently, there is an increase in the use of non-calorie sweeteners in the manufacture of food. In this regard, the study of their possible effects on metabolic processes is of great importance.This review presents studies that have shown different effects of non-calorie sweeteners on carbohydrate and fat metabolism, body weight, the composition of intestinal microbiota, as well as the regulation of eating behavior. Some studies show that low-calorie sugar substitutes can be used in obese people as part of a comprehensive weight loss program, as well as in patients with type 2 diabetes mellitus with the aim of reducing postprandial hyperglycemia. Other studies demonstrate the negative effect of a number of low-calorie sweeteners on carbohydrate metabolism.The main search for materials was carried out in Pubmed databases, eLIBRARY.ru, Google Scholar. Temporary search criteria 2012–2023 The relevant additional literature was included after a manual search in the literature lists of the included articles.

Research objectives: to study the clinical effectiveness of alternative complex therapy of vegetative syndrome in menopausal patients using L-arginine and xylitol drugs. Materials and methods. The clinical prospective study included 50 patients in the early postmenopausal period with natural menopause, neurovegetative and psychoemotional manifestations of the climacteric syndrome. According to the Life extension strategy, patients received intravenous L-arginine (Tivortin drug) and xylitol solution with electrolytes (Xylat drug) for endothelial protection and correction of insulin resistance in order to treat climacteric syndrome. Modified Kupperman menopausal index, serum triglyceride, cholesterol, high-density lipoprotein, low-density lipoprotein, and very-low-density lipoprotein levels were determined in all women. Examinations were performed before the start of therapy and 3 months after the end of treatment. Results. The Life extension therapeutic strategy as an alternative comprehensive therapy of the vegetative syndrome in menopausal patients contributed to a reliable reduction of the manifestations of the climacteric syndrome. The advantage of combined therapy involving L-arginine and xylitol was manifested in a significant decrease in diastolic blood pressure (p = 0.043); reduction of the Kupperman index (p = 0.002) and the average score of vasomotor symptoms (p = 0.02). There was also a significant decrease in the serum level of insulin (p = 0.00007), HOMA index (p = 0.01), low-density lipoproteins (p = 0.04), and triglycerides (p = 0.03). The selected therapy was well tolerated during the observation period. Conclusions. The combined therapy involving L-arginine and xylitol in the early postmenopausal period with neurovegetative and psychoemotional manifestations of the climacteric syndrome had a pronounced clinical effect, which consisted in a significant reduction of vegetative disorders and stabilization of carbohydrate and lipid metabolism. The given therapeutic strategy can be considered as an alternative therapy in patients with climacteric disorders when phytotherapy is ineffective and when there are contraindications or limitations to menopausal hormone therapy. The results of this study showed the safety of the Life extension strategy.

Scientists around the world are looking for ways to achieve high-quality and active longevity. The complexity of these searches is associated with the lack of unified concept of aging mechanisms, the problem of extrapolating the results of studies of geroprotectors from model organisms to humans. Therefore, modern medicine can only slow down the aging process so far. Nevertheless, it has been proven that disturbances in the functioning of mitochondria are an important link in the pathogenesis of aging; therefore, regulation of their metabolism is a promising way of rejuvenating the body. A decrease in protein synthesis and a general decrease in the intensity of the oxidative enzymes action are interrelated. Energy production for the protein and DNA synthesis decreases with a decrease in the intensity of oxidative processes. Dysfunction of mitochondrial adaptive reactions also develops with age, which may be associated with the low efficiency of the NADH dehydrogenase complex – NADH ubiquinone oxidoreductase, which catalyzes the transfer of electrons from NADH to ubiquinone/coenzyme Q10, resulting in a decrease in electron transport and an increase of active oxygen forms. Coenzyme Q10 reducing plays a very important role in the aging process, as it is an antioxidant and, unlike other antioxidants, is produced in the body. An increase in mitochondrial biogenesis, as well as an increase in the rate and efficiency of mitochondrial metabolism (with a calorie restricted diet for example) helps to improve the energy supply of cells and prolong life. A drug based on xylitol Xylate can be a source of triglycerophosphate by metabolism through the pentose phosphate cycle and thereby reduce the amount of free fatty acids that can be oxidized into acetyl-CoA, increases the content of adenosine triphosphate acid and other adenine nucleotides in liver, and has a pronounced antiketogenic effect. It can reduce intoxication and improve microcirculation, which is especially important for high-quality and active longevity. Activation of mitochondrial metabolism is a promising direction in the aging prevention, since it allows balancing metabolic processes not only in cells, but also in body as a whole.

Sweeteners are widespread primarily in the food industry. An attractive alternative to sugar. Their prevalence was driven primarily by food shortage during the war. The intense sweetener is permitted for consumption by specifying the ratio of ADI. Due to the chemical structure stands out semi-synthetic and synthetic substances. The most common sweeteners are saccharin, acesulfame-K, steviol glycosides, aspartame, xylitol. Sweet taste is guaranteed've been using a minimum amount of their low calorie. The aim of this review was to decribe the most common sweeteners The article emphasizes both advantages and diadvantages of sucrose's substitutes intake.

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Adsorption of sorbitol on the surface of ultrafine silica and methylsilicas has been investigated. Obtained isotherms correspond to Frumkin equation. Dependence of sorbitol adsorption on ultrafine silica surface upon pH of solution was observed. The decrease of adsorption with increase of pH is caused by the increase of the surface negative charge. It has been found that xylitol and mannitol, unlike sorbitol, do not adsorb on ultrafine silica surface and an explanation of observed effect is presented. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

The aim of the study was to assess gender related salivation features. One hundred and seventy-five patients were enrolled in the study (115 females and 60 males aged from 18 to 75 years). The study results showed xerostomia to be more common in females and it's subjective symptoms are more prominent partly because of gender-related psychological reasons. Xylitol-based paste and spray were successfully used for symptoms relief.

This method was used in examinations of 313 patients with the digestion organ diseases treated at a health resort. Dysfunction of the biliary tract, often combined with other organic dysfunctions, was detected in 52% of the examinees; in 34.6% of these gallbladder dyskinesia was diagnosed and in 17.4% abnormal secretion and sphincter dyssynergia. The author recommends a wider employment of multipoint duodenal intubation for the examination of patients with gastrointestinal diseases.