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We have tested 253 strains (13 species) Candida spp. Determination of the minimum inhibitory concentration of amphotericin B was performed by 2 methods: epsilometric method (Etest®, BioMerieux, France) and on the instrument the Vitek2 (BioMerieux, France). In general, resistance was detected in 5 strains (2.1%) (C. parapsilosis – 4, C. tropicalis – 1). There were no resistance to amphotericin B among strains of C. albicans, C. glabrata and C.krusei. Coincidence evaluation results of the minimum inhibitory concentration of amphotericin B for categories sensitivity/resistance when tested strains 2 methods generally occurred in 98% of cases (248 of 253): 100% for the species C. albicans, C. glabrata and C.krusei, 92.2% for C. parapsilosis and 95% for C. tropicalis. The results of our study demonstrate a low degree of resistance of Candida spp. to amphotericin B, which allows the use of the drug in a

The choice of antimicrobials for the treatment of urinary tract infections (UTIs) is determined by many factors, however, at present, population antibiotic resistance of uropathogens is used as one of the most important criteria. At the same time, there are cases when the clinical efficacy of an antimicrobial drug does not correlate with in vitro activity, in particular, such discordance was found for fosfomycin trometamol. Comparison of data from microbiological studies of UTI pathogens performed at different times is of great practical and scientific interest. At the same time, such comparisons have limitations, such as the use of different criteria for interpreting the sensitivity of microorganisms, the peculiarities of the formation of the studied patient population, and collection of strains in different geographical areas. Therefore, for all the seeming simplicity and clarity of the data on the sensitivity of uropathogens, their use to substantiate rational antimicrobial therapy is associated with numerous nuances that can significantly distort their objective assessment. In this connection, it is important to conduct not only microbiological, but also clinical studies to obtain data on the comparative effectiveness of the antimicrobials used.

MLL is involved in fusion genes with more than 100 partner genes, approximately 80 of which have been characterized at the molecular level. MLL fusion genes are often found in infants (60-80% of acute lymphoblastic leukemia (ALL) cases and 40-50% of acute myeloblastic leukemia (AML) cases) and are appreciably rarer (8-10%) in children older than 1 year of age. MLL rearrangements are important markers in diagnosis and treatment choice. To identify the partner gene is of primary importance for prognosis and minimal residual disease monitoring. The structure of the fusion gene, including localization of the MLL breakpoints, is also informative. A method was developed to examine the fusion transcripts in order to identify the partner gene among the six most common ones and to establish the exon structure of the rearranged MLL. The method includes a multiplex reverse transcriptase-polymerase chain reaction (RT-PCR) to amplify and to fluorescently label a fusion transcript fragment and subsequent hybridization of the product on a biological microchip with immobilized oligonucleotides complementary to exons of MLL and its partner genes AFF1, MLLT1, MLLT3, MLLT4, MLLT10, and ELL. Hybridization results were verified by sequencing the RT-PCR products and, in some cases, performing long-distance inverse PCR (LDI-PCR). The study involved 38 bone marrow samples from ALL patients (including 33 children younger than 1 year of age) and 15 samples from AML patients (including 10 from children younger than 1 year of age). The main partner genes were AFF1 (49%), MLLT1 (27%), MLLT3 (12%), and MLLT10 (12%) in ALL and MLLT3 (80%), MLLT10 (10%), and MLLT4 (10%) in AML. Fusion gene transcripts most commonly included MLL exon 11 (58% of ALL cases and 50% of AML cases), suggesting a breakpoint in MLL intron 11.