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Due to the high practical significance and, as a consequence, active study of carbon nanomaterials, the question of methods for investigating their physicochemical, in particular, thermodynamic properties is relevant. In the present work, several approaches are considered to estimate the standard enthalpy of formation of fullerenes in the gas phase. The standard enthalpies of formation of C60 and C70 fullerenes in the gas phase have been calculated using the Laidler, Franklin, Souders-Matthews-Hurd and Joback-Reid methods. A number of analytical dependences of the standard enthalpy of formation in the gas phase on the number of carbon atoms in fullerenes molecules were obtained. The obtained values were compared with experimental data and the relative error of calculation was determined. It is concluded that the proposed methods are limitedly applicable for determination of standard enthalpy of formation of fullerenes in the gas phase. The obtained values of the standard enthalpy of formation by the most satisfactory method from the considered ones for fullerenes C60 and C70 are 2448,90 and 2857,05 kJ/mol, and the relative errors are 4,44% and 5,95%, respectively. This is the Souders-Matthews-Hurd method. The presented analytical dependences allow for an express estimation of the standard enthalpy of formation of fullerenes in the gas phase with a small amount of input data.

This review discusses the role of capsule endoscopy in diagnosing suspected small bowel bleeding and compares guidelines of the European Society of Gastrointestinal Endoscopy (ESGE), the American College of Gastroenterology (ACG), the American Society for Gastrointestinal Endoscopy (ASGE), the Canadian Association of Gastroenterology (CAG), and the consensus document of 4 Japanese medical societies. European and North American experts recommend capsule endoscopy as a first-line diagnostic modality for suspected small bowel bleeding without life-threatening signs in adult patients when ileocolonoscopy and esophagogastroduodenoscopy failed to be informative. Japanese experts, on the contrary, prefer cross-sectional imaging “from the chest to the pelvis” and consider capsule endoscopy as an alternative.

The modern cardiology has a wide range of medications which affect various pathogenetic links of atherosclerosis, but even the best of them still obtain disadvantages causing intolerance and medicine discontinuation. The development of new hypolipidemic medications will allow not only to introduce alternative therapies into the cardiology practice, but also to completely execute the strategy of residual risk reduction by utilizing rational combinations of medications. One of such alternatives could be bempedoic acid, which can have a positive effect on a number of endpoints as the results of third phase trials have shown. These effects are also confirmed in Mendelian randomization studies. The mechanism of action of bempedoic acid is presumably associated with inhibition of the activity of ATP citrate lyase – the enzyme responsible for the breakdown of citrate into acetyl-CoA and oxaloacetate. Acetyl-CoA, in turn, is used by the cell to synthesize cholesterol and fatty acids. Thus, bempedoic acid affects in the same metabolic pathway as statins, but at an earlier stage. According to this, it is possible that medications of these classes will have similar side effects and pleiotropic effects associated with modulation of the mevalonic pathway, such as prenylation regulatory proteins (small GTPases) or reduction of coenzyme Q synthesis. However, there are also some specific features of the pharmacodynamics and pharmacokinetics of bempedoic acid to be considered. In particular, once entered the body, it must be activated via esterification by very long-chain acyl-CoA synthetase-1. The enzyme isoform required for this process is expressed in a tissue-specific manner and, for example, is absent in skeletal myocytes. In addition, citrate, oxaloacetate, and acetyl-CoA are important regulators of many intracellular processes: metabolism, growth and proliferation, mechanotransduction, posttranslational modifications of histones and other proteins. The levels of all three substances are altered by bempedoic acid, although no firm conclusions about the effects of these changes can be drawn at this time. The mentioned features probably have a significant impact on the clinical profile of bempedoic acid and underlie the differences from statins already observed in third phase trials, including, for example, a reduced risk of the onset or worsening of diabetes mellitus while taking bempedoic acid.

The article discusses the evaluation of cytokine level (IL-1β, IL-6) in patients with II–III functional class stable angina. In the group of patients with II–III class stable angina, the standard therapy failed to normalize the level of proinflammatory cytokines IL-1β and IL-6. In the group of patients with II–III class stable angina when the standard therapy combined with TES-therapy significantly reduced level of proinflammatory cytokines (IL-1β, IL6). TES-therapy decreases painful systemic inflammatory response more effectively than the standard therapy thus preventing damaging effect of proinflammatory cytokines. TES therapy produces a homeostatic effect, restores the balance of pro – and anti-inflammatory cytokines. We recommend to include TES-therapy in the standard treatment program in II–III class stable angina patients.

Background. Urinary incontinence is associated with chronic psycho-emotional stress. Stress management should be part of a comprehensive treatment for urinary incontinence.Objectives. An assessment of hypercatecholaminaemia severity and dynamics in repeated courses of TES therapy for stress urinary incontinence.Methods. A total of 100 stress urinary incontinence patients were divided between a comparison and two main cohorts. Main cohort 1 (n = 30) received a modern standard treatment in combination with TES therapy. TES therapy was performed in three courses (1 session per day for 7 days): course 1 on admission, course 2 in 3 months after course 1, course 3 in 6 months after course 1. Main cohort 2 (n = 40) received a modern standard treatment in combination with two short courses of TES-therapy (2 sessions per day for 7 days): course 1 on admission, course 2 in 6 months after course 1. The comparison cohort (n = 30) only had standard treatment. Catecholamine concentrations were assessed over time in each cohort.Results. Catecholamine concentrations were >2 times higher before treatment in all cohorts vs. healthy volunteers. The comparison cohort revealed adrenaline and noradrenaline concentrations 71.2% (p < 0.05) and 84.0% (p < 0.05) higher vs. healthy volunteers, respectively, by month 6 of the trial. Main cohort 1 had the concentrations of adrenaline and noradrenaline 2.1 (p < 0.05) and 1.5 (p < 0.05) times higher, respectively, vs. healthy volunteers. Main cohort 2 showed an adrenaline concentration 12.5% (p < 0.05) and noradrenaline — 2.4% higher (p = 0.15) vs. healthy volunteers.Conclusion. TES therapy affects urinary incontinence hypercatecholaminaemia, demonstrating a favourable homeostatic impact on neuroimmunoendocrine regulation.

The article analyses the influence of Antiquity on J.-J. Rousseau’s ideas of social education. It is noted that Rousseau's interest in Antiquity emerged in childhood and was stimulated by Plutarch's works. In later years, he studied Latin and elements of the ancient Greek language, and translated the works of Tacitus and Seneca into French. Modern scholars place an emphasis on Rousseau's direct acquaintance with the works of ancient authors, in particular, under the influence of the home education that he received from his father, a Geneva watchmaker. At the same time, the article draws attention to the fact that Rousseau's interest in Antiquity coincided with his life choice: he decided to make a career as a writer and composer, and therefore focused on popular examples of creative writing. Montesquieu, Fenelon, Marquis d'Argens introduced ancient themes into the context of literary and academic polemics. Their example was followed by Rousseau, which is convincingly illustrated by the comparative analysis of Fenelon’s Dialogues of the Dead and Prosopopoeia of Fabricius in Rousseau's first Discourse. While retaining the main intention of the great moralist, namely the moral education of society by the writer on the examples of Antiquity, Rousseau rethinks it in the context of his own social anthropology. Antiquity is not an example to follow, but a starting point for a person of his time to think about their own social and cultural identity that is different from the past. Being a writer-moralist and political thinker, Rousseau essentially solved the problem of moral education regarding the perception and assessment of the ancient culture by his contemporaries and society.

The amount of publications devoted to the endothelial cells, on the one hand, and neurological diseases, on the other hand, has been growing rapidly in recent years. Nevertheless, the relationship between the endothelial monolayer and the cells of the nervous system remains poorly studied. This review presents the available information about endothelial markers, molecular and cellular mechanisms for maintaining the integrity of the endothelial monolayer and the violations in some acute and chronic neuropsychiatric diseases. At the molecular level, the most important pathogenetic link in endothelial dysfunction is an imbalance of Ca2+ ions, which is associated with redox imbalance in the cells and increased generation of reactive oxygen species. Genetic and epigenetic factors that cause these disorders and their cause-and-effect relationships are considered. Of the genetic diseases, the most studied are monogenic diseases associated with impaired blood-brain barrier integrity: this is a deficiency of protein molecules that ensure glucose transport, structural and functional integrity of tight junctions and the basement membrane of endothelial cells themselves, as well as mutations in pericytes and smooth muscle cells. Mutations that increase the risk of developing known neurodegenerative diseases, but are also the cause of cerebrovascular pathology, are less studied. The small vessel diseases constitute a whole group of primarily epigenetically caused diseases, the clinical consequence of which is often vascular dementia. Special attention is paid to one of the least studied problems—the pathogenesis of toxicological diseases that occur at different times after acute and chronic organophosphate poisoning. Microangiopathies caused by damage to the endothelium in the central and peripheral nervous systems can be the main cause for the development of delayed effects in organophosphate poisoning. In the absence of effective therapies for neurodegenerative diseases, more and more evidence is emerging about the positive impact of the nutritional structure and healthy lifestyle on the state of blood vessels and the risk of developing these diseases.

The paper considers a new scheme for reducing pressure fluctuations on the gas injection line in the compressor section of a hybrid power machine, highlights the main control volumes for the compressor and pump sections. Based on the General laws of conservation of energy, mass, motion and the equation of state, a mathematical model for calculating the control volumes of the compressor section of constant and variable volumes is developed. Based on the use of the equation of continuity of motion and energy, taking into account the energy loss for friction and external heat transfer, a mathematical model of the gas flow in the interstage communications of the compressor section is developed. Based on the use of Hooke’s equations of mass, volume and motion, a mathematical model of the compressor section in the pump mode is developed. Considering the fluid flow in the connecting pipelines as quasi-stationary, their calculation is carried out on the basis of the Bernoulli equations. The developed mathematical model and schematic diagram can be used in the calculation of new efficient designs of both piston compressors and hybrid power machines.

In this review we analyzed the guidelines for diagnosis and management of celiac disease, as well as the recent studies published on this issue. Capsule endoscopy could be used in patients unwilling or unable to undergo conventional endoscopy, in patients who have discordant results between serological and histopathological investigation, in patients with nonresponsive or refractory celiac disease.

Amorphous SiOx films with silicon nanoclusters are a new interesting material from the standpoint of the physics, technology, and possible practical applications, since such films can exhibit photoluminescence due to size quantization. Moreover, the optical properties of these structures can be controlled by varying the size and the content of silicon nanoclusters in the SiOx film, as well as by transforming nanoclusters into nanocrystals by means of high-temperature annealing. However, during the annealing of nonstoichiometric silicon oxide, significant changes can occur in the phase composition and the structure of the films. The results of investigations on the crystallization of silicon nanoclusters in a SiOx matrix have shown that, even a very fast method of annealing using PPA leads to the formation of large silicon crystallites. This also causes the crystallization of at least a part of the oxide phase in the form of silicon hydroxide H6O7Si2. Moreover, in films with an initial content of pure silicon nanoclusters ≤ 50%, during annealing a part of the silicon is spent on the formation of oxide, and part of it is spent on the formation of silicon crystals. While in a film with an initial concentration of silicon nanoclusters ≥ 53%, on the contrary, upon annealing, there occurs a partial transition of silicon from the oxide phase to the growth of Si crystals

Abstract. This article describes the peculiarities of the phase composition and the electronic structure of composite Al0.75Si0.25 fi lms on a silicon substrate Si(100) obtained by magnetron and ion-beam sputtering. As a result of magnetron sputtering, Si nanocrystals with the sizes of ~25nm and metastable ordered solid solution Al3Si are formed in an Al matrix. Al3Si is characterized by a Рm3m cubic crystal structure with a primitive cell parameter a = 4.085 Å. The fi lms obtained by ion-beam sputtering contain only the ordered solid solution Al3Si. The Al3Si phase formation is accompanied by changes of the Al 3s-states density distribution. There is a linear dependence of the density-of-states distribution from energy instead of a parabolic dependence in the lower and middle part of the valence band (as in the case of pure metal). A similar effect was observed for Si 3s-states. In addition, the interaction between Al and Si atoms leads to the decrease of Al 3s-states density near the Fermi level. This is a result of electrons transitioning from Al atoms to the more electronegative silicon atoms. In case of magnetron fi lms, selective etching of aluminium leads to the formation of nanoporous sponge structure. And the selective etching of ion-beam fi lms does not cause well-developed morphology formation. Subsequent pulsed photon annealing (PPA) of the ion-beam fi lms (at 145–216 J/cm2) leads to the partial disintegration of Al3Si phase with the formation of metallic aluminium and silicon nanocrystals. The size of Si nanoparticles depends on PPA regimen and equals to 50–100 nm. Subsequent etching of the sample subjected to PPA leads to the formation of a nanoporous structure.

Objective.The study objective was to evaluate the effect of transcranialelectrical stimulation (TES therapy) of the brain endorphinergicmechanisms on opioidergic systems in experimental ischemicstroke in rats and in patients with traumatic brain injury (TBI). Materials and methods. The plasma -endorphin level was studied inrats with experimental ischemic stroke and in TBI patients in associationwith TES therapy and without it on days 1, 3, 7, and 14. Results.The plasma -endorphin level consistently decreased ingroups without TES therapy compared to the control throughdays 1 to 14. The use of TES therapy, starting the first day of experimentalischemic stroke in rats, promoted consistent growthand stabilization of the -endorphin concentration at a levelhigher than the control one during the entire observation periodthrough days 1 to 14. The -endorphin level in patients withmoderate to severe traumatic brain injury remained consistentlydecreased in association with standard therapy during the entireobservation period through days 1 to 14. When applying TEStherapy, the -endorphin concentration was 1.39 times highercompared to that in a group of patients receiving standard treatmentonly. Discussion. Further research of the TES therapy effect on thecourse and outcome of ischemic stroke and traumatic brain injuryis required. There is a potential opportunity to include TEStherapy in the standards of care for patients in the acute phase ofischemic stroke and for TBI patients.

We conducted a research of the following ways of the post-operative hypothyroidism treatment: CES-therapy, hormone replacement therapy with L-thyroxine and combination therapy including two previously suggested approaches. The usage of CES-therapy in postoperative hypothyroidism leads to a significant decrease of TSH, fT3 and fT4. On this background, signs of protein-synthetic failure are observed. The isolated usage of L-thyroxin leads to a significant increase in the content of fT4 with a decrease of TSH and close to normal values of fT3 while there are signs of an expressed activation of protein catabolism. It is shown that only a comprehensive application of CES-therapy and L-thyroxine leads to the increase of TSH concentration amid rising fT3 and fT4. Herewith there is an observation of protein-synthetic failure symptoms.

A research objective was studying of influence of TES-therapy on dynamics of balance about pro- and anti-inflammatory cytokines at an ischemic stroke. The level assessment interlaken-1ß, 6, 10 at 60 patients with an ischemic stroke divided into 2 groups is made: 1 group is the patients receiving standard treatment. The 2nd group - the patients receiving standard treatment and TES-therapy. Biochemical researches in both groups are conducted in 1, 4, 8 days of stay in a hospital. It is shown that application of TES-therapy has a homeostatic focus, normalizing levels interlaken-1ß and interlaken-6, and also increases level interlaken-10 and ß-endorphin that renders neurotyre-tread effect.

A detailed study of the lithological sections of the Upper Jurassic-Lower Cretaceous black shale Bazhenovo Formation was made in the central part of the West Siberian geosyneclise (Salym and surrounding regions). In the most of the studied sections it is observed the following upward sequence of rocks: siliceous-clayey rocks-radiolarian cherts-microcrystalline cherts-mixtites (calcite, quartz, clay with organic matter about 15-20% each)-argillites. Clastic input shows the regular pattern up the section following the sea level evolution (high stand systems tracts). The most favorable period for the accumulation of organic matter (OM) was the late stage of high sea level stand (LHST1). In the present study, in the Western Siberia during transition from Jurassic to Cretaceous stages it is observed: a. abnormally high uranium content (the maximum for the section of the Formation); b. change of biogenic siliceous sedimentation to the siliceous-carbonate one. This change in sedimentation during this period was also recorded in the Tethyan belt, and is associated with the global restructuring of the geochemical conditions in the oceanic waters of the northern hemisphere in the J/K boundary.

A detailed study of the lithological sections of the Upper Jurassic-Lower Cretaceous black shale Bazhenovo Formation was made in the central part of the West Siberian geosyneclise (Salym and surrounding regions). In the most of the studied sections it is observed the following upward sequence of rocks: siliceous-clayey rocks-radiolarian cherts-microcrystalline cherts-mixtites (calcite, quartz, clay with organic matter about 15-20% each)-argillites. Clastic input shows the regular pattern up the section following the sea level evolution (high stand systems tracts). The most favorable period for the accumulation of organic matter (OM) was the late stage of high sea level stand (LHST1). In the present study, in the Western Siberia during transition from Jurassic to Cretaceous stages it is observed: a. abnormally high uranium content (the maximum for the section of the Formation); b. change of biogenic siliceous sedimentation to the siliceous-carbonate one. This change in sedimentation during this period was also recorded in the Tethyan belt, and is associated with the global restructuring of the geochemical conditions in the oceanic waters of the northern hemisphere in the J/K boundary.

Elfriede Gerstl, die bekannteste der unbekannten Autorinnen der österreichischen Literatur, hat ein Leben lang ihre literarische Stimme am Rand der Wiener Avantgarde-Szene erprobt. In Gerstls Werk verbinden sich existenzielle Unsicherheit, ironische Grundhaltung und souveräne Sprachkunst mit einem hohen emotionalen Gehalt des gesprochenen Wortes. Ihre Gedichte und Rezitationen sind ein wertvoller Fund für die nicht leichte Aufgabe, italienischen Lernenden des Deutschen die Grundlagen der lautlichen Realisierungen und der Satzintonation nahe zu bringen. Elfriede Gerstl can be truly considered a ‘minor’ Austrian poet who spent a lifelong search for her own literary voice at the margins of the turmoil of the literary avant-garde in postwar Vienna. Existential insecurity, irony and a superb command of the German language come together with a highly emotional way of speaking. Elfriede Gerstl’s poems and the recordings of her poems can be successfully used in teaching pronunciation and intonation to Italian learners of German.

The problem of treatment of the ischemic stroke (IS) is actual in modern medicine. In work an attempt of creation of model of cerebral ischemia at rats with possibility of application of TES-therapy is made. Experiments are made on 130 rats who were divided into 4 groups: 1 - control, 2 - IS modeling, 3 - application of TES-therapy and IS modeling, 4 -modeling of IS and TES-therapy application. In serum of blood investigated level β-endorphins for 1, 3, 7 and 14 days. As a result of the conducted research it is established that the contents β-endorphins decreases throughout the entire period of supervision. Preliminary carrying out TES-therapy and its carrying out after modeling of IS stimulates a stress - limiting system and prevents level falling β-endorphins the entire period of supervision over animals.

In work the estimation cytokin’s the status (IL-1 β, IL -4, IL -6, IL -10) at patients with CCT average and heavy severity level is spent. All patients have been divided into 2 groups: 1 (n=25) - therapy CCT under the report and 2 (n=25) - therapy CCT under the report and TES-therapy. It is shown that at patients of 1 group level IL-1 β authentically did not decrease, and in 2 group its authentic decrease was marked. The same dynamics of level IL -6. Maintenance IL -10 authentically increased in group of patients with TES-therapy. Thus, the TES-therapy spent in 2 group of patients, promotes correction cytokin’s a disbalance that testifies to necessity of its inclusion for standard therapy CCT.