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In this work, for the first time, samples of nanoparticles of the multicomponent AlCuNiCoCrFe alloy were obtained by the method of joint electric explosion of wires of Al, Cu, Ni metals and N06003, NiCo29-18 alloys in an argon atmosphere. As the basic mode of wire explosion, a mode close to the matched one was chosen, which made it possible to minimize the influence of the energy of the arc stage of the discharge on the structural-phase state of the forming nanoparticles. It is shown that the obtained samples are represented by spherical particles with sizes ranging from 15 to 500 nm. The number-average size of nanoparticles of the obtained samples varies from 40 to 58 nm. The particle size distribution is described by a normal-logarithmic law, the crystal structure of the particles corresponds to substitutional solid solutions with a bcc and/or fcc lattice. An increase in the Al content in the explosion products leads to an increase in the content of the phase with a bcc lattice in the samples, while an increase in the Cu content leads to an increase in the phase with a fcc lattice. The resulting samples can be used in electrocatalysis.

Background. The object of the study is a symmetrical current source for bioimpedance measurements. The subject of the study is to determine the ways of occurrence of errors in the measurement of bioimpedance. The aim is to develop a method for reducing parasitic leakage of high-frequency current in the process of bioimpedance measurement. Materials and methods. To determine the sources of measurement error, the idea of the paths of parasitic leakage currents into the ground is used. Results. A method is proposed to eliminate the parasitic effect of leakage current from the measuring object into the ground. As a result, the bioimpedance measurement circuit is insensitive to any types of leakage currents from the measuring object into the ground. Conclusions. The proposed symmetrical current source for bioimpedance measurements makes it possible to completely eliminate the influence of parasitic leakage current from the measuring object into the ground, which positively affects the accuracy and reliability of determining the parameters of the human body.

Background. The study is devoted to the issue of improving the accuracy of automated measuring instruments for the electrical parameters of oxide coatings. In measuring instruments, integrating circuits based on an operational amplifier, which is a universal amplifying device, are used to perform linear mathematical operations on analog signals. The disadvantage of the integrating circuit is the use of an operational amplifier, when using which it is necessary to take into account many parameters and factors that can affect the output signal, and hence the accuracy of the measured value. Materials and methods. Methods of indirect measurement of voltage and current on the studied sample with an oxide coating using the proposed structures of measuring channels are presented. It is shown that the parameters of operational amplifiers have a significant influence on the additive and multiplicative errors of measurement results, for the analysis of which a linear model of an operational amplifier is considered. Results. Based on the metrological analysis of the voltage measurement channel on the test sample, formulas for estimating additive, multiplicative and nonlinear error components are obtained. The contribution of multiplicative and additive parameters of the operational amplifier to the error of measurement results is analyzed in detail. Conclusions. Metrological analysis of the equivalent circuit of an operational amplifier with feedback has been performed, which can be used to estimate additive and multiplicative errors of circuits based on operational amplifiers widely used in instruments and measuring systems. It is shown that the total relative error of the developed channels for measuring current and voltage does not exceed 0.5%, which makes it possible to measure these values of the studied oxide coatings with guaranteed accuracy.

THE PURPOSE. To consider issues related to the study of methods for determining the sources of violations of the quality of electrical energy in power supply systems, in particular consumers which create rapid voltage changes or voltage fluctuations that create rapid changes in the luminous flux in electric lighting installations. Show that electrical receivers with a sharply variable operating mode are sources of fluctuations in the consumed current and voltage in the electrical network of power supply systems, which in turn manifests itself in the form of unacceptable values of one of the indicators of the quality of electricity - flicker, defined as the subjective perception of fluctuations in the luminous flux of lighting devices. To study the possibilities of determining the places of occurrence of significant voltage fluctuations without the use of expensive and complex instruments for measuring flicker values in the electrical network. To develop a simplified method for determining the locations of electricity consumers that negatively affect the operation of electric lighting systems and, ultimately, the vision of personnel. Conduct a check on a computer model of a simplified method for determining the places of occurrence of voltage fluctuations that are inadmissible in their magnitude, which are expressed in the appearance of significant doses of flicker that exceed the standard values.METHODS. Solving the problem, a computer model was used, created in the Simulink extension package of the Matlab scientific and technical calculation system.RESULTS. The article describes the relevance of the problem, discusses the quality of electricity in power supply systems. It has been shown using experimental data that in electrical networks there is an excess of the standard values of flicker doses. The possibility of using interharmonic components of the mains voltage to determine the sources of unacceptable doses of flicker is considered. A simplified method for finding flicker sources based on obtaining the values of the derivatives of currents at various points of the electrical network is presented. Computer simulation of an electrical network diagram with electrical receivers, which have both calm and sharply variable nature of work, has been performed. It is shown that the use of the values of the derivatives of the current at various points of the electrical network makes it possible to identify the sources of the occurrence of unacceptable doses of flicker.CONCLUSION. The occurrence of significant rapid voltage changes in the electrical network negatively affects vision, which is inevitably accompanied by increased personnel fatigue and can lead to industrial injuries. The results obtained by the authors of the article show that it is possible to use it to determine the places of occurrence of large voltage fluctuations, which are manifested in unacceptable doses of flicker of the derivatives of currents. It should be taken into account when conducting surveys of power supply systems in order to use fairly simple hardware to identify sources of disturbance in the quality of electrical energy.

Background. The work is devoted to the study of the possibility of using the automation of the process of collecting and processing the results of the process of conducting experimental research when heating the wires of the power transmission line. The aim of the work is to develop technical measuring instruments and a software environment, which, based on the information received from technical measuring instruments, will allow processing and systematization of experimental data. Materials and methods. To solve this problem, the used sensors and data collection / processing tools were calibrated in accordance with other measuring instruments. Results. A scheme for the implementation of automatic temperature measurement during the heating of wires is proposed. Conclusions. In the course of the work, a special system for measuring the temperature of the tested wire was developed and a control algorithm was developed.

A method has been developed to assess the traction capabilities of a tractor with an electromechanical power train and determine the actual speed taking into account three restrictions: on the permissible slip of the tractor, the maximum power of the used internal combustion engine (ICE) and the permissible mode of operation of the traction induction motor (TIM). The developed mathematical model makes it possible to determine the drawbar pull and the actual speed of the tractor when regulating the TIM in the entire operating frequency range of the voltage supplied to the TIM for a comparative assessment of the traction capabilities of the tractor when using different gear ratios of the mechanical part of the power train (MPPT), as well as determine the slip and other parameters of the TIM when it works as a part of the electromechanical power train of the tractor. Calculations show that: 1) if the MPPT ratio is too high, the whole range of tractor operating speeds on the plowing will not be provided, and if the MPPT ratio is too low, the tractor will not be able to develop the maximum possible drawbar pull based on the permissible slip at any voltage frequency from the TIM control range without exceeding the nominal mode of operation of the TIM; 2) the higher the TIM gear ratio, the larger the section of the TIM frequency control range will be, in which the TIM will not be able to develop even the nominal slip due to the restriction on the permissible slip of the tractor, and for the same frequencies in this section, the TIM slip will be more limited at a higher MPPT gear ratio; the lower the transmission ratio of the MPPT, the more the nominal slip of the TIM will be exceeded during acceleration of the tractor with maintaining the maximum possible based on the permissible slip of the thrust force from the minimum speed to the speeds corresponding to plowing.

Incompliance of the settings of the system to control actual values of the parameters of a variable frequency induction electric drive may sometimes result in complete non-operability of a variable frequency electric drive as well as in the considerable reduction of the dynamic quality parameters. Such parameters as active rotor resistance, rotor inductance, and inductance of the magnetization circuit are available for the immediate measuring. They are not identified in terms of the acceptance tests, and the values presented in catalogues and reference books are calculated ones that may differ considerably from the real values of a certain machine. Despite constant studies by the researchers, a task to identify electromagnetic parameters of the equivalent circuit of an induction motor is still important and topical. The objective of the paper is to develop a method of online-identification of the electromagnetic parameters of an induction motor making it possible to implement accurate regulator adjustment of the frequency control system in terms of operational changes in the driving motor parameters. For the first time, the paper analyzes a steady mode of induction motor operation which does not apply T-network of the equivalent circuit of an induction motor. An approach has been proposed relying on the equation of an induction motor in three-phase fixed coordinate system obtained on the basis of the theory of generalized electromechanical converter.

Introduction. A significant proportion of earth faults in medium voltage networks represents a short-lived and transient process. Problem. In such cases, earth fault protection that responds to steady-state current and voltage is not able to operate properly. Purpose. To develop earth faults protection selective algorithm using transient components, that occur in zero-sequence currents and voltage in the fault process. Method. A mathematical model of the power supply system was applied to study the transient components of currents and voltage of zero sequence in compensated electrical networks with phase-to-earth faults, and a those model also is used to test the operation of the developed protection algorithm. The results showed that, the reactive power for transient components, of the frequency greater by 4-6 times, than fundamental frequency, which are extracted from the current and voltage of zero sequence by wavelet transform in compensated electrical networks on the damaged feeder, is positive regardless of the degree of compensation of the capacitive current. That may be the basis of the principle of directional protection. Originality. Phase-to-earth fault selective protection algorithm has been developed. In that algorithm, first derivatives of currents and voltages of zero sequence are found, to reduce the influence of aperiodic components. And then, by using of the wavelet transform with Morlet mother function, an orthogonal components are extracted from them. Reactive power is calculated for transient component. If that reactive power excess of threshold, the relay will make a decision. The reliability of the developed protection algorithm is confirmed by the results of mathematical modelling and verification of the test sample at the laboratory stand and by means of field signals that were recorded by digital loggers at the substations.

Subject of Research. The paper presents a technique for simultaneous measurement of the radiation energy spectrum and the electrical parameters of a high-current pulsed arc discharge. The proposed approach provides the calculation of the energy and power parameters of the discharge and the efficiency of electric energy conversion into radiative one in different spectral ranges. Method. The energy efficiency of flash lamps was calculated by two separate methods: the measurement of gas discharge electrical parameters and detection of radiation energy spectrum. The electrical parameters were measured by assembling a circuit using a coaxial non-inductive shunt and three mixed-type voltage dividers combined with their earth terminals at one point for fall-of-potential measurement on the lamp and capacitor. The combining of earth terminals made it possible to register simultaneously the voltage drop at different points without the risk of oscilloscope failure. By the mathematical multiplication and integration, the energy and power characteristics of the circuit and the pulsed gas discharge were obtained. The radiation characteristics measurements were carried out by applying a spectrometer and calibrated photodiode radiation detector. The spectral distribution of the radiation source was obtained and radiation efficiency was specified in the chosen wavelength intervals. By calculating the radiation energy in the spectral range corresponding to the applied task and taking into account the previously obtained values of the dissipated energies in the circuit and discharge, the radiation efficiency is found in the selected wavelength ranges. Main Results. On xenon flash lamp example with 5 mm internal diameter and arc length of 120 mm, oscillograms of the current and voltage drop on the capacitor and lamp were obtained. The calculated radiation efficiency values in the spectral ranges of 200-250, 200-300 and 200-400 nm were 2.7, 9.3, and 28 %, respectively. Practical Relevance. The proposed method gives the possibility to register simultaneously the current and voltage drop on several sections of the discharge circuit and radiation characteristics, and eliminates the necessity to take into account the instability of these parameters from pulse to pulse. The calculation of the radiation efficiency in any wavelength range included in the spectral interval of the spectrometer sensitivity enables the designers of systems with flash lamps to optimize the discharge circuit based on the radiation requirements of specific applications.

To determine the results of the transmission of electrical energy through the power line from the source to the consumer, it is necessary to have accurate information about the parameters of such line. Determining these parameters for operating lines with a minimum error is quite a laborious process. But if a researcher is interested only in voltages and currents at the end and at the beginning of a homogeneous section of a three-wire transmission line, then it is sufficient to use the theory of multipoles. In particular, the theory of eight-poles. The article presents the method of experimental determination of the longitudinal and transverse parameters of the studied transmission line. The study used the methods of natural experiment using an appropriate fleet of electrical devices, and methods of indirect measurement of the desired parameters. The experiment consists of six stages; on the basis of the obtained data, it becomes possible to determine the numerical values of the main parameters of the studied section of power transmission lines, with which it is possible to establish a quantitative relationship between the input and output characteristics of electrical energy. In addition, the described method, in principle, can be applied to the analysis of active eight-terminal networks of a similar design. This means that the proposed methodology can provide a comprehensive analysis of the studied object and will help to identify the parameters of an overhead power line at the construction stage or for its connection to the consumer. The article presents the experimental setup scheme, describes the experimental methods, and estimates the error of the calculation results.

Copyright of Renewable Energy / Vidnovluvana Energetyka is the property of Institute of Renewable Energy of NAS of Ukraine and its content may not be copied or emailed to multiple sites or posted to a listserv without the copyright holder's express written permission. However, users may print, download, or email articles for individual use. This abstract may be abridged. No warranty is given about the accuracy of the copy. Users should refer to the original published version of the material for the full abstract. (Copyright applies to all Abstracts.)

Some drugs candidates for treatment of Ebola virus disease (EVD), have been studied, monoclonal antibody (mAb) cocktails have shown great potential as EVD therapeutics. The advantages of mAb therapy include low toxicity, high specificity and versatility, with the range of biological effects being dependent upon the Fc region. Functions of mAbs include pathogen opsonisation, complement activation, antibody-dependent cell cytotoxicity and virus neutralization characteristics. The most known mAb cocktail, used as therapeutic, is ZMapр, manufactured by Leaf Biopharmaceutical from 2004. The elaborated mAb cocktails, structures and properties s of mAbs, the protective characteristics of mAbs and development of new pan-ebolavirus mAbs are reviewed in this article.

The current and moment of resistance to rotation of the inductive synchronous electric machine under inductive load have been considered. For a synchronous machine with an inductive load, Theorem 1 is valid: the current amplitude in the inductive load of an inductive synchronous electric machine is independent of the rotational speed. The theorem has been proved by equating the second Kirchhoff law and the law of electromagnetic induction with reference to a rotating machine. Theorem 2 is also valid: the moment of resistance to rotation for an inductive synchronous electric machine with an inductive load is independent of the rotational speed. The theorem has been proved by analyzing the Ampere law with respect to a rotating machine. It has been established, with active load, the current amplitude and the moment of resistance to rotation depend linearly on the rotational speed. However, with capacitive load, these parameters are quadratically dependent on the rotational speed. The connection of power with frequency under various types of machine load has been proven: for inductive load, the reactive electric power is linearly dependent on frequency; for resistive load, the dependence is quadratic; at the same time, for capacitive load, the power is cubic dependent on frequency. For a synchronous capacitive machine with capacitive load, Theorem 3 and 4 are considered to be valid. Theorem 3: the voltage amplitude on capacitive load of a capacitive synchronous electric machine does not depend on the rotational speed. Theorem 4: the amplitude of the resistance to rotation moment for a capacitive synchronous electric machine with capacitive load does not depend on the rotational speed. The results are recommended to use when designing electrical systems.

Exchange of Bivalvia and Gastropoda larvae between the Aniva Bay and Busse Lagoon is described on results of the plankton survey conducted in the connecting Suslov Channel in 2014. Taxonomic composition of meroplankton is described. Tide-induced water exchange through the channel is estimated, as well. The total water flux is evaluated for each tidal cycle using the data on the water level in the lagoon and on the area of its water mirror. The main factor of the larvae exchange is the tidal water flow that reaches the rate of 4 knots both for ebb and tide currents. The meroplankton from the lagoon is transported by the ebb current rather far to the sea, and its reverse drift with the tide current back to the lagoon looks doubtful, so export of the meroplankton from the lagoon is detected, with certain seasonal dynamics. The export is the most intensive in early summer (July) because of earlier spawning in the lagoon, which water is warmed quicker on shallows. The exchange decreases in August, when the water temperature is the highest both in the lagoon and in the Aniva Bay and many species spawn actively in both areas. Both reverse transport and export of the larvae are low in September because of the water cooling and cessation of the spawning.

Abstract. High-speed railways are fast-growing and promising type of traffic. In Russia development of high-speed railway service is associated with the solution of a number of problems, including infrastructure. Authors propose to use earth connection of the railway catenary with the help of an artificial earthing switch on currently designed high-speed line Moscow—Kazan for 2×25 kV power supply system. Taking into account requirements for electrical safety conditions for maintenance of the track and earthed catenary supports, paper justifies method for calculating allowable voltages of rail—earth points and supports of catenary. Methods takes into account structural features of ballastless track superstructure used for high-speed lines. It is estimated that the voltages admissible under the electrical safety conditions are random in nature and distributed logarithmically normal. When calculating probability of safe operation, one should take into account random nature of both permissible stresses and those actually occurring on the track. It is estimated that the probability of safe operation in traction networks of sections with ballastless track superstructure does not exceed a similar value in electrified sections with the conventional structure of a ballast prism. Feasibility of using a 2×25 kV earth system using an artificial earth connection is confirmed, recommendations on its use are given. Authors substantiate allowable values of the rail—earth voltage and catenary supports, which practically exclude the occurrence of hazardous situations for personnel maintaining the track in sections with ballastless track superstructure.

The article is devoted to the causes of the origin, the consequences of the functioning of the crypto currency and the prospect of restructuring the modern financial system on the basis of blocking technology. The article shows that the crypto currency emerged as an evolutionary stage in the development of the world payment system, that the modern financial system is developing in a dead-end direction, that the use of crypto currency and its derivatives in practice can destroy the world payment system and world financial market from within. It is suggested that, based on the technology of the block, a modern financial system can be restructured.

Data of observations on drifters in 1988–2015 are used to study seasonal variability of the surface water circulation in the Japan Sea. The well-known circulation patterns are observed, as the Tsushima Current, the East-Korean Current, the Primorye Current, and the northern cyclonic gyre. In the fall season (October), the main features of the mean flow are a very strong inflow through the Korean/Tsushima Strait and the intensive Tsushima Current and East-Korean Current. In winter (January), the cyclonic gyre over the norther basin and the Primorye Current along Primorye coast are strengthened. These seasonal changes of the flow field are presumably caused by monsoon winds variation. In spring (April) and summer (July), the water circulation is generally weakened; one of important patterns of the summer circulation in the northern Japan Sea is the westward branch of the Tsushima Current toward Primorye coast.

Copyright of Electronic Processing of Materials / Elektronnaya Obrabotka Materialov is the property of Institute of Applied Physics and its content may not be copied or emailed to multiple sites or posted to a listserv without the copyright holder's express written permission. However, users may print, download, or email articles for individual use. This abstract may be abridged. No warranty is given about the accuracy of the copy. Users should refer to the original published version of the material for the full abstract. (Copyright applies to all Abstracts.)

Purpose. The study was conducted to analyze thermal state of the traction permanent magnet synchronous motor for mine electric battery locomotive when operating in continuous and short-time duty modes. These operating modes are selected for study, as they are typical for mine electric locomotives. Methodology. Thermal calculation was performed by means of FEM in three-dimensional formulation of problem using Jmag-Designer. Results. The modeling results of thermal state of the PMSM in continuous and short-time duty operation modes showed good agreement with experimental results. The results showed that the temperature of PM is higher than temperature of the stator winding in continuous operation mode. It was found that PM temperature might reach excessive values because of the high presence of eddy current losses in neodymium PM. Therefore, special attention in the design and testing of PMSM should be paid to the temperature of PM in various operation modes. Practical value. It was recommended to use high temperature permanent magnets in traction PMSM to avoid demagnetization of PM and performance degradation.

The relevance of the discussed issue is caused by the need to improve the technology of winding impregnation to increase its quality and reliability. The main aim of the study: to justify the choice of magneto-dielectric impregnating compound and perspective of its use for alternative technology of winding impregnation in electrical and radio engineering products. The methods used in the study: the electro-thermal - to estimate heat conductivity and heat capacity; the electro-magnetic - to define the function of mixture magnetic conductivity from concentration of ferrite; the viscometers - to determine impregnating compound viscosity; capacitive - to control the saturation degree of interturn winding hole by impregnating compound; high-voltage - to investigate the electric strength of composition. The results. The authors found out that application of magneto-dielectric compound for impregnating the electrotechnical windings and radio technical coil products in the first place allows to eliminate all power-consuming, noisy electromechanical devices. Secondly, permits to provide the equal glazing of face parts. Thirdly, the using of magneto-dielectric compound allows to improve the saturation degree of interturn winding hole by impregnating compound. This is achieved through heating current supply to coil after the impregnation, magnetic force of which serves as a gate, whereby the impregnating composition stops to flow out of the cavities during their drying. The high thermal conductivity of the proposed mixture and high rates of impregnation can reduce overheating of the windings, which in several times increases their reliability and durability. It was shown, that the nickel-zinc soft magnetic particles can improve the conductivity of the impregnating mixture more than one and a half times. Thus, magneto-dielectric technological properties of the mixture (viscosity, dielectric strength, etc.) remain within acceptable limits. Higher thermal conductivity of the considered magneto-dielectric mixture, in comparison with the thermal conductivity of the compound KP-34, traditionally used for inkjet-drip impregnation of stator windings, as well as high rates of impregnation when using magneto-dielectric composition, make it possible to reduce overheating of the stator windings not less than 30 %.

The urgency of the discussed issue is caused by the deficiency of the recordkeeping of power load actual parameters and characteristics for simulation, verification and analysis of power system regimes, since this information was updated more than twenty years ago. The attention to static characteristics is occurred due to their use in special software packages for dispatching operation control and electrical energy supply planning. Unless classical tasks of steady state regimes evaluation it turns to be possible to subsist an aperiodic steady-state stability limits, to analyze dynamic transitions, to confirm limits under calculations of emergency transfer capability, to calculate a complex load. The main aim of the study is to develop and improve the technique of polynomial load model derivation based on experimental data. The methods used in the study: Voltage, active power and reactive power instantaneous values are used as the master data. The successive approximation method and least-square method for the calculation of ill-conditioned linear equation systems are used as the methods of mathematical treatment for the polynomial load model derivation. Calculations are done by software package MathCAD. The results: The authors found out and evaluated mathematical methods of experimental data treatment for identifying load static characteristics. It is indicated that the static reactive power characteristic should be represented by the quadratic polynomial model while static active power characteristic should be represented by linear dependence. Polynomial coefficients of the second order were obtained and can be used for load simulation when calculating electric mode.

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Copyright of Technical Electrodynamics / Tekhnichna Elektrodynamika is the property of National Academy of Sciences of Ukraine, Institute of Electrodynamics and its content may not be copied or emailed to multiple sites or posted to a listserv without the copyright holder's express written permission. However, users may print, download, or email articles for individual use. This abstract may be abridged. No warranty is given about the accuracy of the copy. Users should refer to the original published version of the material for the full abstract. (Copyright applies to all Abstracts.)

Influence of surfacing modes on welding-technological properties of different types of high-alloyed flux-cored strips was studied. Electrode metal melting coefficient, surfacing coefficients, loss factors, as well as the efficiency of electrode material melting and deposition rate, were determined. Widely applied in industry Pl-AN-101 and PL-AN-179 flux-cored strips made using steel strip-sheath, as well as PL-AH-111 strip with nickel sheath were selected as the objects of study. Surfacing of samples for investigations was performed in A-874N machine with AD-167 attachment and VDU-1201 power source in a wide range of modes: current of 600 - 900 A, voltage of 32 - 40 V, speed of 32 - 55 m/h. Obtained results are presented graphically. It is found that alongside the surfacing modes, the filler-powder composition and sheath strip material have a significant effect on the characteristics of welding-technological properties of flux-cored strips and chemical composition and hardness of deposited metal, respectively. At surfacing with PL-AN-111 strip with a nickel sheath, having a high ohmic resistance, more intensive heating of the flux-cored strip in the extension takes place, and, consequently, the coefficient of electrode material melting is increased. Melting efficiency was lower at surfacing with PL-AN-101 and PL-AN-179 strips. At current rise, burning and spattering losses become greater for PL-AN-111 strip, and change only slightly for PL-AN-101 strip, while for PL-AN-179 strip they decrease abruptly in the current range of 900 - 1200 A, because of the specifics of filler-powder composition. Values of melting and surfacing coefficients, as well as melting efficiency and deposition rate decrease with increase of process speed for all the strip types. For PL-AN-111 strip, however, these values change only slightly. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

One of the activities of the research center for “Energy Saving Technologies and Smart Metering in Electrical Power Engineering" is research work on the use of electronic devices and systems of intelligent power distribution, produced by Analog Devices and equipped with the accurate energy consumption measurement feature. The article focuses on the development of the analyzer of quantity and quality of electric energy.The main part of the analyzer is a metering IC by Analog Devices ADE7878, designed for use in commercial and industrial smart electricity meters. Such counters measure the amount of consumed or produced electric energy with high accuracy and have the means of remote meter reading.

Mathematical model of trawl doors is presented and methods of their modeling with account of the water currents are described. The model could be used for optimal tooling of trawl systems for real environments.

The article explains the possibility of refusal of application of catenary supports of railway track for grounding and use an artificial grounding conductor for this purpose. The Artificial Grounding Conductor (AGC) consists of two metal strips located in the earth on which surface there are cable lines, metal covers of which are grounded on these strips through 1,2 - 1,5 km, but not closer than 200 m from places of connection of the grounding wires to them. Metal strips on traction substations or at the autotransformer points (AP), and also in the middle between two next AP are connected to a railway track or to the center tap of specially installed track impedance bond between APs. When connecting a cable of group grounding with fittings of catenary support it is possible to refuse AGC grounding to track impedance bond. It is noted that when calculating short-circuit currents between adjacent autotransformers, as well as in determining the input resistance of the electric traction network of 2 × 25 kV with a small inaccuracy it is possible to take into account only these autotransformers and neglecting shunt action of other autotransformers. It is shown that in the place of short-circuit the voltage of the artificial grounding conductor - earth system (railway track - the earth) has a maximum point on each autotransformer section. With distance from the first section from substation the value of this voltage decreases slightly and for the next section differs in 10 - 15 %. In the place of connection of AGC to railway track this voltage decreases approximately up to 30 - 40 %. Efficiency of use of the offered grounding system for sections with the supports disconnected from railway tracks, as well as for grounding of metal barriers of station platforms and metal barriers of railway tracks is established.

The paper proposes the non-canonical spectral decomposition of random functions of the traction voltages and currents. This decomposition is adapted for the electric transportation systems. The numerical representation is carried out for the random function of voltage on the pantograph of electric locomotives VL8 and DE1.

Copyright of Electronic Processing of Materials / Elektronnaya Obrabotka Materialov is the property of Institute of Applied Physics and its content may not be copied or emailed to multiple sites or posted to a listserv without the copyright holder's express written permission. However, users may print, download, or email articles for individual use. This abstract may be abridged. No warranty is given about the accuracy of the copy. Users should refer to the original published version of the material for the full abstract. (Copyright applies to all Abstracts.)

Applicability of fluxes of different grades at electroslag surfacing of end faces by discrete filler material in a current-conducting mould was studied. It is found that selection of fluxes proceeding just from their physical properties (viscosity and electric conductivity) does not guarantee the conditions required for conducting the electroslag process. Optimum position of the billed end face to be surfaced in the mould working cavity is very important for normal operation of the mould and performance of sound surfacing with good formation of the deposited metal. In view of the above-said, ANF-29, ANF- 32, AN-26 fluxes can be used for electroslag surfacing with discrete material. 20 Ref., 2 Tabl., 4 Fig. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Copyright of Electronic Processing of Materials / Elektronnaya Obrabotka Materialov is the property of Institute of Applied Physics and its content may not be copied or emailed to multiple sites or posted to a listserv without the copyright holder's express written permission. However, users may print, download, or email articles for individual use. This abstract may be abridged. No warranty is given about the accuracy of the copy. Users should refer to the original published version of the material for the full abstract. (Copyright applies to all Abstracts.)

The Russian critique of the 1990s in self-appraisal and examination of literature study The article deals with ideological and art currents. The author pays special attention to the most typical Russian critics of the first decades after the Soviet collapse in the interpretation of their colleagues who were active participants of literary process and represented literature as science including the authors of resumptive works on history of the Russian critique of the XX century. The researcher demonstrates the differentiation of writers and critics and their debate.

The method of electric current and voltage measurement in the ignition system secondary circuit on the basis of which the power and energy of discharge at the spark burning stage is determined.

Relevance of a subject is caused by the need of diagnostics and prevention of isolation condition of electrical machines in mining and oil branches, where reliability and safety of operation of electric equipment are important. Diagnostics of latent defects allows predicting a residual resource of electric isolation operation, planning preventive tests and timely repairs of electrotechnical equipment of high and low tension. The aim of the research is to develop the installation, which allows no-contact detecting of various defects: through holes, air pockets, conducting inclusions, reduction of thickness of the thin dielectric coverings, applied on metal base which can be electric conductors with current, printed circuit boards. Research methods. For obtaining volt-ampere characteristics of the studied corona discharge the constant voltage of different polarity was applied to the studied object, current was recorded in a certain interval in the range of 1…100 mkA by means of the M4204 and high voltage was measured within the studied interval in the range of 1…15 kV by means of the electrostatic C196 kilovoltmeter. The visual picture of the corona discharge was recorded by means of «Micron 800» type digital microscope. Results. The paper demonstrates the possibility to determine the through and latent defects of about 10 microns and more measuring the corona discharge current in the needle electrode-plane electrode system and a visual picture of the corona discharge. The paper introduces the experimental results of application of the corona discharge with adjustable parameters of current and tension for determining latent defects in dielectric coverings, applied on the current carrying metal bases, and in thin dielectric films, applied as isolation in modern electrical machines of high and low power. The feature of the installation is application of nonlinear element to restrict short circuit current to the values, which do not cause the damage of a dielectric covering and the corona discharge of adjustable current and tension parameters as the diagnosing tool. The installation contains an adjustable source of constant tension (0 … 30 kV), the nonlinear adjustable current limiter for preventing short circuit in case of breakdown, the corona current recorder, photo and video registration of optical phenomena of a corona effect.

Проведено аналіз існуючих пристроїв обмеження однофазних струмів короткого замикання. Розглянуто розроблений пристрій обмеження однофазного струму короткого замикання в нейтралі високовольтної обмотки автотрансформатора.

The design and method of electrocurrent microrelay theoretical modelling is offered. It is established, that base function in the normalized kind graphically represents a symmetric parabola. Microrelay capability evaluation have been carried out for different current flow directions through the meander-line system of planar structure.

Для удосконалення світлофорного регулювання пропонується пристрій з пасивним датчиком, що передає сигнал про приближення до перехрестя тролейбусу та напрям його подальшого руху на дорожній контролер

Directions of current control of womanish collapsible command of Ukraine on basket-ball with violations of ear in setup time of annual cycle of preparation are considered. In research took part 20 sportswomen in the age 25-30 years. It is shown data of physical development, physical and functional preparedness. It is set that sportswomen have a low enough level of the special capacity. Testing results show the middle level of physical preparedness of sportswomen that is insufficient for the command of the combined team of Ukraine.

The paper proposes the non-canonical spectral decomposition of random functions of the traction voltages and currents. This decomposition is adapted for the electric transportation systems. The numerical representation is carried out for the random function of voltage on the pantograph of electric locomotives VL8 and DE1. References 15, table 1, figures 3. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

The urgency of this work is associated with lowering of thermal impact on base metal during welding that promotes minimizing residual thermal deformations of items being welded, for instance, railway car or ship hull. This, in its turn, simplifies or completely eliminates the complex operation of finish straightening. However, one of the welding technologies reducing the magnitude of deformations, compared to currently applied arc welding, is laser welding. Its application, however, is limited by high requirements to edge preparation. In order to lower these requirements, it is rational to use hybrid laser-arc welding with application of consumable-electrode arc. Here, lowering of arc pressure on the weld pool and heat input into the metal being welded can be achieved due to pulse modulation of arc and laser components of the hybrid process. The work shows that it is rational to apply simultaneous pulse modulation of the welding arc and laser radiation with the frequency close to that of natural vibrations of the weld pool in laser welding, in order to improve formation of weld upper bead and increase the penetration depth. Modulation frequencies can be equal to or multiple of each other, exceeding the values of arc pulse feed frequencies. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

The results of studying the interaction of the complex of process parameters on the occurrence and course of the "anode effect", using which will allow to significantly improve the electrolysis process and increase the electrolyzer efficiency were presented. With the appearance of the "anode effect", the current density on the free surface greatly is increased, the anode potential becomes more positive and is passivated to the potential, sufficient for the discharge of fluorine ions, fluorine ions with oxygen ions at the anode start to be discharged, the concentration of perfluorocarbons increases up to 30%. Interaction of the magnetic field with the current appears not only in the misalignment of the molten metal surface. The studies of magnetohydrodynamic processes in the electrolyzer have shown that the molten metal surface is in a state of continuous agitation and herewith the wave height can reach 45 mm. Thus, the wave height is comparable to the interpolar distance, which causes local short-circuiting. To minimize the number of process abnormalities on the electrolyzer, the necessity of constant monitoring of a number of parameters that characterize the current state and development of abnormalities in the bath: temperature of the electrolyte and its overheating; concentration of alumina; composition of the anode gas and the ratio of CF4, CO, CO2 in flue gases; back EMF and the specific resistivity of the electrolyte; interpolar distance, height of the metal and electrolyte; ratio of the melt densities of the electrolyte and aluminum; thickness of the ledge; effective current density and its distribution under the anode face; distribution of current intensity and magnetic field in hearth; change in the shape of the working space was established. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

The experimental studies of using bentonite clay of the Sokyrnytsia field in Khust district (Transcarpathian region) for wastewater treatment (WW) were conducted. They actively absorb such pollutants as sulfates, chlorides, heavy metals and others. Also, the use of bentonite in wastewater treatment makes it possible to reduce the load on the microorganisms in aerotanks, reduce the content of ammonia nitrogen, suspended substances and BOD5 (biochemical oxygen demand) in WW. The possibility of wastewater treatment of "Kolomyia meatprocessing plant" using natural montmorillonite, modified with iron hydroxide during electroflotocoagulation treatment. The optimum conditions of wastewater treatment process (sorbent dose, current density, duration of WW treatment) were determined. According to the results, the optimal parameters of the treatment process include: sorbent dose is 30 mg/dm3, current density is 60 A/m2, treatment time is 3 min. Based on the analysis of the existing methods of industrial wastewater treatment and the obtained experimental data the most effective method was proposed and the feasibility of replacing the existing flow diagram of "Kolomyia meat-processing plant" wastewater treatment was justified. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]