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Type 2 diabetes is characterized by chronic hyperglycemia and varying degrees of insulin resistance and insulinopenia. Achieving targeted glycemic control in diabetic patients is important to reduce the risk of late complications, and many patients with type 2 diabetes ultimately require insulin therapy to maintain adequate glycemic control. Timely administration of insulin can prevent the progression of diabetes, reduce the development of complications, and have fewer side effects. Basal insulin is the preferred option in most cases when glycemic control is not achieved. However, there is considerable therapeutic inertia in clinical practice, both with respect to initiation of insulin therapy and titration of the basal insulin dose. The longer duration of action, reduced glucose variability and a lower risk of hypoglycemia seen with the latest generation of basal insulin analogs compared to the previous generation simplify titration and may increase patient compliance.

Despite substantial progress in the treatment of type 1 diabetes mellitus achieved by the end of the last century due to the advent of human insulins,intensive insulinotherapy, means of glycemia self-control, and active patient self-management education, compensation of the diseases in childrenand adolescents remains a challenging problem. This paper is focused on the use of insulin analogs in these patients and main difficulties encounteredby pediatricians in the correction of therapy.

Aim. To carry out cost-effectiveness analysis of treatment options for type 2 diabetes using different groups of medicines, to prognosticate late diabeticcomplications and the cost of their management. Materials and methods. A total of 3678 DM2 patients (with mean HbAc1 level 9.3%) were examined in 23 regionsin the framework of the Diabetesmellitus subprogram of the Federal target program "Prevention and control of socially significant diseases". Two hypothetical therapeutic modalitieswere considered: treatment with NovoMix 30 and oral hypoglycemic (OHG) agents. The CORE model was used to analyse anticipated expendituresand DM outcomes. Results. Simulation revealed a greater decrease of HbA1c levels (-1.7%), reduction of total cholesterol, LDL, systolic AP (-4.1%) and risk of cardiovasculardiseases coupled to increase of HDL in patients treated with NovoMix 30. Maximum life expectancy was 17.2 yr compared with 16.5 yrin the OHG group and overall cost of the treatment 1,650,725 and 1,586,234 rubles respectively. Savings for the treatment of diabetes using NovoMix30 amounted to 19,832 rubles per patients due to reduced indirect expenditures including management of renal, cardiac, ophthalmologic , and cerebrovascularcomplications. Conclusion. Simulation of late results of DM2 treatment demonstrated enhanced pharmacoeconomic efficiency of modern insulin analogs comparedwith OHG agents.

Aim. To identify factors responsible for the early development of microvascular complications in patients with type 1 diabetes mellitus (DM1)and to evaluate dependence of their prevalence on the type of insulin. Materials and methods. The study carried out from May 2002 to November 2007 included a random sample of patients with DM1 over 10 years in duration(n=5895, 100%, >=20 years) from the Central, Volga, Ural, Siberian, North-West and Southern federal districts. All patients underwentexamination of eye fundus and feet, measurement of microalbuminuria, creatinine, urea, serum lipid spectrum and HbА1с. Results. Mean HbА1с level in patients of group 1 (using insulin analogs) was significantly lower than in group 2 (using homan insulin) (Me 8,5?0,2%;9,7?0,4% SD* respectively) p>0,01. Mean daily insulin dose in group 1 and 2 was >1,0 and

Type 2 diabetes is characterized by chronic hyperglycemia and varying degrees of insulin resistance and insulinopenia. Achieving targeted glycemic control in diabetic patients is important to reduce the risk of late complications, and many patients with type 2 diabetes ultimately require insulin therapy to maintain adequate glycemic control. Timely administration of insulin can prevent the progression of diabetes, reduce the development of complications, and have fewer side effects. Basal insulin is the preferred option in most cases when glycemic control is not achieved. However, there is considerable therapeutic inertia in clinical practice, both with respect to initiation of insulin therapy and titration of the basal insulin dose. The longer duration of action, reduced glucose variability and a lower risk of hypoglycemia seen with the latest generation of basal insulin analogs compared to the previous generation simplify titration and may increase patient compliance.