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Gastrodin is the main biologically active component of the rhizomes of the Gastrodia elata Blume. In recent years, this compound has attracted attention through a wide range of neurobiological effects. The neuroprotective effect of gastrodin on the brain after ischemic damage and exposure to toxic compounds has been determined. Gastrodin reduces amyloid beta deposition and excess glutamate, inhibits ferroptosis and restores electrophysiological parameters of synaptic plasticity. Moreover, this substance increases the level of brain-derived neurotrophic factor and stimulates neurogenesis. Studies have revealed the ability of gastrodin to reduce microglial activity and modulate dopamine concentration. Clinical studies have shown the effectiveness of this drug in the treatment of post-stroke depression. This compound also improves cognitive functions, including memory and learning. The anticonvulsant effect of gastrodin has been established. Theoretical justifications of application of gastrodin in certain neurodegenerative and convulsive diseases, as well as some mental disorders are given.