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The article presents the results of studies of the intake (oral administration), distribution and excretion of Tilmicosin Phosphate (active ingredient of the Tilmox 25%) from the body of healthy broiler chickens of the KOBB-500 cross. The rapid absorption of Tilmicosin Phosphate from the alimentary tract of the birds and its entry into the internal organs was established. The maximum content of Tilmicosin Phosphate was found in the lungs and liver. Only in 2 hours after the beginning of the Tilmox 25% solution application, which was 17.02 ± 0.24 and 12.78 ± 0.22 μg / g, its content in the kidneys after 26 hours was 8 25 ± 0.19 μg / g, pectoral and cardiac muscles after 52 hours - 6.19 ± 0.28 and 5.23 ± 0.39 μg / g, respectively. Consumption of Tilmox 25% solution by a healthy bird was not accompanied by the accumulation of Tilmicosin Phosphate (material accumulation), since its content in the internal organs and muscles of the bird did not depend on the duration of the drug use. During 96 hours of Tilmox 25% solution consumption by broiler chickens the maximum content of Tilmicosin Phosphate was detected in the lungs, which indicates its tissue tropism. The distribution of Tilmicosin Phosphate in maximum amounts to the lungs ("organ affinity" or "tissue tropism") is important when infectious agents are localization in the lungs of poultry, as well as for the treatment of patients with respiratory diseases of various etiology. The cessation of the use of Tilmox 25% was accompanied by a significant decrease in the content of its active substance, Tilmicosin Phosphate, in the organs under study. Twenty-four hours after the cessation of consumption the tilmox solution (120 hours of the experiment), the content of Tilmicosin Phosphate in the lungs was 1.9 times less, liver – 1.6 times, kidneys – 1.4 times, pectoral muscle - 1.7 times, cardiac muscle – 1.3 times less, compared with indicators on 96 hours of experiment. Five days after the cessation of feeding the tilmox solution to broiler chickens (216 hours of the experiment), the residual amounts of Tilmicosin Phosphate in the organs under study were: in the lungs – 1.20 ± 0.03 μg / g; liver – 1.01 ± 0.02; kidneys - 0.91 ± 0.03 μg / g. The lowest content of Tilmicosin Phosphate, during this period of research, was only in one of the three samples of the heart muscle – 0.02 μg / g, and it was not detected in the pectoral muscle.

The purpose of the research is evaluating histological and histochemical research methods as information criteria in identifying the effect of chemicals on trematodes. Materials and methods. The study material was trematodes Fasciola hepatica, F. gigantica, Paramphistomum cervi and Dicrocoelium lanceatum collected during dissecting spontaneously infected animals after they had been treated with anthelmintics (Triclabendazole, Dimezole, Polytrem, Antitrem, Tetraxichol, Tegalid and Fascocid) using various therapeutic doses with appropriate regimens. Trematodes from untreated animals were used as control. The detected material was processed under the generally accepted histological procedure and embedded in paraffin. Microslides, namely, slices of 5–7 µm thick, were stained using histological and histochemical methods and studied under a light microscope. Results and discussion. Morphologically, when the microstructure of organs and tissues of trematodes F. hepatica, F. gigantica, P. cervi and D. lanceatum treated with anthelmintics (Triclabendazole, Dimezole, Polytrem, Antitrem, Tetraxichol, Tegalid and Fascocid) was studied, edema, vacuoles, lysis of tissue and cell structures, and severe basophilia were observed in their body. Protein metabolism imbalance and distorted protein synthesis were recorded histochemically. As an outcome of pathophysiological processes after anthelmintic treatment, necrobiosis detected in trematodes and the developing severe edema lead to colliquative necrosis caused by irreversible dystrophic processes occurred at the level of water and protein metabolism imbalance. Misdirected histochemical reaction of trematodes’ tissues and organs when stained for proteins marks nuclear degeneration, termination of protein molecule synthesis, and protein metabolism failure.

The compositional features of stressful dehydrin proteins of some species of Betula L.: silver birch B. pendula Roth, dwarf bog birch B. fruticosa Pall., dwarf birch B. nana L., growing under extreme climate conditions in the cryolithozone of Central Yakutia were studied using specific antibodies. The composition of birch dehydrins hanging from regions differing in more moderate climatic indices (South Yakutia and Pribaikalye) was studied for comparison. The composition of dehydrins in different species of birch under the conditions of cryolithozone has significant similarities. Low molecular weight dehydrins, mainly 17 kDa from two groups of identified dehydrins in the range with mol. m. 15–21 and 56–73 kDa, regardless of the species characteristics of birch, are subject to the greatest seasonal changes. These proteins in shoots and buds, as well as in the tissues of the bark and xylem of silver birch, have a high level during winter dormancy at the lowest negative temperatures, when frost resistance of plants reached maximum values, while they almost disappeared in the summer period. Dehydrins in the region of 15–21 kDa in birch shoots and buds were characterized by more pronounced intraspecific polymorphism in the conditions of Central Yakutia, their content, predominantly 17 kDa of dehydrin, significantly exceeded that of birches of the South Yakutia and Irkutsk populations. The middle molecular weight dehydrins of birch 66–69 kDa are presented round whole year at almost the same level. These dehydrins in leaves, male inflorescences, pollen and seedlings from silver birch seeds were observed during the growing season, although they were found in smaller quantities. Significant similarities in the composition and representation of dehydrins in the organs and tissues of the studied birch populations may indicate their important role in the general mechanisms of the formation of the low-temperature resistance of Betula L. plants to the conditions of Northeast Eurasia.

The terms of elimination of fenbendazole from horses body after prazifen treatment were established by the method of highly effective liquid chromatography. In 10 days after treatment fenbendazole and its metabolite oxfendazole were not found in horses' organism.

This paper recognizes a specific correspondence between biological evolution and technological development and on this basis tries to set up a semiotic approach to the evolutionary phenomenon of exaptation. To do this, the existence of a historical-structural and pragmatic analogy between organs and tools is shown, which in turn implies on a communicative ground the dissolution of some of their traditional distinctive attributes. Finally, a philosophical-analytical approach to natural and cultural functions is applied to define three types of exaptations.