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The article is a review of the book by V.V. Zverev Essays on the Intellectual Heritage of Ya.V. Abramov (Moscow: RUDN University Press, 2024. 157 p.). Although, as the author argues, an extensive and fundamental book on the life and work of Yakov Vasilyevich Abramov (1858-1906), a remarkable Russian publicist and ideologist of the moderate populist movement, has not yet been written, the monograph under review is a valuable, historically and sociologically sound and thorough work about the creator of the so-called “Abramovshchina”, or, according to the more traditional scientific-publicist discourse, the “theory of those small deeds” that “make up the lives of millions” (P. 28).

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Copyright of Bylye Gody is the property of Cherkas Global University Press and its content may not be copied or emailed to multiple sites or posted to a listserv without the copyright holder's express written permission. However, users may print, download, or email articles for individual use. This abstract may be abridged. No warranty is given about the accuracy of the copy. Users should refer to the original published version of the material for the full abstract. (Copyright applies to all Abstracts.)

The article is devoted to the originality of L. N. Tolstoy’s early story “A Billiard-Marker’s Notes” and the history of its writing with the use of preparatory materials. The author aims to analyze and show the interrelation of a wide range of psychological, socio-ethical, and ideological issues raised in the story, which deeply worried the writer in the 1850s. The article proves that the artist’s choice of the genre of “notes” and first-person narratives allowed him to diversify the plot, methods of psychological analysis, and images of the characters’ inner world. The article pays considerable attention to such a feature of “A Billiard-Marker’s Notes” in terms of narratology as the presence of two characters-narrators, opposite to each other in age, social status, level of development, and bearers of different speech styles. This technique allows the writer to depict dramatically Nekhlyudov’s loneliness, “lostness,” and the existing blatant gap between the worldview of the nobility and the people and their ethics. The narrator’s expressive word, completing the work, brings it to the existential level. The image of the character-marker and his perception of reality testifies to the connections of “A Billiard-Marker’s Notes” with the traditions of the “natural school,” its humanistic principles, and democracy. This story, along with other works of the 1850s, contains the origins of the religious and philosophical views of the writer-thinker.

The article examines the ideological and artistic originality of the book of essays by A. I. Ertel “Notes of Stepnyak.” It manifests itself in the fundamentals of organizing the integrity of the entire collection, the writer’s worldview, and the relationship between the position of the author and the narrator in the book. The work emphasizes that Ertel was often credited with extreme populist views, but the writer saw his task not only in helping the people, but in the improvement and transformation of the entire Russian society, Russian life, which was confidently and quickly losing its moral core and high moral standards. The author of the article comprehends the main motifs of the book of essays and the principles of organizing the system of characters in it. Ertel’s letters to his contemporaries, his reasoning allow to describe and characterize writer’s attitude towards the Russian people and the main problems of Russian post-reform life.

This article analyzes the formation of theoretical views on the nature, methods, and practice of the administrative and communication activities of public authorities in relation to the people of the state in the VI‒V centuries BC in Ancient China. Communication ideas are identified, first of all, on the basis of analysis of Confucius’ Lun Yu treatise. The adopted method of study here is a systemic approach and comparative historical analysis, allowing us to identify the elements associated with the views of the thinker and determine their significance in the history of the theory of administration and communication in Chinese documents. It shows the conditions of the political and economic life of Ancient China at that time, which promoted the emergence of the philosophical Confucian concepts of public administration and communication. It establishes the sequence and distinctive feature of the humanistic and moral, and ethical views of Confucius on the functioning of the communication models of a state, which are still relevant for the development of science and practice. The focus of the work is on the analysis of specific judgments of the thinker about the structure of communication in the administrative environment. It reveals the communicative content of the key elements of the cornerstone concept of his teachings ‒ Tao. The work considers the reasons for the propaganda of closed government and dosed information flows in the administrative field and in the communication of public officials with the masses. It analyzes the means proposed to make people (subjects) make proper decisions for the authorities in power. This task is still actively discussed in modern communication science. It also interprets some of Confucius’ statements that determine the moral and ethical framework of administrative communication and reveals the meaning of his communication model. It identifies the features of that ideal fragmented communication model as a sample limited for practical use by numerous objective conditions. It also specifies the time frame of the “Axial Age” in China’s history. And finally, it makes conclusions about the role and significance of Confucius’s views in the formation and development of the methods and ethics of communicative action in public administration in the historical and perspective aspects.

The task of building the rule-of-law state, as proclaimed in the Constitution of the Russian Federation, remains urgent. The rule of law (the rule-of-law state) is viewed in the context of the establishment in the state of an institutional dialogue between the government and society in the law-making plane, which will ensure the development and adoption of law of proper quality, reflecting the real social interests, which means that this law will be credible. On this basis the real implementation of the idea of the rule of law in the state will be possible. The purpose of the study is to substantiate the connection between the socio-authority dialogue and the process of «enthronement» of law and order in society, the real implementation of the idea of the rule of law. Methods: historic-legal, interpretative, analytical, systemic, formal-legal, critical reflection, scientific generalizations, comparative, etc. Results: the article determines the importance of socio-authority dialogue in the law-making plane for the consolidation and implementation in practice of the idea (principle) of the rule of law during the functioning of the state law system, the implementation of the model of a democratic rule-of-law state proclaimed in the Constitution of the Russian Federation. Society, becoming a co-author of laws, changes its attitude to these laws, perceiving them as a product of joint creativity of the state and society (legal co-creation of authority and society), just as the state is aware of the value of laws adopted in this way, ensuring their implementation in public practice by democratic legal means.

Introduction. The presumption of knowledge of the law and laws of the state assumes that every citizen knows the necessary amount of legal information sufficient to fulfill the basic obligation to comply with the Constitution and laws of the Russian Federation. Accordingly, the study of the Constitution of the Russian Federation and basic laws is mandatory and should be integrated into educational programs at all levels. Special attention should be paid to the constitutional and legal education of children, because at this age the model of behavior, which a person will follow in the future, is laid. Theoretical analysis. The study of the Constitution of Russia in childhood and adolescence is based on the concept of meta-law, which asserts the unity of law, religion, philosophy, science, and art. In the educational paradigm of meta-law, the Constitution is perceived through spiritual and moral values, ethical, moral attitudes, confirming by legal authority the correctness of the ideas about what is due that the child has learned. The initial stage of studying the Basic Law of the country may coincide with the child’s study of the alphabet, when individual letters of the alphabet will be fixed in the child’s memory by the example of categories of constitutional law that are accessible to understanding. It is fruitful to address the content of the Constitution of Russia through the prism of elementary plots of folk tales reflecting the archetypes of popular consciousness. Through the fairy tale, the child is introduced to the national worldview, learns to recognize himself or herself as part of the multinational people of the Russian Federation, who embodied their political will in the Basic Law of the country. Folk art expresses an ideal presented in an artistic form. The Constitution legally formalizes the people’s idea. That is why legal folklore studies should be integrated into educational programs in literature, social studies, and jurisprudence. Works of children’s fiction devoted to the Basic Law of the country are the most correct form for the perception of the text of the Constitution by children aged six to eight. Serious discussions about the Constitution of Russia, the history of the constitutional idea in our country, political power and constitutional practice of the state should take place at high school age. The choice of a form of submission of constitutional and legal information is determined by mental generational characteristics of children in accordance with the information environment in which their formation and development took place. Results. The authors conclude that the theory of the Constitution should be integrated into the program of basic general education and offer the fundamentals of a specialized pedagogical strategy for studying the Constitution by children. The methodology of studying the Constitution by children determines the identity of the legal system of Russia, where moral norms, ethics, morality, culture are the co-regulators of law. The format of educational practices depends on the stages of growing up, socialization and individualization of the child.

Formulation of the problem. A fairy tale as a folk-narrative or literary work about fictional events, fictional persons, events with the participation of fantastic persons [9, p. 71], reveals in its text the peculiarities of mentality and folk thinking in the field of economic activity of the people in general and representatives of this people in particular. The Ukrainian fairy tale builds a special philosophical attitude to labor on earth. The study of a folk tale provides an opportunity to understand the peculiarities of the economic mentality of a single nation. The subject of research there is a folk tale as an oral work that reflects the mentality of the nation, in particular the economic component of the mentality itself. The purpose of this study is a consideration of a folk tale, which in its text reveals aspects of the economic mentality of the people, as well as the formation of a person's economic outlook from early childhood. In addition, to find out the peculiarities of the national formation of the economic outlook of the individual. The methodological basis research is a comparative, historical, analytical, comparative and statistical method. Research results. consider the issue of the formation of the economic mentality of the representatives of the nation. In particular, we are talking about the Ukrainian nation. In particular, attention was paid to the attitude of Ukrainians to the land as a resource for production and labor on the land. Field of application. The results of the article can be used in higher education institutions, research institutions, students, graduate students, teachers. Conclusions. A consideration of a folk tale, in particular a Ukrainian one, reveals the specificity of the attitude of the people in general and the individual in particular to work, to natural resources used in the economic process. It is also obvious that Ukrainian fairy tales are dominated by the cult of the land and labor on the land, that this resource is the main source of wealth. Ukrainians appears in these texts as a farming nation. At the same time, in the moral and ethical aspect, work is revealed as a human virtue, and idleness is condemned. In principle, a folk tale makes it clear how the economic worldview of an individual and a nation is formed.

Purpose. The purpose of the work is to determine the modern understanding of the theoretical and legal concept of the national state. Method. The following theoretical methods of scientific knowledge were used during the research: the method of scientific analysis; systemic and structural; historical and legal; axiological; comparative legal; formal-legal and method of generalization. The results. In the scientific article, based on the analysis of current sources of literature on a certain issue, the process of formation and functioning of the modern concept of the national state is highlighted. In particular, it is substantiated that modern domestic and foreign concepts of the development of nation states are based on two actually existing dimensions: national and supranational. The process of globalization in modern conditions creates new forms of governance and creates new approaches to determining state sovereignty, but states are still the main subject of international legal relations, since the creation and functioning of such subjects as transnational corporations and international organizations is determined by decisions of states Scientific novelty. According to the results of the study, it was established that the national state is a political organization of society, which is the highest value of modern civilization, the latest concept of which is based on the past, present and future, it is based on ideas and values of cultural, spiritual, historical, territorial homogeneity and a single level of economic development At the current stage of the development of human civilization, the national state acts as a model and standard of the modern state, ensuring the development and consolidation of the democratic foundations of society. The strategic goal of the modern concept of the nation-state at the international level should be the national-state interest as the main means of implementing foreign policy, while, as modern reality shows, primarily in the military and defense sphere. Practical significance. The results of the research can be useful for further general theoretical and applied studies of modern problems of the formation and functioning of the theoretical and legal concept of the national state.

My paper takes as its focus the semantic variation of the pre-modifying adjectives happy and glorious which resulted from the Glorious Revolution of 1688 and the subsequent triumphal representation of Britain as a champion of freedom and emancipation. By adopting principles of corpus-assisted discourse studies (Stubbs 2001; Partington 2004), I shall examine the collocational patterns of the two lexical items in the British periodical press, covering the period from 1620 to 1789. Before the Glorious Revolution the meaning of the two premodifiers appears consistent with the definitions provided in the OED but from 1688 onwards changes in the phraseology affect their semantics. In particular, after the Revolution, happy and glorious show a semantic preference for words referring to liberty and (universal) rights which enriches their meaning with a sense of freedom from oppression and corruption. Given that the two adjectives already had a positive meaning, the libertarian semantics acquired after 1688 can be interpreted as a further amelioration in the direction of liberalism and, at the end of the century, Enlightened universalism. In order to investigate the changing semantics of the two adjectives throughout the 17th and 18th centuries, I shall make use of the Florence Early English Newspapers Corpus (1620-1649), the Lancaster Newsbooks Corpus (1653-1654), the Zurich English Newspaper Corpus (1671, 1681, 1691) and the British Newspaper Archive for the period from 1700 to 1789.

The end of the 19th – early 20th century in the history of the Tatar people is a time of comprehension of their past, reflection on historical and cultural issues, determination of the main tasks of development. During this period, analysis and reasoning about the national issues come to the foreground in the works of Tatar scholars and publicists; they discuss the concepts of "people", "nation", raise the question "Who are we?" In this article, the author refers to the works of historian G. Gubaydullin "Millätne nichek tagrif kylyrga?" (1913), "Törekme, Tatarmy?" (1918), "Revisiting the Question of the Origin of the Tatars" (1928), who, using the example of the listed works, examines his reasoning about the name of the Tatar people, about the formation of the Tatar nation and also shows the evolution of his understanding of the problem of Tatar identity. A comparative analysis of G. Gubaydullin’s views on this issue with the arguments of his contemporaries has been conducted. The fact that recently interest in the problem of Tatar identity has increased remarkably is of particular note. In this respect, the relevance of studying the given problem in the reflections of famous scientists of the early 20th century has increased. The novelty of this study lies in the fact that, the formulation and understanding of the scientific problem of the national identity of the Tatar people at the beginning of the twentieth century is presented based on the works of G. Gubaydullin, the first Tatar professional historian.

This publication is a review of the book of memories by E.V. Kobelev called “65 years with Vietnam”. The prominent Russian expert on Vietnam writes about his path to the profession, including his studies at the Institute of Oriental Languages at Moscow State University, an internship at Hanoi State University and work as a TASS correspondent in Vietnam during the Indochina War. He also recalls his work at the apparatus of the Central Committee of the CPSU in 1968–1991 and his functioning as an expert in academic institutions after the collapse of the USSR and the dissolution of the CPSU. The author was a witness and a direct participant in many historical events related to the foreign policy of the USSR/Russia in Indochina. The book contains the portraits of a number of political figures and experts in science and culture of the Soviet Union and Vietnam. These memoirs may serve as an important historical source, contributing to the understanding of events and processes from the 1960s to the present day.

This article examines whether Pancasila as the sole principle and ideology and state philosophy is reflected in the Indonesian society. Understanding and appreciation of the values of Pancasila ideology are often considered only as a jargon, i.e., in the verbal perspective. Its implementation is neglected due to lack of insight and knowledge about Pancasila and not knowing its basic principles. Pancasila, which consists of five precepts, includes a series of attitudes and knowledge as well as hopes from the struggle of the Indonesian people to gain independence, and is regulated in the Pancasila state. The first precept is about God the Almighty ( Ketuhanan yang Maha Esa ); the second precept is about just and civilized humanity ( Kemanusiaan yang adil dan beradab ); the third precept claims the ‘unity of Indonesia’ ( Persatuan Indonesia ); the fourth precept claims democracy led by wisdom in the representative deliberation; the fifth precept claims social justice for all Indonesian people ( Keadilan sosial bagi seluruh rakyat Indonesia ). Pancasila is the source of all laws in the Constitution of the Republic of Indonesia, which constitutes it as a sovereign and prosperous country supporting the wealth of its people, the divinity in the One and Only, freedom of religion, respect for diversity and pluralism, and building a democratic state. Social problems that often occur in every society usually start from breaking the law, dangers of the extremism doctrine, and criminal acts of corruption that can damage the grassroots of Pancasila. Therefore, to defend the country and strengthen the basic precepts of Pancasila, it is necessary to understand and deepen the practice of Pancasila in the ideology of nationalism and democracy.

Objective: to study the current state of the doctrine and legislation on nationalization in order to formulate proposals for improving the legal regulation of public relations in this area.Methods: the study used such general scientific methods of cognition as analysis and synthesis, induction and deduction, and analogy. The logical method of research helped to formulate definitions of some terms, in particular, nationalization and emergency nationalization; their inherent features were identified. While studying the topic, private scientific research methods characteristic of jurisprudence were also used: formal legal and comparative legal methods, which helped to reveal the logic of the legislator and draw conclusions about the expediency of paying compensation when nationalizing property from private owners.Results: based on the analysis of legislation and the practice of its application, as well as of the Russian and foreign literature, the essence of nationalization was revealed. In the article, nationalization is understood as the acquisition by the state of ownership of property that was privately owned, on the basis of federal law, with or without compensation of the property value to the owner, which is aimed at protecting public interests. The article pays special attention to the understanding of the “state property” category as the property of the whole people, i.e. public property.Scientific novelty: the article reveals the concept and essence of nationalization, as well as related legal categories (privatization, alienation, compensation, etc.), conducts a comparative legal analysis of the order of nationalization in various states, and identifies the advantages and disadvantages of preliminary and equivalent compensation as a prerequisite for private property nationalization. The author substantiates the need for nationalization of enterprises in all important industries, and, primarily, in the areas of natural monopolies, in which producers can make a profit to ensure their own development only. Nationalization should be soft, with the possibility of compensation, but only after a full audit of the performance of enterprises to resolve the issue of how conscientiously and responsibly their owners and managers acted.Practical significance: the main conclusions of the article can be used in scientific, pedagogical and practical activities to improve civil legislation and the practice of its application, as well as to develop long-term and short-term strategies for the economic development of Russia.

The article takes a political philosophical perspective in a conceptual analysis of the nation, focusing on its axiological foundations in the political theories of modernity and postmodernity. It reviews the political philosophy arguments explaining conditions and reasons for individual ethnic groups to become nations. The author emphasizes the role of religion in this process as the main factor in forming national values and identity beyond tribal ties. Despite its importance religion is often dismissed in the research literature on nationalism and nation-building.To stress the importance of collective solidarity for sustaining a national identity, the author juxtaposes the idea of the nation understood as a collective of individuals living in a nationstate united by common values to the idea of the people understood as a collective of individuals living in a nation-state driven solely by their egoistic interests. From this perspective the people render institutions of the national state dysfunctional because of their disrespect for the common values, while the nation strengthens state institutions, making its nationstate resilient to the current global problems.

One of the urgent problems of the national public consciousness of the second half of the nineteenth century is connected with the comprehension of the state and prospects of the development of the Russian people in the context of the formation of nations and national states in Europe and the related attempts of foreign authors to “range” nationalities according to the degree of thoroughness of their claims to be state-forming, among other things, by means of assimilation of other nationalities. The article presents a detailed analysis of the views of Ivan S. Aksakov, the main spokesman of the thoughts on this problem in the Slavophile environment, who shared the idea that the state needs a leading nationality, assimilating other national groups or capable of attracting the peoples who maintain their political independence in a single state with its goals and programs. The publicist defined the limits of the capabilities of the Russian people by the state of their “qualitative strength” or assimilation potential, highlighting two stages in the process of its development according to the possibilities of implementing the most important criterion – success in assimilation of non-Russian tribes and peoples. According to the publicist, in the era of Kievan Rus and the Tsardom of Muscovy, the Russian people represented a single community that believed in itself and its historical destiny, and under its influence other nationalities “became Russian by themselves.” The publicist assesses the second, imperial, stage as a time of negative changes in the condition of the Russian people, which resulted from the transformations introduced by Peter the Great: the loss of their former unity, the manifestation of the traits of “non-nationality” and “Europeanization” by the national elite, uncritical perception of foreign experience and lifestyle. As a result of these changes, in Aksakov’s opinion, the Russian people largely lost their assimilation capacity and the state lost its strength and unity that had been inherent in it earlier, which undermined Aksakov’s faith in the prospects for the existence of a multi-tribal Russian Empire.

INTRODUCTION. This article elaborates on the idea of Professor Y.A.Reshetov, who published in the Moscow Journal of International Law a draſt convention on the right of peoples to self-determination. The draſt convention has been one of the first attempts to draw attention to the problem of the limits of self-determination in plural States, the forms of implementation and the main subjects of the right of self-determination. The purpose of the study is to develop the relevant ideas of Y.A.R.Reshetov, as well as to introduce new ideas, taking into account the evolving processes of realization of the right to self-determination in the modern world.MATERIAL AND METHODS. The study is based on international legal instruments, advisory opinions of the International Court of Justice, the jurisprudence of other international legal bodies and contemporary research of domestic and foreign scholars. The methods used in this study are: analysis, synthesis, induction, deduction, comparison, classification, systematization, prediction, as well as comparative and formal legal approaches.RESEARCH RESULTS. The territorial disputes resulting from ethnic, regional and local conflicts are among the most pressing problems in international relations. For any multi-ethnic State, including Russia, it is extremely important to have a genuine scientific awareness of the principle of equality and self-determination of peoples, adequate forms of its implementation, and structuring ethnic identity in the system of civil identity. Exploring for well-founded solutions to the matters involved will help consolidate world public opinion and ultimately develop an appropriate international legal mechanism under the auspices of the United Nations.DISCUSION AND CONCLUSION. The articles analyses the evolution of the idea of self-determination of peoples, the place of the principle of equal rights and self-determination of peoples in the system of basic principles of international law. The range of subjects of the right to self-determination, the specifics of secession, institutions of uti possidetis juris, and of delays in secession, as well as questions on the forms and criteria of self-determination of the principal subjects and the phenomenon of «unrecognized States», author draſted the relevant Declaration on the Right of Peoples to Self-determination and the Modalities for its Implementation.

For centuries, many peoples have lived in the Volga region, preserving their cultural traditions and languages. The ten numerous peoples of the region are Russians, Tatars, Bashkirs, Chuvashs, Mordovians, Maris, Ukrainians, Kazakhs, Armenians, Azerbaijanis. Ethnic diversity is continued by the Udmurts, Kalmyks, Komi-Permyaks, Jews, Germans, Tajiks, Uzbeks, etc. The purpose of the article is to systematize the history of the formation of public associations of Tajiks, Uzbeks and Kazakhs in the Volga region. Materials from the media were used as sources: federal laws of the Russian Federation on autonomies, information from the official websites of organizations and scientific research on the relationship of peoples. Based on the method of document analysis, it was revealed that in a multinational region, the formation of the unity of peoples is a fundamental task of the authorities. At the same time, it must be admitted that this process is rather complicated and requires the joint efforts of the state and society. To achieve this goal, the state develops legal documents and targeted programs that contribute to the formation of the principles of mutual respect and harmony in society. For example, «Strategy of the state national policy of the Russian Federation for the period up to 2025», «National security strategy of the Russian Federation (2021). It is concluded that it is necessary to continue the work on the development of public associations in order to further strengthen the national unity of Russia, in particular the Volga region. At present, when society often opposes «us» and «them», such organizations are vital.

The article analyzes the image of Emperor Alexander I presented by Leo Tolstoy in his epic novel “War and Peace,” and states that the writer did not aim to create the most believable portrait of the sovereign. He showed the person who stood at the head of a great country during the years of the liberation war. The author of the work proves that the heroes of the epic, including historical figures, are assessed by the writer not from the position of their determinism by society and the era, but exclusively from the position of eternity and life’s truth. The peculiarity of the artistic world of the work is that the image of Alexander I turns out to be included in the huge design of the artistic universe, representing the author’s historiosophical thought. The article notes that in the image of the emperor Tolstoy deliberately emphasized the weaknesses and contradictions of a person who was mistaken because of the multidirectional influences exerted on him. The voices of the heroes in certain scenes are analyzed, episodes that have a paired character and are indicators of the precedent picture of the world characteristic of the epic are noted. In the artistic world of the work, the writer illustrates the deep connection between the tsar and the Orthodox people. The image of the sovereign is associated for each of the Russian people with the thought of the highest truth, intercession, however, the deep meanings lead the reader to the discovery of the only fair judgment — the Divine. The writer condemns the senseless worship of the emperor, but affirms a high spirit of service to the emperor as God’s anointed one.

The author emphasizes the importance of national traditions in preserving the Kyrgyz identity. The article represents the Kyrgyz national traditions, which are associated with the birth of a child and celebrated in the first year of life. The work introduces readers to the traditions and customs of the Kyrgyz people of the early XX century, described by Soviet ethnographers, and with their modern versions. The author pays attention to a detailed description of the rituals performed and explains the importance of Kyrgyz traditions for representatives of the Kyrgyz ethnic group. The purpose of the article is to familiarize a wide range of readers with the national traditions of the Kyrgyz people, their origins, and their significance. Research methods: The work is built on the methods of observation and description and uses folk traditions observed by members of the Kyrgyz ethnic group as a basis. As a result of this analysis, the author concludes that the traditions of ancient times are of importance to the Kyrgyz people. The author also notes the importance of preserving and observing folk traditions for the people's self-identification as a single ethnic group, not only for the Kyrgyz living on the ancestral territory but also for the Kyrgyz living outside their homeland.

The concept of “culture” as a component of humanitarian policy and national security is analyzed. It has been established that “culture” contributes to the establishment of the status of identity in the international arena, as the “social contract” must be formulated in its bosom. Concepts such as: “culture,” “ethnicity,” “people,” “nation” are defined. Such normative acts as: UNESCO resolution “The role of culture in ensuring stability, peace and security: a new international agenda,” the Law of Ukraine “On Culture,” “UN Millennium Declaration,” the concept of humanitarian development of Ukraine (NAS of Ukraine). It has been proven that the sphere of culture is not limited to the exhibition and artistic space, but is an environment of values and ideology, and we must build a culturally marked world of humanitarian policy. This should become our state-building position and a conscious choice. After all, they become nations through blood, the creation of state institutions, and most importantly – culture.

This article is a continuation of a large-scale research devoted to the identification of patterns of human community development, which has been conducted by the author for many decades.Purpose: is to study the possible transformation of the world after the COVID-19 pandemic from the perspective of the need to switch to a new, crisis-free development paradigm, which is a logical continuation of the previous author's works.Methods: the study is based on the application of a complex of general scientific methods, including analysis, generalization, comparison, etc., and is based on an interdisciplinary approach. The results and conclusions of the work are based on the use of the author's methodological tools, which were formed within the framework of the general research direction.Results: the article analyzes the current state of the global world in the absence of effective ways out of the deepest crisis that has long gripped almost the entire world and has been multiplied by the COVID-19 pandemic. The study of the fundamental works of foreign scientists has shown that their main thesis is that the future of the world lies in the transition to a new development paradigm (NDP), but to fully understand it, it is necessary to develop a new scientific paradigm (NSP). Based on the use of the author's development of the NSP, it is demonstrated that the future of the world depends on the choice of a development model. The author has proved the necessity and possibility of transition to a new development paradigm based on the synchronous development and implementation of a single development strategy for the global world and each country separately.Conclusions and Relevance: after the COVID-19 pandemic, the world will change only if there is a transition to a new crisis-free paradigm for the development of the human system. The NSP developed by the author can become the tool that allows you to give a complete understanding of the NDP, and see what the world can and should be like after the coronavirus pandemic.

R. Gamzatov is a world-famous poet, whose work during his lifetime enjoyed a huge polarity, not only in Russia, but also far beyond its borders. He was a welcome guest in many foreign countries and republics of the Soviet Union, which he visited and absorbed their poetic, cultural, historical atmosphere. These visits inspired the poet for new creative achievements, enriched and expanded his work. As a result, whole cycles of works about different countries have been developed. One of these, that captivated the poet’s heart, was Bulgaria, to which he dedicated a number of works. R. Gamzatov warmly talks about his impressions of Bulgaria, friendly relations with figures of its literature, culture and society, and poetically recreates its multicolored image. The poet’s main attention is directed to the images of nature, glorifies the national character of the Bulgarians, moral and ethical principles, their commonality with the mentality of the Dagestan people.

For the first time in literary criticism, the author of the article turns her attention to the image of the estate in Tolstoy’s later artistic work, showing the dynamics of the writer’s views on estate life, the image of an ideal estate, which for Tolstoy was always associated with the motives of work, family life, proper attitude towards the people, etc. It is noted that in 1880–1910, the estate theme in Tolstoy’s creative imagination was directly related to the problems of land ownership, proper management and correct and gradual path of the individual and their spiritual growth. The picture of estate life In Leo Tolstoy’s novel “Resurrection” is realized in two contrasting versions: luxurious existence of the upper class and the aristocracy, not supported by any content, and transforming into a new ima- ge of the working life of the intelligentsia and landowners on the land. The author demonstrates the facts of impoverishment of estate life at the turn of the 19th–20th centuries, which are introduced in the artistic world of the novel. It is proved that the idea in the work of inseparable connection of a person with the people around him and with humanity at large, which is the key conception of the novel, is directly related to Tolstoy’s understanding of the change of the forms of estate life, important and dear for the writer himself. Of great importance in the novel is the awareness of the characters of natural life, which is presented in contrast to civilization, which deviates from the basic laws of love and goodness. On the basis of an analytical comparison of the drafts of the novel and the final text, the author substantiates the importance of the estate theme for understanding the fe- elings of the protagonist and his inner life, for organizing the epic artistic world of the novel. The article illustrates the stages of the dialectical movement of Dmitry Nekhlyudov and the connection between the estate and family themes. The author rethinks some episodes of the novel that have received controversial interpretations in science and reveals the artistic links that connect different chapters of the work.

The subject. The article is devoted to the legal analysis of the legitimacy of the activities of public authorities and the process of their legitimation in the Russian Federation, as well as other problems of national democracy. The legal understanding of the concept of "people" as the only source of power and the bearer of sovereignty is considered, a distinction is made between these properties.The purpose of the article is to identify its essential features the category of legitimacy, identify problems related to the reflection of the political will of Russian citizens in the organization and activities of state authorities and local self-government. The purpose of the article is to substantiate also the differences in the characteristics of the people as the only source of power and the bearer of sovereignty, which has a significant impact on the processes of legitimation of public authorities in the Russian Federation.The research methodology consists of general scientific methods (analysis, synthesis, dialectics) and legal methods (formal-logical, comparative-legal, historical-legal, forecasting method).The main results and their area of application. The author considers legitimacy not only as the consent of the people with the normative legal acts adopted by public authorities, but also as universal approval and recognition of their organizational activities, expressed by citizens through the institutions of direct democracy. The legitimacy of public authority is an attribute of a constitutional state with a social orientation. The article notes a few features characteristic of the domestic process of legitimizing public authority. The procedure for the formation of the Federation Council of the Federal Assembly, in which Russian citizens do not participate directly, starting from 1995 to the present. The cancellation and return of direct elections of heads of constituent entities of the Russian Federation, the impossibility of electing the heads of municipalities directly by the population (in many cases). A complicated procedure for the implementation of active and passive electoral rights in the Russian Federation, expressed in the establishment of several formal require ments. Constant changes in electoral legislation before election campaigns are among these characteristics.Conclusions. The results of research are summarized and conclusions are drawn about the current state of legitimacy in the Russian Federation. A few measures are proposed to improve the process of legitimizing public authority. The author proposes to distinguish between the legal characteristics of the people as the bearer of sovereignty, understanding by it all Russian citizens and as the only source of power, which is formed by the voters.

The triad: Orthodoxy, autocracy, people form the basis of the conservative views of F.M.Dostoevsky and A.I. Solzhenitsyn. Based on common worldview constants, thinkers build concepts of a national-conservative persuasion. Their creative heritage is broader than “soil culture”, nevertheless, the ideas of this direction are developing in their journalism. The article presents a comparative analysis of the views of the authors concerning their views on the land, the Russian people and the intelligentsia. An analysis of the texts of Dostoevsky’s “Diary of a Writer”, Solzhenitsyn’s artistic and publicistic miniatures “Krohotki” and his other publicistic works allows us to understand why many of the “soil” issues raised in the 19th century were actualized a century later. The continuity of ideas of authors of different centuries in the context of social and political transformations in society is considered. A significant time period separating Dostoevsky and Solzhenitsyn makes it possible to see not only coincidences and consonances in their work, but also divergences.

In this paper, we will deal with stereotypes that one of the most versatile Serbian artists, Momo Kapor, explains and interprets about his people in the book A Guide to the Serbian Mentality. Since the appearance of the earliest travelogues about the Balkans and its inhabitants, the image that was transmitted further into the world has represented this area as wild and its people as insufficiently civilised. Writing for the review of the national airline in order to interest those who will soon land in Serbia, to better explore the space where they found themselves, Momo Kapor uses previously adopted stereotypes in an interesting way – some deepening and some denying, sometimes establishing new ones. In order to better understand the function of stereotypes in Kapor's painting of Belgrade, we will compare his descriptions of the capital of Serbia with the capital of Bosnia from the Sarajevo trilogy. The subject of our work will be treated with the rules of literary imagology, a science that originated within the framework of comparative literature, and its subject of research is the presentation of the Other in literature.

The article is a review of the textbook in two parts under the title “Russian literature of the 19th century” by the well-known literary scholar Doctor of Philology Yuri Vladimirovich Lebedev. A brief description of the publication, its structure, some of the problems raised by the author, and the basic concept of the textbook continuing the whole line of the author's books published for schoolchildren and students are given. Yu. V. Lebedev emphasizes the uniqueness of the path of Russian literature, a special mission that has always been with our writers — to be spiritual authorities, especially in the most difficult times of our country. In this textbook presents not only the personalities of poets and writers. The author of the textbook also shows the integral literary process of the 19th century closely connected with philosophical thought in Russia and the life of society. In his textbooks Yu. V. Lebedev for the first time in the post-reform period in Russia speaks so vividly and accurately about the reviving and transforming power of Russian classical literature.

The article provides an overview of the ethnographer-to-government reports (n = 106) published in five is-sues of the “Ethnological Expertise: Peoples of the Russian North” series. These documents, which represent valuable sources on the history of the northern populations and the national policy of the Soviet government from the mid-1950s to the early 1990s, contain information on demography and distribution of the indigenous groups, economy of collective farms, material status of collective farmers (earnings, living conditions, subsistence, provi-sion of clothing), characteristics of their culture and life, education, and health care. During the analysed period, the monitoring of ethnic communities was carried out as a planned long-term expertise under a unified program throughout the entire territory of the Soviet North. The requirement for this large-scale and continuous survey served as the motive for the creation of the North Sector in the Moscow division of the Institute of Ethnography of the Academy of Sciences of the USSR, where each specialist was assigned to a particular population (or group of peoples). Preparation of reports for the central and local authorities was a state order and the responsibility of employees of the Institute of Ethnography, who conducted field research in the North and Siberia. The analysis of the documents shows that ethnog-raphers, generally following the ideological and political guidelines of the authorities, tried – in some cases rather deci-sively — to correct the policy of the Soviet state in relation to the peoples of the North. Based on their own expert sur-veys, they criticized the transition of nomads to a settled way of life, the introduction of southern agricultural branches in the North, the lack of ethnographic knowledge among administrators; they discussed and proposed innovations in economy, technology, material culture, etc. The Soviet ethno-expertise encompassed, on the one hand, ethnographic data supporting socialist ideology, on the other – elements of academic evaluation; it served as a kind of transmission between the interests of the Soviet state and the northern peoples.

Aim. To determine the presence or absence of specific IgG antibodies against SARS-CoV-2 antigens in outpatient clinic staff and to compare clinical and immunological features from April to August 2020.Materials and Methods. The control group comprised 386 employees of the Novosibirsk City Clinical Polyclinic №13.The determination of IgG antibodies against SARS-CoV-2 antigens in blood serum was performed by using the ELISA method. A real time method of reverse transcription and polymerase chain reaction was used to extract RNA SARS-CoV-2 from nasopharyngeal and oropharyngeal swabs.Results. Specific IgG antibodies against SARS-CoV-2 antigens were detected in 32 (8.42%) employees of the polyclinic. Antibodies were not detected in 91.58% of employees. 9 members (28.12%) had clinical symptoms of varying degrees of disease severity in the group of employees with the presence of antibodies, 4 members of this group (12,51%) had bilateral community-acquired pneumonia with signs of COVID infection, another 5 members (15.61%) with antibodies had signs of ARVI of mild and moderate severity. RNA SARS-CoV-2 in the group of employees with the presence of antibodies and clinical implications was not detected in any case; 23 (71.88%) members with the presence of IgG-antibodies did not have clinical implications of the disease.Conclusion. The presence of specific antibodies against SARS-CoV-2 in employees with clinical implications of COVID-19 without detection of the RNA virus in the biological material is a retrospective confirmation of the etiology of the transferred infection. The detection of specific antibodies in persons who did not have clinical implications can serve as confirmation of the asymptomatic course of the transferred coronavirus infection.

The author of the article refers to the epic essence of Turgenev’s novel «Virgin soil» and proves that the genre definition of «public novel» in its standard sense does not convey the entire depth of the work. The problem of the «character» of the novel and the accuracy of Turgenev’s characteristics of the populist movement is considered in terms of the organization of the present by Turgenev as an epic time and an illustration of the possibility of combining the general (national) and the personal. The work shows that each of the characters of the novel is measured by an epic, folk measure – the ability to work and proximity to the land.

The article examines a special genre of sermons that were delivered on the solemn days of honouring the august persons on various occasions. The works of this genre, belonging to St. Theophan the Recluse, their central ideas, images, problems, topical in our time. Particular attention is paid to St. Theophan’s understanding of power, its essence, the foundations of Russian sovereignty, the responsibility of the emperor for the fate of people and the future of the country. The article presents the main threats to the Russian monarchical system, describes the perniciousness of Western influence on the entire life of Russian society. The author shows that the saint was opposed to progress detached from God, spoke positively about state reforms designed to improve social life in the country, but warned about the danger of a false understanding of the freedoms given to human.

This article reconstructs the cultural doctrine of the famous publicist of populism (narodnichestvo), I.I. Kablits (Yuzov). To just equate Kablits views with the slogan of yuzovshchina would be a narrow interpretation of his kul'turnichestvo; the slogan is characteristic for extreme right-wing populism during the upsurge of the revolutionary populist movement (narodovol'cheskoe dvizhenie). In 1880, Kablits was the first of the legal populists to pose the question, What is populism? According to the publicist, true narodnichestvo should be based on the principle that the forms of public life of the people must be in conformity with the development level of their consciousness. The author explains Kablits evolution from Bakunism to a peasant-centered narodnichestvo by his interpretation of the reasons for the split between the intelligentsia and the people. Kablits considered them antagonists, and defined the ultimate goal of the narodniki as the liberation of the people from the power of the intellectualbureaucratic minority, the latter supposedly trying to subjugate the life of the masses to its will. The article analyzes the main provisions of Kablits sociocultural concept of social transformations: apolitism, populism, and the initiative of the masses. The article identifies the differences between his program of developing the cultural identity of the people, on the one hand, and other populists' understanding of the tasks of cultural work, on the other. Particular attention is paid to Kablits-Yuzov's attitude towards the problem of educating the masses. Kablits was one of the few Russian populists who opposed the idea that the foundations of the worldview of the people must be changed, arguing that this would eliminate the traditional moral values of the village, including the sense of collectivism. The author assesses how Kablits, the leading publicist of the newspaper Nedelya, contributed to the establishment of a cultural direction in narodnichestvo at the turn of the 1870s and 1880s. According to the author, Kablits played a leading role in shaping the ideology of the right flank of the cultural direction in narodnichestvo. However, the pure populism of Kablits turned out to be too pseudo-scientific, dogmatic and irrational to attract the democratic intelligentsia for a long time; the latter had already become disillusioned with the idea of the people as the creator of new forms of social life.

The author considers the evolution of the concept “people” in the political philosophy of Thomas Hobbes, Samuel Pufendorf and Benedict Spinoza. The political thought of Europe in the 17th century demonstrates a conscious turn from the medieval scholastic tradition of thinking about people and power. Politics begins to be thought of as a complex of human ac­tions aimed at achieving certain human goals. This, in turn, leads to the rationalisation of politics and, as a consequence, to the rejection of one of the most powerful mystical and theo­logical abstractions of the late Middle Ages — the concept “people” as a kind of mystical body. Protestant science makes a clear choice in favour of interpreting the concept as an “arti­ficial person”. The author emphasizes that the introduction of the concept “natural state” led to changes in the ontological status of people in political theory. The concept “people” becomes “a flickering subject” that appears during the transition from a natural state to a civil one and disappears when the transition goes in the opposite direction. In a civil state, people become an active subject when they perform the function of the legislator. In other cases, people as a political subject transform into a certain multitude, consisting of separate individuals.

The article considers the interpretation of the concept “people” by the Constitutional Democratic Party supporters. This concept is of fundamental importance for the analysis of Cadet ideology. The concept “people” was of great political value for the Cadet party. The author correlates this concept with such notions relevant for the Party as society, nation, and nationality. The author examines the relations of “people” with the authorities, the state, the Cadet Party, the Parliament, and humanity. Special attention is paid to the evolution of ca­dets’ understanding of the concept “people” in connection with social processes, the develop­ment of the political crisis and revolutions of 1905—1907 and 1917. The author holds that already at the beginning of the revolutionary period, the Cadets substituted the triad “author­ity — society — people”, which was conservative in origin by the dichotomy “power — peo­ple”, which was democratic in nature. The “people” included the educated public and was opposed to the “authorities”. In its new meaning, “people” was seen as the “third class”, the future civil nation, called to construct a political system based on the idea of popular sover­eignty. In this sense, the Cadet ideology was revolutionary and implied a break from the An­cien régime. The “people” were not considered as some unique whole but rather as an integral part of humanity, developing together with it according to universal laws. The Cadet Party was considered by its supporters as a force representing the interests of the entire “people.” Cadet faction in the State Duma turned it into a popular representation. Although only the Constituent Assembly convened on the basis of universal suffrage can be considered to be a truly democratic representation. Broad democratization during the February Revolution cor­responded to the Cadet concept of people sovereignty. Moreover, the Cadets had no ideological grounds to oppose the further radicalization of the revolution.

The relevance of studying the Russian language as a mother tongue for the formation of national identity, spiritual and moral values, and communication and speech skills in younger schoolchildren is reviewed in the article. The purpose of the article is to identify ways to overcome the problems of a substantive and methodical nature in teaching of the new subject “Native Russian Language” by primary school teachers. Methods. Methods of analyzing the content of the basic course of the Russian language, a generalization of pedagogical practice and research activities of the Primary Education Department of SBEI of SVE “Nizhny Novgorod Institute of the Education Development” on the problem of the formation of communication and speech skills in primary schoolchildren and the development of communicative competence of a teacher, allowed identifying priority tasks, substantive blocks, practice-oriented and regional orientation of the program of the subject. Results. As a result of the study, the feasibility of the national and cultural and regional nature of the content and effective technological methods are highlighted. It is concluded that taking into account the specifics of the program, correctly selected by teachers relevant and appropriate content of educational material that meet the needs of younger schoolchildren, as well as effective teaching methods and tasks, contributes to solving problems, awareness of the national identity of the Russian language, cultural traditions and spiritual values of their people by students, and preserving the linguistic diversity of our country.

The article is devoted to an urgent problem of human health, the philosophical development of which involves the coverage of all spheres of human life, taking into account changes in people’s lives. The purpose of the study is to show the multidimensionality and versatility of the health phenomenon and its ontological foundations. In the process of philosophical search, methods of analysis, synthesis, comparison, extrapolation, generalization were used. Considering the well-known theoretical ideas about the concept of health content, the author turns to the WHO materials and the works of specific researchers, in which health is displayed as an integral phenomenon and as its individual components. The article highlights: 1) the heuristically valuable provisions for the present study on human health as an integral natural-social-spiritual being (I. A. Belyaev); 2) the results of numerous definitions analysis of health concept (P. I. Kalyu); 3) features of health as a system (R. V. Vorobyov). Emphasizing the substantial wealth of health concept, the author claims that it is these circumstances that indicate the presence of phenomenal hematological grounds. The first basis – social – allows you to determine human health through behavioral attitudes, moral values and social guidelines. The second basis is a psychological opportunity to show that a person’s health largely depends on his ability to adapt, socialize and build parity relations with other people, preserving his identity and individuality. The third basis – spiritual development – is the positive effect of changing the state of human health, as a result of which the flexibility of axiological manifestations of human abilities, harmonization of internal meanings and orientations with external behavioral forms is ensured. The considered social, psychological and spiritual foundations of human health do not overlap the entire ontological «field» inherent in it. On the one hand, some ontological foundations of health have been studied quite deeply. On the other hand, there are such ontological foundations of health that require narrowly focused research based on extensive layers of special knowledge. The task of understanding such health reasons as bioethical, evolutionary-population, technical and technological. In the future, as people’s lives are filled with new content, this list of reasons that need priority consideration will certainly expand.

The problem of differential diagnostic of benign and malignant tumors in the early stages is one of the most significant in practical gynecology. Now clear criteria for the diagnosis and screening of ovarian tumors are not developed. Early stages of disease are asymptomatic and even when first symptoms appeared, patients often dont consult a doctor or doctor doesnt recommend surgical treatment preferring dynamic observation. Modern diagnostic of ovarian tumors cant be based on one method of research and requires a whole complex of diagnostic measures which determines the individual plan of treatment in each case. The most modern methods for studying are complex using of biomarkers, including creation mathematical risk models of ovarian tumor malignancy, based on instrumental and laboratory techniques. Despite on the successes in the detection of ovarian tumors, it is needed to study new modern methods of early preoperative diagnostic in different age periods, and especially those women who planes realize reproductive function.

The article attempts to comprehensively analyze the scenes of “the revolt in Bogucharovo,” the only episode in War and Peace devoted to the theme of civil unrest. The study of the historical sources used by Tolstoy allows us to conclude that the literary representation of a failed rebellion was deeply rooted in the realities of 1812. The article reveals a correlation in the national consciousness of the epoch between the figures of Emelyan Pugachev and Napoleon Bonaparte as different embodiments of a single life model, which proclaimed the will of a sinful man as the only driving force of existence. The article also brings to light the originality of Tolstoy’s ideological position, which was based on the principle “There are no guilty people in the world.” The author examines the scenes of “the revolt in Bogucharovo” from the standpoint of the conflict of natural life and civilization, which is present throughout the novel. The poetics of the episode, that is the poetics of spontaneous emotion and action, is derived from the religious and philosophical views of the writer. The scenes of “the revolt in Bogucharovo” in the novel realistically present episodes of Russian history and artistically “darken” the natural course of life. Artistic realism and religiousphilosophical utopianism in Tolstoy’s novel interact in a paradoxical yet productive manner.

INTRODUCTION. This article discusses that part of the classical Eurasian concept, which is devoted to ethno-national relations prevailing in Northern Eurasia, the characteristics of the factors and traditions that determined the formation of the Russian superethnos. The content of the categories “Eurasian nationalism” is revealed, which, according to the classics of the doctrine, should become the core idea of the formation of the Russian multi-national nation. Considerable attention in the article is paid to the analysis of the correlation and interconnection of the categories “people” and “nation”, the characteristics of their specific features.MATERIALS AND METHODS. The article is based on a study of the concepts of Eurasianism presented in domestic and foreign science and the provisions of the Federal Target Program approved by the Government of the Russian Federation “Strengthening the Unity of the Russian Nation and Ethnocultural Development of the Peoples of Russia (2014 – 2020)” are considered.RESEARCH RESULTS. In the article the thesis is substantiated that the modern theoretical substantiation of the tendency for the formation of the “Russian nation” is associated with the desire to strengthen the national substrate of Russia as a single federal state and to avoid the sad experience of the split of the USSR. The author analyzes various approaches to realizing the task of forming a multi-national nation on the basis of the Russian people and shows his own position with respect to the idea of adopting a special Law on the Russian nation.DISCUSSION AND CONCLUSIONS. The article critically evaluates the position that rigidly links the formation of a nation with the creation of its own sovereign national state which in most cases is not applicable to multinational states.

The article shows the biopolitical essence of human rights in the national state, which sovereignty based on a birth as a biological fact (natio) establishes the identity between birth and nationality. The mechanism by which national sovereignty inscribes biological existence («inalienable» human rights) into the political space (citizen's rights) eliminating the gap between biological existence and political existence is shown. Human being is understood as the core of the citizen, and human rights – as the conditions for inclusion into political community. Within the framework of the notion of national sovereignty, rights are conferred on a person only to the extent that s/he is seen an immediately disappearing prerequisite of the citizen. If a nation is interpreted as a natural-organic «closed society», to which a person belongs by right of birth, and in which political equality is replaced by natural equality, then the state is understood as an «open society» that governs the territory through the establishment and maintenance of law and order. The merger of the state as a political institution, and the institution of law and order with the nation as a biological substance leads to a confusion of citizen’s rights with rights of «compatriots upon birth»; thus, there are national rights. Such identification of nation and state is the meaning of the national state as a biopolitical entity when the state becomes an instrument of the nation. Through identification with the state, the nation demands expansion as its national right; it demands an increase in the power and prosperity of the state in the name of the well-being of the nation, which often almost automatically leads to imperialism. The article examines the figure of the refugee or the stateless individual, which destroys the biological and political identity making visible the fictitious national sovereignty, and bringing to light the powerless «bare life» (homo sacer) without covering its mask of a citizen. In this regard, the author substantiates the problem of ensuring human rights in the modern world, which has lost their own citizenship de facto or de jure.

Background. Russian shrines (the value-semantic foundations of the existence of the Russian criminal process) determine the meaning of domestic criminal proceedings. Unfortunately, the criminal procedure doctrine embodied in the Code of Criminal Procedure has adopted ideologies of liberalism that are alien to our people. In practical terms, the perception of these liberal ideologies leads to the curtailment of the meaning (nonsense) of criminal procedural activity (criminal prosecution). This largely actualized the problem of the study. The purpose of the research is to substantiate a number of provisions according to which criminal procedure activity (criminal prosecution) should be based on the value and semantic foundations of the existence of the Russian people in the form of the spiritual pillars of the Orthodox faith, cultural and historical heritage and the system of traditional spiritual and moral values. Materials and methods. The implementation of the research tasks was achieved on the basis of understanding the value-semantic existence of domestic criminal justice, the systemic influence of spiritual pillars, cultural and historical heritage and the system of traditional spiritual and moral values on the quality of criminal procedural activity (criminal prosecution). The methodological potential includes the following research methods: spiritual and cultural-historical approaches, system-activity approach and functional analysis. Russian criminal procedure symbols and the nonsense of criminal procedure activity (criminal prosecution) are understood in the article, it is established: Russian shrines (the value-semantic foundations of the Russian criminal process) determine the meaning of domestic criminal justice, and the ideologems of liberalism – the nonsense of criminal procedure activity (criminal prosecution). Conclusions. Based on the study, it was concluded: firstly, at the level of the whole, the Russian people in the criminal procedural sphere has a specific goal  criminal procedural activities should be carried out by individuals; secondly, the reproduction of nonsense in the implementation of criminal prosecution will continue until the ideological basis of Russian legislation is changed, and the ideologemes of liberalism are curtailed under the influence of the spiritual pillars of the Orthodox faith, cultural and historical heritage and the system of traditional spiritual and moral values of the Russian the people; thirdly, the spiritual bonds of the Russian people should form the value, semantic and ideological basis of the effectiveness of the ideological filter, capable of filtering out foreign and foreign concepts of criminal justice that are hostile to the Russian community.

The article is devoted to the topical problem of political and cultural transformations in the interaction between political power and its only source in democratic discourse, the people. This eternal problem of political science and policy is considered in chronological order in the global context and in today’s Ukraine. In traditional societies, there was a remote and alienated coexistence of state institutions and the masses. The exception was the democratic republics of ancient polises. The modern era generates a contractual theory of the origin of the state, which considers the institutions of power as the result of a social agreement between the sovereign people and the governors. In the modern era in the middle of the twentieth century, the concept of the welfare state was formed. In the postmodern era, unstable life forces citizens to behave in relation to state power, depending on the actualization of a particular guise of their own existence. Citizens are losing a clear, unambiguous idea of state power, its functions, place and role in society.

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The article includes multivariate approaches to the interpretation of definitions identification and identity. Differentiation these concepts based on the conclusion that identity is understood as a certain state of the end result of self-identification. And by identification is meant the process that leads to identity as a state and is an identification of oneself with another person. Also we clarified the definition of political identification as a process of becoming an individual’s perception of himself and his place in the world. The study characterized the significance of the manifestation of a two-stage identity and antinomy structure in the process of political identification of society. In addition, the research assessed the impact of the political regime on identification capabilities. For example, in a democracy identification is translational, in an authoritarianism identification can be restricted by the state or imposed by leadership and influence groups. Under totalitarianism the state empowers itself to exercise a decisive collective choice in matters of political identification of the population without receiving their official consent and disregarding their preference. Moreover, the investigation considered in detail the process of forming a Soviet society based on the creation of a new historical community of the «Soviet people» as a supranational construct. The advantage of research is in detection of number of measures which used by the Soviet authorities concerning identify the «Soviet people» for the consolidation and unification of the population of the country (creation of a new format of Soviet schools and public movements characterized by ideological indoctrination and fostering devotion to the Soviet state, the restoration of symbiosis in a heterogeneous society through the territorial distribution of young professionals and men for military service, the formation of centers of interethnic contacts, relaying of unifying discourse through the media, creating «single national farms»). In the context of the study of the causes of the collapse of the USSR, we found that ignoring differences and forced identification, which was imposed by the ideological top of the USSR, only delayed the confrontation process both within society and with the political leadership of the country. Also, we have characterized causal relationship between compulsory identification and the collapse of the USSR. To sum up we can say that universalism in the approach to the formation of new supranational constructs without taking into account the universal system-forming factors of the nation has shown its non-viability in the long-term development of society and the state. As a result the historical community artificially created, which was based on forced collectivization and on proclaimed «cult of the people», and later on propagation didn`t become a viable social formation, which gave rise to a further crisis of identification, which provoked the growth of national-democratic tendencies.

The article deals with life and literary heritage of the prominent figure of the Crimean Tatar literature of the pre-war period, Memet Nuzhet. Particular attention is paid to his personal qualities, the depths of his philosophical thinking, his memories. The author’s methods and ways of psychological influence on the subconscious of readers are revealed. The future man of letters was born in 1888 in the village of Haydargazi in the vicinity of the Crimean city of Kezlev (Evpatoria). His first poems were published in 1912 in “Terdzhiman” (“ Translator”) newspaper edited by Ismail Gasprinski. It is generally accepted that the most fruitful period of his creative activity dates back to the 1920 s. His works, published during the very short period of national independence of the Crimean Tatars People’s Republic and under the Soviet regime in such journals and magazines as “Millet” (“Nation”), “Yeni Dunia” (“New World”), “İleri” (“Move on”, “Kozaydin” (“Glad tidings”), were signed with pseudonyms of Tuyrevich and Chelebizade Haydargazi. In 1928–1930s, by the order of the Central Committee about New Crimean Alphabet, he translated the works of renowned Russian writers into Crimean Tatar language and published them in separate books. In the last years of his life he worked as a teacher in a rural school. Then, because of his class position, the writer was persecuted by the communist authorities. Being in a state of constant stress, he fell seriously ill, got to the hospital, where died on May 4, 1934.

The role of Corporate Social Responsibility (CSR) has become increasingly important in the current era of globalization. This was triggered by the ecosystem of company activities to create business operational sustainability amid the local community environment. The implementation of CSR must emphasize economic, social and environmental aspects based on three basic principles which include profit, people and the planet (triple bottom line). This study aims to determine the extent to which the benefits of CSR carried out by PT. Tirta Investama. This research shows whether the company does not only focus on the interests to gain profit, but also focuses on the interests of the company's external environment. The research method used is a descriptive qualitative approach through deep interview to informants related to the research question in this study. The results of the study show that PT. Tirta Investama cannot ignore the role of the company's external environment, such as social, economic and environmental conditions of the local community. Concern for the community will have a big impact on increasing company profits and will create a sustainable competitive advantage. The conclusion in this study can be stated that PT. Tirta Investama has carried out CSR activities based on the triple bottom line, but the benefits received by the community have not been maximized and have not contributed significantly to improvements in the social, economic and environmental aspects of the local community.

The concept of holiday is deeply rooted in European cultures. The importance of a holiday for ordinary people consisted in breaking up the monotonous row of workdays filled with toil and care and having a good reason for change, rest and fun. All peoples traditionally kept count of the time by using local holidays as milestones. The most ancient of them were closely connected with nature and agriculture. Peasants always celebrated coming of spring, haymaking, harvesting as main events in their rural life. Later, due to growing influence of church on everyday life there appeared more austere and emotionally charged religious holidays. Quite often they were accompanied by exaltation of the crowd expecting miracles or some sacral events. Celebration in peoples' mentality was associated with some action, performance or heartwarming spectacle. Various types of performance, starting from folk theatrical and circus events in medieval market places to present day mass high tech attractions are the inherent elements of festive atmosphere. They carry out the primary function of consolidating all viewers and participants in a single emotional impulse. The great significance of this social phenomenon has always been recognized by the rulersand skillfully used for strengthening their power.

A strategic approach to the management of investment policy is explored to form a digital economy in the system: society, people, knowledge, nature. The conceptual approach to the formation of public administration subsystems of the strategic priorities of investing the digital economy on the basis of public-private partnership is defined. The institutional and legal mechanisms for the formation of digital investment subsystems and the requirements for the substantiation of mechanisms for regulating the digital economy are considered. The benchmarks for managing investment policies for the development of the digital economy are developed. The feasibility of creating a national system of strategic state management of the digital economy is recommended.