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Introduction. The emergence of new scientific and clinical evidence on the use of retrograde intrarenal surgery (RIRS) for the management of kidney stones has prompted periodic systematisation, analysis, and evaluation of outcomes to standardise its application and determine future directions for research and development.Objective. To present the Russian adaptation of a guideline on retrograde intrarenal surgery from the International Urolithiasis Alliance guideline series to provide a theoretical basis for urologists performing RIRS.Materials & Methods. A systematic review was conducted on the RIRS-associated publications available in the PubMed database to prepare a set of recommendations during the period from 1 January 1964 until 1 October 2021. The recommendations were evaluated using the GRADE (Grading of Recommendations, Assessment, Development, and Evaluation) system, which classifies, evaluates, develops, and examines recommendations. The modified Oxford Centre for Evidence-Based Medicine's (OCEBM) system for categorising the level of evidence and relevant comments have been applied to assess the strength of the conclusions.Results. The research team conducted a comprehensive analysis of 36 published clinical guidelines on the following topics: 1. Indications and Contraindications 2. Preoperative Imaging 3. Preoperative Ureteral Stenting 4. Preoperative Medications 5. Perioperative Use of Antibiotics 6. Use of Antithrombotic Therapy 7. Anesthesia Issues 8. Intraoperative Positioning 9. Equipment 10. Complications.Conclusion. A series of recommendations for RIRS, offered here should help provide safe and effective performance of RIRS.

Porcine reproductive and respiratory syndrome virus (PRRSV) is one of the most important causative agents to the worldwide swine industry, caused significant economic losses annually. Here, we aims to prepare a colloidal gold cards for PRRSV early screening. A double-antibody sandwich colloidal gold cards were optimized and prepared using recombinant PRRSV antigen and its paired monoclonal antibody. The test performance of the colloidal gold cards were evaluated using positive and negative samples. We successfully prepared the colloidal gold cards for fast screening of PRRSV. The colloidal gold cards has no cross reaction with various serum samples, showed high specificity. The detection sensitivity reached 1:800. The colloidal gold cards can be stably stored at 37°C for 7 days without any decrease in sensitivity. At 1:800 dilution, the repeatability was still good. The prepared colloidal gold cards has high specificity, sensitivity, stability and repeatability, it provided an effective monitoring of PRRSV infection.

Toxoplasma gondii (T. gondii) is a parasitic zoonosis that causes abortion or congenital diseases. The purpose of this study is to establish a immunochromatographic assay (ICA) method using time-resolved fluorescence microspheres (TRFM) for T. gondii quantitative detection in serum. Firstly, we activated the TRFM and then coupled with anti-T. gondii antibodies (mAb1) and anti-BSA-DNP antibodies to prepare the TRFM-mAb1 probes and TRFM-BSA-DNP probes. Then, we optimized the coupling pH, T line antibody concentration, probes usage and detection time. Finally, we established the T. gondii-TRFMICA method and assemble the T. gondii-TRFMICA kit, the standard curve, sensitivity, precision, specificity, clinical sensitivity and specificity were evaluated. Under the optimized conditions, the T. gondii-TRFMICA test was achieved within 20 min with the sensitivity 0.1 ng/mL. The recoveries were ranging from 100–110% with the intra-assay and inter-assay CV lower than 10%. The kits have detection specificity for positive serum of several common infectious diseases and some common serum components, and have high detection sensitivity and specificity in human and cat clinical samples. A TRFMICA kit for T. gondii quantitative detection was successfully prepared with high sensitivity, specificity, precision and clinical sensitivity and specificity. We recommend TRFMICA as a promising technique in the clinical diagnosis and monitoring of toxoplasmosis in human and animals.

The question of the use of fashionable words as markers that contribute to the identification of social characteristics of various subjects of speech is considered. The material for the study was the texts of microblogs of the Weibo Internet platform dedicated to China. We study the use of 10 fashion words of 2021, identified by the National Center for Monitoring and Research of Language Resources. Their functioning on the Weibo Internet site is analyzed. It has been established that the majority of Weibo users belong to the younger generation. The relevance of the study is due to the desire of Chinese society to build a strong welfare state, in which a significant role is given to young people. The novelty of the work lies in the fact that earlier the analysis of fashionable words of the Chinese language in the Internet discourse as a means of characterizing the younger generation was not carried out. It is shown that fashionable words on Weibo in most cases are used in positive contexts, which can be considered as “achieving a stable development of the country”, since all microblogs are dedicated to China. The author comes to the conclusion that the topics of blogs and the nature of the use of fashionable words in youth accounts testify to the confidence of Chinese youth in their future and the future of the country.

The International Alliance of Urolithiasis (IAU) would like to release the latest guideline on percutaneous nephrolithotomy (PCNL) and to provide a clinical framework for surgeons performing PCNL. These recommendations were collected and appraised from a systematic review and assessment of the literature covering all aspects of PCNLs from the PubMed database between January 1, 1976, and July 31, 2021. Each generated recommendation was graded using a modified GRADE methodology. The quality of the evidence was graded using a classification system modified from the Oxford Center for Evidence-Based Medicine Levels of Evidence. Forty-seven recommendations were summarized and graded, which covered the following issues, indications and contraindications, stone complexity evaluation, preoperative imaging, antibiotic strategy, management of antithrombotic therapy, anesthesia, position, puncture, tracts, dilation, lithotripsy, intraoperative evaluation of residual stones, exit strategy, postoperative imaging and stone-free status evaluation, complications. The present guideline on PCNL was the first in the IAU series of urolithiasis management guidelines. The recommendations, tips and tricks across the PCNL procedures would provide adequate guidance for urologists performing PCNLs to ensure safety and efficiency in PCNLs.

From January 2020 to early 2022, for the first time, several Greater Spotted Eagles were recorded wintering in Xinjiang between the Tien Shan and Kunlun mountains.

This paper introduces the four stages of the construction of China’s social credit system. In combination with the characteristics of the institutional system, this paper describes the specific practices adopted by the Chinese government to promote the construction of the social credit system from six aspects, namely, governing government integrity, business and social ethics and judicial integrity, building the credit information platform, developing third-party credit service institutions and credit service markets, and constructing the social credit system demonstration cities. It argues that the construction of China’s credit system has the problems of insufficient rule of law, imperfect credit platform construction, and difficult credit repair. These problems will be gradually solved in the new phase of the social credit system’s construction starting from 2021, and China will continue to develop and improve its social credit system in the process of solving problems.

Ferric iron is an important oxidant in sulfide ore bioleaching. However, recirculating leach liquors leads to excess iron accumulation, which interferes with leaching kinetics and downstream metal recovery. We developed a method for controlling iron precipitation as jarosite to reduce excess iron in heap bioleaching at Monywa copper mine. Jarosite precipitation was first simulated and then confirmed using batch column tests. From the simulations, the minimum pH values for precipitation of potassium jarosite, hydronium jarosite, and natrojarosite at 25 °C are 1.4, 1.6, and 2.7, respectively; the minimum concentrations of potassium, sulfate, ferric, and sodium ions are 1 mM, 0.54, 1.1, and 3.2 M, respectively, at 25 °C and pH 1.23. Column tests indicate that potassium jarosite precipitation is preferential over natrojarosite. Moreover, decreased acidity (from 12 to 8 g/L), increased temperature (from 30 to 60 °C), and increased potassium ion concentration (from 0 to 5 g/L) increase jarosite precipitation efficiency by 10, 5, and 6 times, respectively. Jarosite precipitation is optimized by increasing the irrigating solution pH to 1.6. This approach is expected to reduce the operating cost of heap bioleaching by minimizing the chemicals needed for neutralization, avoiding the need for tailing pond construction, and increasing copper recovery.

«One Belt, One Road» – the proposal put forward by the People's Republic of China (PRC) for joint projects of the «Economic belt of the Silk Way» and the «Silk Road of the XXI century». The proposal was first put forward by the Chairman of the People's Republic of China Xi Jinping during his visits to the countries of Central Asia and to Indonesia in the autumn of 2013. The essence of this Chinese initiative is to find, formulate and promote a new model of international cooperation and development by strengthening existing regional bilateral and multilateral mechanisms and structures of interaction involving China. Based on the continuation and development of the spirit of the ancient Silk Road, «One Belt, One Road» calls for the development of new mechanisms for regional economic partnership, stimulation of economic prosperity of the countries involved, strengthening of cultural exchanges and links in all areas between different civilizations, as well as promoting peace and sustainable development. According to official data of China «One Belt, One Road» covers the greater part of Eurasia, connecting developing countries, including «new economies», and developed countries. The territory of the megaproject contains rich reserves of resources, 63% of the world's population live, and the estimated economic scale is 21 trillion US dollars. Against the backdrop of the slow recovery of the world economy from the cosequences of the global financial and economic crisis, the world community is to find a new model of interaction and create new mechanisms for economic development. During the integration of the Chinese economy into the world economy, China is ready to assume more international responsibilities and commitments in accordance with its capabilities, to make a great contribution to the maintenance of peace and human development. The initiative on joint construction of the "one belt and one road" is aimed at promoting free, orderly movement of economic factors, efficient allocation of resources and deepening market integration, encouraging coordination of economic policies of countries along the «one belt and one road» routes, expanding and deepening regional cooperation, on joint efforts the formation of an open, inclusive and balanced architecture of regional cooperation, within the framework of such an architecture partner all are benefiting and opportunities for sustainable development. The article describes the economic content of the Economic Belt of the Silk Way and also discusses the problems and facts that this global project helps to stimulate the development of the Kazakh-Chinese economic relations. Key words: Economic Belt of the Silk Way, Kazakh-Chinese economic relations, system, project, road, interest.

The article deals with the development of a mechanism of intellectual property rights in China. There is the same state of the system of intellectual property protection in China and Russia. This work paper identifies several similarities and differences between the Russian and Chinese protective system of intellectual property.

The article is devoted to the study of the special situation concerning Tawang region (is a part of the Indian state of Arunachal Pradesh, otherwise - Southern Tibet) in the Sino-Indian relations. In addition to its strategic positioning, and also because of demand of the PRC leadership to return China this region of the Tibet (TAR), Tawang gets the important place in the system of Tibetan Buddhism: it is the birthplace of the sixth Dalai Lama, and the current, Fourteenth leader of Tibetan Buddhism, who fled in 1959 from Lhasa into India via this area. According to the author, such combination of politics and religion is fraught with dangerous potential for conflict, which, in spite of the ongoing development of Sino-Indian relations and generally stable situation on the border, can in the shortest time create a real threat to the peaceful development of the border areas, and impact on the search of the new incarnation of the Dalai Lama.

In the article on the basis of documents and memoirs, as well as using the literature, which deals with an important moment in the history of modern China, the author studies the events in the middle of the last century that led to the PLA troops entering Tibet, and opinions of PRC Chairman Mao Zedong and the Tibetan spiritual leader the Dalai Lama. There also are studied the situation in Tibet, the actions of the Chinese and Tibetan leaders, the reasons for the flight of the Dalai Lama to India in 1959.

This article was written in early December 2013,combined with the historical development andthe latest data on the Chinese Petroleum carried SWOT- analysis. This paper discusses corporate resources, cost, management and external factorssuch as the political environment and the marketsupply and demand, conducted a comprehensiveand profound analysis.

The South Tianshan is located to the north of the Tarim block and defines the southern margin of the Paleozoic Central Asian Orogenic Belt (CAOB). This study presents new structural data, geochronological and geochemical results for the Wuwamen ophiolite mélange in the Chinese segment of the South Tianshan. In the south, the Wuwamen ophiolite mélange shows typical block-in-matrix fabrics and occurs in the footwall of a south-dipping thrust fault, hanging wall of which is composed of weakly metamorphosed and deformed Lower Paleozoic marine to deep marine sequences from the South Tianshan. In the north, a southdipping thrust fault juxtaposes the Wuwamen ophiolite mélange in its hanging wall against the high-grade and strongly deformed metasedimentary rocks from the Central Tianshan in its footwall.