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Copyright of Socioloski Pregled is the property of Srpsko Sociolosko Drustvo and its content may not be copied or emailed to multiple sites or posted to a listserv without the copyright holder's express written permission. However, users may print, download, or email articles for individual use. This abstract may be abridged. No warranty is given about the accuracy of the copy. Users should refer to the original published version of the material for the full abstract. (Copyright applies to all Abstracts.)

Copyright of Slavica Wratislaviensia is the property of Wroclaw University Press and its content may not be copied or emailed to multiple sites or posted to a listserv without the copyright holder's express written permission. However, users may print, download, or email articles for individual use. This abstract may be abridged. No warranty is given about the accuracy of the copy. Users should refer to the original published version of the material for the full abstract. (Copyright applies to all Abstracts.)

Times of crisis provide the opportunity to question the behaviour of socioeconomic agents and specific phenomena around economic growth’s resilience. Hence, this paper relies on econometrics to analyse the data compiled from secondary sources mainly available within the World Development Indicators to comparatively examine foreign investors’ behavioural shifts in Eastern Europe and Africa during significant crises that the world faced during the last two decades. The aim is to identify, through their impacts, the above behavioural shifts and thereby assist policymakers in advancing policies strengthening and nurturing foreign direct investments’ “FDI” resilience and maintenance during and post-crises. It was uncovered that foreign investors appear to reduce their exposure during crises in Eastern Europe and Africa. The decrease in inflows seems to be higher in Eastern Europe than in Africa. However, the change in net FDI effects on infrastructure, trade openness, and economic growth is more significant in African economies. It is therefore believed that, to nurture FDIresilience or maintenance post-crisis, lawmakers should infer policies supporting the reduction of FDI outflows, the development of infrastructure, the improvement of trade openness, and ultimately advancing a sustainable FDI agenda. Through an empirical analysis of the effects that crisis periods have on FDI in Eastern Europe and Africa, the paper gives suggestions regarding policies that encourage fostering FDI resilience and maintenance in these regions. However, while future research may build on the above, there is a need to particularly investigate how sustainable instruments may support FDI resilience during crises.

Copyright of Socioloski Pregled is the property of Srpsko Sociolosko Drustvo and its content may not be copied or emailed to multiple sites or posted to a listserv without the copyright holder's express written permission. However, users may print, download, or email articles for individual use. This abstract may be abridged. No warranty is given about the accuracy of the copy. Users should refer to the original published version of the material for the full abstract. (Copyright applies to all Abstracts.)

Copyright of Knowledge: International Journal is the property of Institute for Knowledge Management and its content may not be copied or emailed to multiple sites or posted to a listserv without the copyright holder's express written permission. However, users may print, download, or email articles for individual use. This abstract may be abridged. No warranty is given about the accuracy of the copy. Users should refer to the original published version of the material for the full abstract. (Copyright applies to all Abstracts.)

Company crisis could be defined as a process in a period of time that unexpectedly threatesn the realization of the mission and goals of the company. As such, it has been present for several years both in highly developed countries of the world and in our country. The causes of the crisis can be numerous, and the current crisis in our business is in many ways specific, and requires a large extent and greater involvement of management structures in the detection and elimination of consequences caused by the crisis. In this regard, the management structure must focus attention to high-quality accounting - information support, which results from adequately established concept of managing accounting. Appropriate, timely and relevant information on economic performance are necessary for its success, which at the same time assume the role of control and/or dispositive crisis management instruments in the company. The information derived from managing accounting as a quality base for decision making should enable recognition of symptoms and causes of the crisis, as well as crisis prevention and assessment. The paper recalls the specific and most common causes of the crisis in the company, as one of the important issues, especially in the global economic crisis. In addition, the paper will point out the importance of setting realistic goals and possibilities to prevent the crisis. Finally, we highlight the importance of cost accounting in order to overcome the effects of the crisis. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Copyright of TEME: Casopis za Društvene Nauke is the property of TEME: Casopis za Drustvene Nauke and its content may not be copied or emailed to multiple sites or posted to a listserv without the copyright holder's express written permission. However, users may print, download, or email articles for individual use. This abstract may be abridged. No warranty is given about the accuracy of the copy. Users should refer to the original published version of the material for the full abstract. (Copyright applies to all Abstracts.)

Organizations have responded to the pandemic caused by the SARS-CoV-2 with a very wide range of management functions and capabilities: risk management, crisis management, emergency management, business continuity management and disaster management. Common to all of them is decision-making in situations of high uncertainty based on the assessed risk. Given available data from the World Health Organization that six months after pandemic had been declared, the number of patients and deaths is constantly increasing, the question arises whether the lack of key information on risk in conditions of high uncertainty caused by coronavirus, in parallel with the complexity of modern (natural, social, technical) systems and their interactions, has issued the application of the traditional concept of risk management based on historical data, statistics, and cost-benefit analysis. Based on the assumption that in conditions of uncertainty and non-routine environment, risk-based decision making process in complex systems suffers from numerous shortcomings, we will review the practical and methodological limitations of this concept through key stages of the risk assessment process. At the same time, the aim of this paper is to point out the advantages of applying the concept of organizational resilience in managing complex systems, starting from the fact that immune systems and resilient organizations are the most effective response strategy to non-routine risks (low frequency events and catastrophic consequences). The basic changes we propose in the process of managing the non-routine risks of infectious diseases that led to the crisis caused by the SARS-CoV-2 pandemic are based on the conclusion that the anticipatory strategy aimed at predicting events needs to be “expanded“ with a system resilience strategy. This does not diminish the importance of a risk-based decision-making approach in conditions of uncertainty. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Retrospection and transformation of the phenomena of criticism and crisis in social theory in recent decades have led to the weakening and even “illegitimate” renunciation of the said doublet. The paper presents an analysis of the renewal of discourse on criticism/crisis and its effects with special consideration of the possibilities of structural criticism. We included several authors of recent analyses as well as the viewpoints that have led to reconsideration of historical and analytical dynamics of two categories, structure and conjuncture, as a form of analysis of current structural processes in terms of structural analysis and criticism. The paper comprises three parts. The first part is a reflection on the reason criticism and crisis have been subjected to different processes of derogation despite their original connection. In the second part, we show the effects of different ways that crisis has manifested itself in capitalism and explain its dispersive and “non-punctual” modalities. The third part raises the question of chances of reuniting the crisis and “immanent criticism” based on structural criticism, and we further articulate its connections with immanent criticism. Structural criticism is viewed as a connection between immanent criticism and transcendent orientation that is focused on the reconnection between crisis and criticism, the elements related to capitalism.

In this paper the subject of study is the characteristics of textile industry businesses in crisis conditions caused by the COVID-19 pandemic. The paper is based on the fact that economic entities in their operations often encounter disturbances caused by the action of a large number of factors that lead to a crisis in their operations and which imply the implementation of appropriate activities in order to overcome these disturbances. The textile industry is an economic branch that is sensitive to crisis disturbances and was particularly affected by the COVID-19 pandemic. The paper is structured so that it consists of three parts. In the first part of the paper, it studies the impact of the crisis on the operations of textile companies, with a special focus on the impact of the COVID-19 pandemic, as well as on the necessity of applying the concepts of circularity and sustainability. In the second part of the paper, the impact of the pandemic on the EU textile industry is analyzed, both from the point of view of the characteristics of that impact, and from the point of view of the measures and future strategic directions of the development of this sector. In the final part of the paper, the study focuses on the business characteristics of the domestic textile sector, while analyzing its indicators in crisis conditions and in the period from the onset of the pandemic until today. It is concluded that the application of the concept of a circular and sustainable economy represents the only long-term solution for the exit of this sector from the crisis, as well as a condition for its further development.

This paper analyses the business operation of trade companies in the Republic of Serbia during the Covid-19 pandemic and the impact of the crisis caused by this virus on the work of these companies. Namely, this crisis has caused serious problems in a short period in most sectors and altered the way they do business. It can be said that to a certain extent it caused damage to trade companies, with the effect of the pandemic differing by trade segments. For example, trade companies selling food products even achieved positive results in 2020, when compared to 2019. Accordingly, this paper aims to perceive the manner of business operation and achieved economic results of trade companies that operate in the territory of the Republic of Serbia during the period of existence of the Covid-19 virus.

Copyright of TEME: Casopis za Društvene Nauke is the property of TEME: Casopis za Drustvene Nauke and its content may not be copied or emailed to multiple sites or posted to a listserv without the copyright holder's express written permission. However, users may print, download, or email articles for individual use. This abstract may be abridged. No warranty is given about the accuracy of the copy. Users should refer to the original published version of the material for the full abstract. (Copyright applies to all Abstracts.)

The extent to which the COVID pandemic has been shaped by communication is enigmatic as the very term “viral” has become a term of information science as much as of biology. Insofar as sizable populations have become cynical about information regarding COVID, their behavior has accelerated the threat of the virus. This paper proposes that this pandemic is fundamentally a crisis of communication emerging from antagonisms and inconsistencies latent within a general concept of “freedom”. The notion of freedom that has emerged with neoliberalism is one of a lack of regulation. Such a naive idea of freedom becomes particularly problematic when compounded with the classical liberal value of freedom of speech. This paper addresses the impossibility of unlimited speech, particularly on the internet, focusing on the desire such impossibility stimulates. This desire is an economic fuel for social media platforms. Insofar as artists share their practices via social media and generally use these platforms for networking, their practices inherit contradictions that artists must become conscious of to prevent a web-based practice from becoming emotionally exploitive and economically complicit. This crisis amplifies those contradictions that drive the artist to the point of despair.

This paper deals with the many-faced crisis in the Orthodox Church in Serbia, visible in almost all aspects of its contemporary existence. Among the examples are those that point to the existence of the crisis of criteria, the crisis of consistency, the crisis of the sacred, the crisis of indiscriminate interpretation of history and its heritage, the crisis of "feeling for others", and the crisis of the sense of "the spirit of the times" and "the spirit of place". The paper also features the possible reasons why the professional community, primarily in the field of sociology, psychology, and (art) history, did not adequately deal with the aforementioned issues, with the view that this endeavour requires deep elaboration, as well as courage and objectivity, including the willingness to interpret all sides of history, ancient and modern, regardless of whether it is (predominantly) "light" or "dark". [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

This paper discusses how the war crisis affected the culture, especially on film as a specific cultural product and one of the most important segments of popular culture in general. In this regard, the paper considers the ways in which the war crisis shaped the film image of the war in Croatia during the 1990s. Special attention will be given to the cinematic image of the enemy, the hero, and the martyr. In addition to that, the paper discusses how the selected films represented the character of the war as well as who was marked as being responsible for the war. All these segments are considered through the prism of a wartime crisis. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

The first part of the paper discusses the observation that the entire contemporary culture and society are deeply incorporated into the logic of capitalist accumulation. We argue that the current socio-economic crisis is used as a pretext for further subordination of all spheres of social life, including culture, to the market forces and the logic of profitability. The second part examines the ideological context and conditions that lead to the process of commodification of culture in the most highly developed European countries. The economic interests of the dominant class, technocratization, and the processes of social specialization, tend to reduce culture to the popularization of hegemonic trends and to limit the protective role of the state, which would disrupt the mechanisms of the free market. This theoretical background and experience of developed European countries is used as an interpretative framework for the analysis of the main trends in Serbia, which are presented in the third part of the paper. Similarly to the situation observed in other parts of Europe, the exposure of culture in Serbia to the market forces leads to continual reductions in the state expenditure for culture, to privatization and commodification in almost all areas of cultural life, and to greater flexibility and precariousness of the employment status of cultural workers. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

This paper analyses the ways in which a phenomenon becomes defined and positioned as a crisis within a social context. In terms of identified and publicly articulated causes of crisis, the proposed analytical framework defines three distinctive positions the phenomenon characterised as a crisis occupies: situational, corrective, and critical positions. In this context, the paper also overviews the relationship between politics, as a mechanism of public or collective interest, and technocracy, as a mechanism for guiding an area of social life, as well as the role of ignorance and the unknown in the construction of knowledge and the positioning of crisis. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Copyright of Bankarstvo Magazine is the property of Association of Serbian Banks and its content may not be copied or emailed to multiple sites or posted to a listserv without the copyright holder's express written permission. However, users may print, download, or email articles for individual use. This abstract may be abridged. No warranty is given about the accuracy of the copy. Users should refer to the original published version of the material for the full abstract. (Copyright applies to all Abstracts.)

The paper points out the maintenance of economic activity and stability of production even in the difficult conditions of the global crisis as a consequence of the pandemic. Especially in the conditions of a long-lasting crisis, caused by a pandemic of the virus, the business or social responsibility of companies in the agro-industrial sector of the economy is observed. The aim of this paper is that, in the conditions of business crisis, social responsibility represents the optimal attendance of companies from the observed activity, and thus to contribute to the sustainability of economic development. The main goal of the paper is that, even in the conditions of the great business crisis - caused by covid 19 virus, in all economic branches and especially food producers, the socially responsible behavior of companies in the agricultural complex does not disappear. The subject of the research is the business of the company "Agroprogres" i.e. the way and model of applying the concept of social responsibility in the conditions of a great and general business crisis and the adaptability of the company from the agro complex to new circumstances. Pursuant to the subject of the research the target group of employees was selected and a survey was conducted from the aspect of the level of social responsibility of the company. Analyzing the business of a particular company, many scientific methods were used to prove the basic hypothesis: the crisis caused by the pandemic did not reduce social responsibility during its duration, i.e. business in difficult conditions.

Numerous branches of industry, involving the textile and clothing sector, are subjected to various negative trends of the COVID-19 pandemic period and other crises. Crisis management in a systematic manner within a company represents one of the possible replies aiming at reducing the adverse effects of these events. The analysis of companies' experiences in encountering such an unwanted event shows that good communication facilitates crisis management. The main goal of this paper is to consider the role of public relations in the crisis management. The first part of this paper considers different forms of crisis that every production company has to take into account. The middle part of the paper focuses on the crisis management process, and, also, analyzes possible communication strategies. In the final part of the paper, attention is paid to the recent experiences in terms of crisis communication management in well-known companies.

This paper aims to show the extent to which travel agencies in Serbia are ready to operate in crises, such as the current one caused by the Covid 19 virus pandemic, and what consequences such a pandemic can have on the entire tourism industry of a country. To achieve these goals, data from various researches conducted during 2020 on the impact of the Covid 19 pandemic on the world tourism industry were used, as well as relevant statistical data from international organizations and state institutions of the Republic of Serbia. The paper concluded that travel agencies are highly dependent on state aid, but these resources are also limited. All solutions proposed by the Government of the Republic of Serbia are time-limited until the end of 2021 when there is hope that the virus will weaken, in which the planned vaccination of the population should play a major role. For travel agencies to be able to overcome situations such as the virus pandemic in the future, they need to work on new programs and adapt to new target groups and markets. New sales channels need to be opened, in case of some new crises, so that the agencies are ready and able to survive under the given circumstances.

Copyright of Marketing (0354-3471) is the property of SEMA - Srpsko udruzenje za Marketing i Ekonomski fakultet Beograd and its content may not be copied or emailed to multiple sites or posted to a listserv without the copyright holder's express written permission. However, users may print, download, or email articles for individual use. This abstract may be abridged. No warranty is given about the accuracy of the copy. Users should refer to the original published version of the material for the full abstract. (Copyright applies to all Abstracts.)

Copyright of Economic Outlook / Ekonomski Pogledi is the property of Ekonomski pogledi and its content may not be copied or emailed to multiple sites or posted to a listserv without the copyright holder's express written permission. However, users may print, download, or email articles for individual use. This abstract may be abridged. No warranty is given about the accuracy of the copy. Users should refer to the original published version of the material for the full abstract. (Copyright applies to all Abstracts.)

This paper presents an analysis of new, media active, audience during crises in Bosnia and Herzegovina in 2013 and 2014. During the general protests in February 2014 and protests in July 2013 in Sarajevo, a significant information factor was citizen journalism. It used the new-media platforms, the availability of wireless internet and an exponential growth in the number of smartphones and contributed to a clearer and more complete picture of what actually happened during the periods of social unrest. This paper comprises a survey of 500 respondents from all BiH cities and gives answers to questions like: what were the primary sources of information of BiH citizens during crisis, how much did citizens (as communicators) contributed with their media engagement (through citizen journalism), and how much and which role alternative communications (blog, social media, comments on portals etc.) actually had in relation to the mainstream - professional sources of information. Also, the work brings opinions from nine prominent media theorists (communication experts) and pragmatists (citizen-journalists, free-lance journalists and owner of one community radio) given in indepth interview and also gives an analysis of citizen journalism in relation to the professional media.

Today, it is clear that environmental accidents and processes represent, not only potential but also real causes of crises on which states must be aware of The formation of the ecological crisis is growing exponentially, along with their consequences. The problem with the environmental crisis is lies not in the fact that they exist, but how we treat them. Exploring the causes of the crisis requires an interdisciplinary approach. At the micro level, this approach focuses on the role of individuals. At the middle level of research, focus is on organizational factors and processes that may play important role in causing the crisis. Macro level of approach lists possible causes that seem to make the crisis more or less inevitable and unavoidable features of the modern world. The crisis is also characterized by negative effects (perturbations, deregulation, conflict, confused action, intense stress, which leads to reckless actions) and positive effects (mobilization, solidarity, cooperation, improved adaptation to the environment, experiential learning). Furthermore, ecological crisis represents an emergency situation whose beginning and duration are not predetermined. Anti-crisis measures have failed mainly because of the numerous factors influencing on one hand, on a complexity of the crisis and, on the other hand, because of its continuously changing factors throughout the duration of the crisis. Managing ecological crisis occurs, therefore, as a permanently professional inventive and complicated process which aims to prevent the escalation of the crisis, as well as the elimination of the expected and actual negative consequences of the crisis. Mismanagement of such crisis drains system resources, interferes with its function and organization, impacts on the financial opportunities while achieving positive goals. Extreme mismanagement can lead to the entropy of the system itself. The purpose of this paper is to elaborate basic facts of managing crises process due to environmental accidents in order to either prevent or reduce the consequences they carry with them. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

In a world that is constantly changing, there are many challenges that lead to less security and predictability. The new world order is changing before. Ranking based on the dominance of the United States has the support of developed countries. A different approach to the vision of the world are Brazil, Russia, India and China are starting to develop their own values by not accepting the West, which indicates the ability to change the world order. The essential question is: how to find sustainable solutions to the conflict respect the world of capital, labor and politics? In a broader sense, this paper attempts to present recent problems in the world and how to address them in the context of the new order, because the modern world order is difficult to work today. Trying to hope for answers to questions of what influence the creation of a new order, and how many opportunities in the world favor the less developed countries on their path of development and progress, are the subject of this paper.

This paper briefly outlines the problem of the crisis of true dialogue and communication in the era of globalization, which is conditioned by lightning-fast technical-technological progress, and thus the dromological experience of reality. In the shortest terms, it indicates the neuralgic points and causes of the crisis itself and indicates its possible development in the near future. The interpretation of the term of communication by Karl Jaspers was taken as the theoretical basis of the work.

The appearance of the pandemic in the form of the new disease COVID-19 greatly influenced global trends and caused a wider economic recession. Due to unusual factors that generated the crisis, it is specific and different from all previous ones. As the crisis continues, estimates of future economic trends vary depending on the health situation in individual countries, as well as the measures applied by state authorities to mitigate it. Due to the topicality of the crisis and its extraordinary impact on global trends, this paper attempts to examine the effects of the pandemic on the economy of the European Union, as well as to answer the question of the scope of economic policy measures in overcoming recessionary effects.

This paper analyzes the rise of secessionism in the EU member states in light of constitutional and political transformations of the EU and its member states in the course of the European integration process. The main argument is that the rise of secessionism should be seen as an unintended consequence of the EU federalization process under the mask of market integration and in the absence of a constitutional answer to the question of finalité politique. However, the author demonstrates that present-day secessionist demands by the Catalans, Scots, Flemish, or Venetians hardly have anything in common with the original historical and philosophical meaning of the "self-determination" concept. As a direct consequence of the European integration process, necessary prerequisites for the actualization of the popular sovereignty have disappeared on both the national and the European level. Therefore, the idea that internal secession of the EU would enable citizens of newly established states to autonomously shape their collective destiny is no longer grounded in socio-political reality. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

As M. Marković claims „there is dark over each of our histories, as well as over the cultural one“, the aim of this paper is: a) to show unexplored or forgotten facts related to the history of our plays, to prove that the history of plays in Bosnia and Herzegovina can be observed from the Medieval times; b) to position and analyze Bosnian and Herzegovinian plays in a social, cultural and artistic context. Overviews of repertoires of professional theatrical institutions and audience habits, especially in the post-World War II period, can help in the understanding of the specific contemporary position of domestic plays on theatre stages in Bosnia and Herzegovina.

In this paper the role and importance basic problems of the crisis answer system of the flood economic damage decrease are considered. The phases of that system and estimate procedure of flood risk are defined, by using scientific methods analysis, synthesis and description. The basic aspects of the economic damage posible decrease are analysed, by using the case study example. The main importace of the flood prevention is emphasized, as a proposal for the crisis management practice. The investment importance of the flood prevention, as the economic justifiable, is emphasized, instead of answer crisis and economic demage restoration investment. The main specifications of the new approaches in the filed of of the floods defence are showed.

In the first part of this paper, it is established that sociology did not react adequately to the global economic crisis. In the second part, views of critically oriented economists on the causes of the crisis are presented. They are used as an introduction to the analysis presented in the third part, which specifies economic, political, technological and cultural conditions that were suitable for transnational capitalist class efforts to adapt the global economic system exclusively to their own interests. Current economic crisis is nothing but an expression of social imbalance that must be overcome if further escalation of the crisis is to be avoided. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Crises caused by human or system errors vary in intensity and duration, and may cause adverse changes in the functioning of an organization. The prevention as well as a good response to incidents and fast reaction to the crisis when it escalates are essential. Therefore, all decisions during the crisis must be precise and concise, and the reaction of the information and communication systems as well as that of personnel must be adequate. The agent technology described in this paper is used to model the education agent for establishing, maintaining and upgrading IT systems, as well as for the staff training. The education agent consists of an indicator of changes in the environment (status indication agent) and a management system (management agent) for the reaction to crises. Through an illustrative example of the VORG organization, the functions of these agents are described. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Organizations have responded to the pandemic caused by the SARS-CoV-2 with a very wide range of management functions and capabilities: risk management, crisis management, emergency management, business continuity management and disaster management. Common to all of them is decision-making in situations of high uncertainty based on the assessed risk. Given available data from the World Health Organization that six months after pandemic had been declared, the number of patients and deaths is constantly increasing, the question arises whether the lack of key information on risk in conditions of high uncertainty caused by coronavirus, in paralel with the complexity of modern (natural, social, technical) systems and their interactions, has issued the application of the traditional concept of risk management based on historical data, statistics, and cost-benefit analysis. Based on the assumption that in conditions of uncertainty and non-routine environment, risk-based decision making process in complex systems suffers from numerous shortcomings, we will review the practical and methodological limitations of this concept through key stages of the risk assessment process. At the same time, the aim of this paper is to point out the advantages of applying the concept of organizational resilience in managing complex systems, starting from the fact that immune systems and resilient organizations are the most effective response strategy to non-routine risks (low frequency events and catastrophic consequences). The basic changes we propose in the process of managing the non-routine risks of infectious diseases that led to the crisis caused by the SARS-CoV-2 pandemic are based on the conclusion that the anticipatory strategy aimed at predicting events needs to be "expanded" with a system resilience strategy. This does not diminish the importance of a risk-based decision-making approach in conditions of uncertainty.

In the years when the Seljuks practically ruled the Muslim caliphate and built their institutions unobstructedly even in Baghdad, one of the greatest representatives of Islamic thought, Muhammad Ghazali, emerged. Known among historians of science for his encyclopaedic knowledge, Ghazali often addressed social topics and issues in his works. The great Seljuk vizier Nizam al-Mulk had great confidence in him, both because of his unquestionable scientific and intellectual readiness, and because of the similar ideological views they both championed. Specifically, they both followed the Shafi'i law school, while in theological terms they strongly advocated Asharite views. This was true, however, in the early period of Ghazali's life, which is why Nizam offered him to be the rector of the Nizamiyyah University he had recently built in Baghdad. This conceptual resemblance suited Nizam perfectly, because, when founding the university, his idea was to affirm the Shafi'i and Asharite conceptual platform in an academic and scientific way. However, Ghazali's life did not remain uniform until the end. Several reasons led to a great cognitive, intellectual and spiritual change in Ghazali. During the crisis he was going through, Ghazali decided to change his lifestyle completely. He left Baghdad and embarked on a journey without a clear destination, which lasted for several years and finally ended with a pilgrimage to Mecca. During his journey and the crisis of his life, he decided to reconstruct seriously his approach to political as well as social engagement in general. He preferred a lonely life away from the hustle and bustle of the city. Some historians believe that this change also influenced his social theory. To confirm their point of view, they frequently refer to a book he wrote in the last years of his life, in which he often deviates from his primary views related to social topics. How right are these historians? Do we really notice any revolutionary change in social attitudes in Ghazali's life and his works? In this paper, we will try to find the answers to these questions.

Various orientations regarding the relationship between law and economics have emerged in recent decades. However, it should be remembered that German ordoliberalism has already formed a definite and striking orientation regarding the aforementioned relationship between law and economics. Also, ordoliberalism can be seen as the ancestor when it comes to the treatment of the aforementioned relationship. This paper intends to follow ordoliberal conceptualization in the field of law and it consists of three parts. The first part describes briefly the emergence of ordoliberalism and presents the reasons for the influence of ordoliberalism on today's European self-thematization. The second part attempts to show that law is understood as a constituent orientation with respect to the order, a key point of the ordoliberal project, and it explains the meaning of economic constitutionalism. The third part analyzes the importance of competition in the creation of order and it questions how ordoliberalism treats the relation between law and economics, especially in the domain of competition law. The same section explores the issue of defending the identity of ordoliberalism in the context of overall legal and economic dynamics.

Copyright of Socioloski Pregled is the property of Srpsko Sociolosko Drustvo and its content may not be copied or emailed to multiple sites or posted to a listserv without the copyright holder's express written permission. However, users may print, download, or email articles for individual use. This abstract may be abridged. No warranty is given about the accuracy of the copy. Users should refer to the original published version of the material for the full abstract. (Copyright applies to all Abstracts.)

The idea of this paper is to show examples from military environment how a leader should behave during a crisis situation. He should be familiar with the concept of crisis and recognize situations that accompany it, in order to counter it more easily. Also, he should have qualities and skills that increase the possibility to overcome the crisis. Military and other leaders – King Peter, Duke Putnik, Duke Bojović, Duke Mišić and Duke Stepanović – certainly possessed qualities that helped them cope with the crisis.

The paper describes the contemporary geopolitical confrontation between Russia and the West, or rather Russia and the United States, with its consequences affecting the relations between Russia and Europe. The introduction presents the fundamentals that determine the complexity of geopolitical confrontation. The second part specifically addresses the issue of geopolitical relations between Russia and the United States. It also reviews their foreign policy relations in the period 2006-2014, as well as their military-political relations. The third part analyzes the contemporary relations between Russia and the EU in the areas of security, energy and the politics, seen through Russian initiatives to define more modern forms of cooperation in these areas. It points out that the Europe's rejection of the Russian initiatives, along with clear American geopolitics of preventing the links between Russia and Europe, notably on the issue of Ukraine, have caused the old schism between Russia and Europe to reemerge. In conclusion, the question is raised as to whether the American geopolitics of inciting the Europe-Russia schism will disrupt Russia's geopolitical reappearance on the Eurasian space, namely - what are the prospects of Europe, which, due to this schism, loses the possibility of an independent geopolitical existence?.

In this article the author uses a sociological approach to the study of the gray economy in a society in transition, i.e. the Serbian society. A special emphasis is placed on the socio-economic development from 2007 to 2012. This is the time just before the onset of the global economic crisis, and its deepening and expansion. In Serbia, the privatization and transition of society had just terminated. The main thesis of this paper is that the main factors of the emergence and spread of the shadow economy are primarily of domestic origin. The world crisis gave them just a special stamp. The most important factors of gray economy are systemic in nature. These are the following: the inherent nature of the state transition, the selected and implemented concept of privatization and, finally, the character of Serbian political and economic elites. They form the core of the new capitalist class in Serbia, which is dependent on the international centers of financial, political and military power. The concept of the underground, gray economy refers to the following: unauthorized activities outside the law and norms of business, avoidance of tax and other obligations, bribery and corruption. The author emphasized the multidimensionality of the gray economy and attempted to interdisciplinary approach its study. Therefore, he used a large array of data: economic, demographic and historical. Special attention was paid to the results of sociological research on the structure of society, inequality, unemployment and poverty of citizens. The first part lists the most important systemic factors of growth of gray economy in Serbia. They are numerous, but the article focuses on the following: 1. the neo-liberal model of social transition; 2. the model of 'shock' privatization of the social assets; 3. the collapse of the welfare state and the dwindling of acquired economic and social rights; 4. the influence of the 'international community'; 5. the low activity and employment rate; 6. mass unemployment; 7. the low rate of labor productivity; 8. the absence of the rule of law for an efficient functioning of the market economy; 9. restrictive labor and social legislation; 10. the tax system; 11. the poverty of the (un)employed population and 12. the systemic violation of civil and business ethics (bribery and corruption). Each of these phenomena are explained, described and compared to regional and world data. The second part focuses on the most important winners and losers of the existence of gray economy in a society in transition. It lists the most important positive and negative consequences of participation in the informal economy for individuals, social groups and society as a whole. It describes the scope and types of activities of the gray economy in total employment, GDP growth, the impact on inflation, inequality, the country's debt. It points out the advantages and disadvantages of illegal activities for entrepreneurs, employees, the state and society as a whole.

In this paper we analyze contemporary managerial positions such as program manager, project portfolio manager, crisis manager and others. The idea is to promote managerial positions in Serbia, which is quite unjustifiably undervalued, primarily because of the lack of knowledge in the field of management and other issues related to management education.

Due to diversity of research related to crisis it is rather important to present definitions of various key terms related to crisis, crisis management and crisis communication, in order to establish tangible boundaries among them. Those three are mutually intertwined and should be considered starting from the first symptoms of crisis to crisis management and finally crisis communication. In the state of crisis, conventional management practice is often not adequate, while types of reaction are insufficient. Thus, this paper gives precise definitions of crisis, crisis management and crisis communication.

The Russian-Ukrainian crisis is one of the most important issues of the beginning of the 21st century, from regional and global aspects as well. This paper analyses the crisis from geopolitical aspects, and tries to concentrate on the reasons behind the events and the global perspectives. The study reveals why the Ukrainian question is in the focus of Russian interest, and what led to the crisis. Concerning geopolitics, starting from the point of view of Sir Halford John Mackinder, placing the theory of the Heartland to the 21st century, the study gives a complete picture about the situation of the Eurasian chessboard in terms of Ukraine and Russia. The authors attempt to provide comprehensive analysis of the crisis, keeping in mind the spheres of interests of Russia, Ukraine, the U.S. and the European Union.

Enterprises in a crisis trying to identify potential risks, identify opportunities and use strategies that will ensure theirs efficient operations. Small and medium enterprises (SME's), due to its flexibility and homogeneous structure have a good prerequisite to develop innovation and thus ensure market competitiveness. Flexibility of SME's is particularly evident in periods of slowing economic activity and crisis. Bearing in mind the macroeconomic risks of the economy of the Republic of Srpska and B&H as a whole, which are directly conditioned by the global crisis, the SME sector may be the way to overcome the current situation. The work examines the role and importance of small and medium enterprises in the revival of economic activity in the stagnant economies affected by the current economic crisis. The focus is on the putting of SME's as the drivers of innovation, employment and overall economic development. It starts from the premise that SME's are the main carrier of industrial development, but they have a very important role for the stability of the national economy. The paper emphasizes the importance of the SME sector as the most flexible in the conditions of unfavorable environment for positioning and creating sustainable competitive economy and faster economic recovery. The aim is to provide a concise way of explanation and offer an answer about the role and importance of the development of SME's as an acceptable model in formulating economic policy and business strategy in terms of faster economic recovery of the Republic of Srpska.

The paper aims at researching the phenomenon of contemporary man struggling for 'self-understanding'. The starting point of the research is Husserl's notion of universal, transformed science and its calling in terms of beginning a new epoch, with its belief in its idea of being true science and method. Nevertheless, its own fate (vocation), on the way to self-understanding, is contained in the necessity of discovering final idea of philosophy along with its true method. In such a situation, we, as humans of the modern age, find ourselves in danger of descending into general scepticism, thereby losing our own sense of existence and truth, as Husserl would warn. Instead of it, in fact, he proposes self-understanding and spiritual awakening, inner understanding of the flow of philosophy, which is, in spite of its contradictions, still unique and facilitates understanding of our present conditions of life. The only true and significant struggles of our time, according to Husserl, are those very struggles between a crushed humanity, and the present humanity that has to fight for a new stronghold. In other words, real spiritual struggles of European man are essentially struggles of philosophies: between sceptical (non)philosophies and actual, vital philosophies. Their vitality consists of the fact that they fight for their genuine sense, and along with it, for the sense of genuine humanity.

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The subject of the paper is the crisis of the concept of enlightenment examined at three levels: polemic-rhetorical, historical-descriptive, and philosophical-normative. The author argues that the inconsistency of substantive definitions of enlightenment does not necessarily result in rejection of this concept but rather in its continuous transformation. By way of conclusion, the author stresses that the normative revival of the concept of enlightenment may be rendered more viable by making a distinction between Enlightenment, as a particular historical period and intellectual legacy, and enlightenment, as a continuous process. He argues that the former is not the only possible form of the latter, but just one of its historical manifestations and one among many agents in the complex and uncertain history of modern process of enlightening.

The crisis of modernity as the crisis of the political is seen by the author primarily as a crisis of the "measure" of the criterion of political decision making and action. This crisis is understood in the first place as a crisis of self-awareness and practice of the ethos. Machiavelli was the first to attempt a solution to this problem by introducing the concept of virtus, which became the fundamental principle of modern political philosophy. However, many modern and contemporary interpreters of Machiavelli's thought often ignore the social and political context in which the political doctrine of the Florentine thinker arose. Namely, Machiavelli's effort to find an authentic form of the political act that would make possible a harmonization and stabilization of the dramatic political circumstances then prevailing in Italian cities required a reliable diagnosis and adequate means for a successful therapy of the sick organism of the community. The epochal novelty in Machiavelli's political theory was the shift from the ancient theorization of virtue to its modern operationalization. Nevertheless, this shift is often interpreted as a radical opposing of the Greek concept of arete to the Roman virtus, which is crudely and simplistically reduced to bravery and strength necessary for taking and keeping political power. Hegel in his political philosophy travels an important part of the road - unconsciously rather than consciously - along with Machiavelli and Shelling. This particularly holds for his understanding of the necessity of strength and bravery in the process of operationalizing the spirit of freedom in history through the mediation of "negation" as "the power of evil". The mediation of subjectivity and substantiality, according to Hegel, takes place in the state by the brutal bridling of the world spirit where not just individuals but whole peoples are sacrificed - toward freedom, i.e. its realization in the community of the ethos. The "trouble of the times" is a consequence of the separation between I and the world (Entzeiung) and stems from a reduced political reason which lacks the criterion of the ethical totality for political action and decision making. By the separation of the ethos this reason get routinized and political action is reduced to naked technique of winning and keeping political power. In the concluding segment of the paper the author points to some global consequences of the crisis of political decision making in the historical reality at the end of 20th century.

The attempts made at overcoming economic difficulties increasingly highlight the horizontal and "comparative advantage" features of culture. With cultural creativity becoming a key driver of the economy, the boundaries between culture and economy are being effaced. This study examines the relationship between market and culture in terms of the tension forming between the freedom of human self-expression and the deterministic nature of the "goods-characteristics" type of cultural creations. In the broadest sense, cultural creations communicate the central issues of human existence and are characterised by the expansion of the interpretation horizon and spiritual openness, whereas the need for marketability, by definition, compels cultural creations to be particular and to provide something that is usable. The dominance of market interests may compromise the spiritual independence of cultural spheres, which, in turn, has negative repercussions on creativity and, consequently, on competitiveness. The effacement of the boundaries between high culture and popular culture inevitably warrants a discussion about the tension between culture's aristocratic nature, whose default traits include a specific sensitivity to values and creativity, and the democratic nature of the market. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

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