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The article reviews a book comprising 16 articles covering the period from Antiquity to the end of the 20th century and consisting of a variety of topics such as: Old Egyptian temples, Crusades and the Battle of Nicopolis of 1396, the Benedictine monastery of St. Demetrius in Sremska Mitrovica, medieval coats of arms in the Balkans, Civil war in Yugoslavia/Croatia of 1995, the Catholic Church and the witch-hunts in Zagreb in the early modern era, the demographic development of Brod (1869-90), music in the NDH, and the Knight Templars from the Balkans. The rubric "discussions" presents three contributions: on the roundtable conference: "The synthesis of Serbian history as a challenge to Croatian and Serbian historiography"; the review of the German edition of Jurcevic's book "The Origin of the Jasenovac Myth"; and V. A. Fines's book "When Ethnicity did not Matter in the Balkans: A Study of Identity in Pre-Nationalist Croatia, Dalmatia and Slavonia in the Medieval and Early-Modern Periods."

Copyright of Bulletin of the Institute of Ethnography of the Serbian Academy of Sciences & Arts / Glasnik Etnografskog Instituta SANU is the property of Institute of Ethnography, SASA and its content may not be copied or emailed to multiple sites or posted to a listserv without the copyright holder's express written permission. However, users may print, download, or email articles for individual use. This abstract may be abridged. No warranty is given about the accuracy of the copy. Users should refer to the original published version of the material for the full abstract. (Copyright applies to all Abstracts.)

Copyright of Nasleđe is the property of University of Kragujevac, Faculty of Philology & Arts and its content may not be copied or emailed to multiple sites or posted to a listserv without the copyright holder's express written permission. However, users may print, download, or email articles for individual use. This abstract may be abridged. No warranty is given about the accuracy of the copy. Users should refer to the original published version of the material for the full abstract. (Copyright applies to all Abstracts.)

Copyright of Bulletin of the Institute of Ethnography of the Serbian Academy of Sciences & Arts / Glasnik Etnografskog Instituta SANU is the property of Institute of Ethnography, SASA and its content may not be copied or emailed to multiple sites or posted to a listserv without the copyright holder's express written permission. However, users may print, download, or email articles for individual use. This abstract may be abridged. No warranty is given about the accuracy of the copy. Users should refer to the original published version of the material for the full abstract. (Copyright applies to all Abstracts.)

The right to monetary compensation for non-property damage is not enjoyed in the same way by all legal entities, i.e. legal entities and natural persons. In theory and practice, there are different approaches regarding the issue of whether a legal entity can suffer non-material damage of the same intensity and in the same form as is the case with natural persons. In this regard, it was pointed out that a legal entity can have a reputation, and therefore a damaged reputation can be the basis for an obligation to pay compensation for the damage suffered as a result. The discussion on the merits of monetary compensation for non-material damage to legal entities continued until the adoption of the legal understanding of the Civil Department of the Supreme Court of Serbia on February 5, 2001. The more recent theory of obligation law discusses this issue in the context of the need to review the current rules of tort law. In this sense, it is emphasized that the objective concept of non-property damage, which excludes physical or psychological pain and fear from the conceptual definition, provides a legal basis for monetary compensation of such damage to legal entities. Such changes have already been implemented in some countries of the former Yugoslavia. When it comes to Serbia, theory and practice are still waiting for reform, although there are indications that reform has already taken place on the normative level. Therefore, the aim of this paper is to answer the question whether in our law there is a right of a legal entity to compensation for non-property damage. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Copyright of Bibliotekar (0006-1816) is the property of Serbian Library Association and its content may not be copied or emailed to multiple sites or posted to a listserv without the copyright holder's express written permission. However, users may print, download, or email articles for individual use. This abstract may be abridged. No warranty is given about the accuracy of the copy. Users should refer to the original published version of the material for the full abstract. (Copyright applies to all Abstracts.)

Copyright of Muzikologija is the property of Serbian Academy of Sciences & Arts, Institute of Musicology and its content may not be copied or emailed to multiple sites or posted to a listserv without the copyright holder's express written permission. However, users may print, download, or email articles for individual use. This abstract may be abridged. No warranty is given about the accuracy of the copy. Users should refer to the original published version of the material for the full abstract. (Copyright applies to all Abstracts.)

Interest ofinternational law SRholars into an empirical research has increased in the last decade. This paper is an example of one such research. The author has empirically analyzed positions on the use of force against the Federal Republic of Yugoslavia to test hypothesis about the operational role of international law in the work of the UN Security Council whether it was used in theformation ofpositions, in the assessment of the situation, and in proposing its solution. Introductory part of the paper presetted basic features and development of empirical research ofinternational law. It is followed by the review oftheoretical assumptions on the role of international law. Next sections of the paper presented hypothetical framework, methods and results of this empirical research. Finally, the author made concluding remarks on research findings, as well as emphasized necessity to develop practical knowledge on empirical research of international law and to open a diSRussion on the potential and limits of its application. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Copyright of Nasleđe is the property of University of Kragujevac, Faculty of Philology & Arts and its content may not be copied or emailed to multiple sites or posted to a listserv without the copyright holder's express written permission. However, users may print, download, or email articles for individual use. This abstract may be abridged. No warranty is given about the accuracy of the copy. Users should refer to the original published version of the material for the full abstract. (Copyright applies to all Abstracts.)

Copyright of Contributions / Prilozi is the property of Institute for History, University of Sarajevo and its content may not be copied or emailed to multiple sites or posted to a listserv without the copyright holder's express written permission. However, users may print, download, or email articles for individual use. This abstract may be abridged. No warranty is given about the accuracy of the copy. Users should refer to the original published version of the material for the full abstract. (Copyright applies to all Abstracts.)

At the beginning of this century, laws regulating the status of churches and religious communities were adopted in Serbia and the countries of the region. These laws are aligned with international standards for the protection of human rights. This paper will present the most significant aspects of new legislation regulating the legal status of religious organizations in Hungary, Bulgaria, Serbia and Montenegro. The aim is to identify similarities and differences in the proposed or implemented solutions by comparative analysis, to identify their main advantages and disadvantages, as well as to point out the possibilities of their improvement and harmonization with international standards, especially in the field ofprotection of the collective aspect offreedom of religion. The article consists of three parts. The first summarizes the laws on churches and religious communities in the mentioned countries with an emphasis on issues that will be analyzed separately in other parts of the paper. The second part deals with the registration of churches and religious communities and the continuity of their legal personality. The third part of the paper contains an analysis of the regulations that change and re-regulate the scope of benefits and privileges afforded to churches and religious communities by the legal order. The concluding considerations outline the results of the analysis and point out further directions for the development of regulation in the domain of state-church law. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Vol. 51 consists of 10 scientific articles, several contributions, and reviews dealing with historical topics pertaining to Croatian history from the medieval period to World War II and ranging from the Fourth Crusade to the German occupation during World War II.

The development of intelligence and security structures in Yugoslavia in World War II was done in extremely complex political and security conditions. After the April war and signing the surrender on April 17, 1941, the Ministry of Internal Affairs of the Kingdom of Yugoslavia continued to operate within the royal government which was in exile. After the occupation, Yugoslavia was torn apart by the German and Italian forces and their allies and quislings. The territory of the country was torn into two different spheres of interest – German and Italian, as well as four areas of occupation: German, Italian, Hungarian and Bulgarian. This went on until Italy surrendered in 1943. The members of the Croatian Ustaša movement announced the forming of the Independent State of Croatia (NDH), which initially included the territories of Croatia and Bosnia and Herzegovina, and from October 1941, the territory of Srem with the city of Zemun. This paper looks at the work of intelligence and security institutions on the territory of the occupied state at the time, with a special reflection on the development of the safety organs of the partizan movement. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Josip Sibe Miličić (1886-1944), a Serbian and Croatian poet whose works covers the period from early modern times to the literature of the People's Liberation Fight, remains remembered in the history of literature as one of the main poets of cosmism in Serbian poetry, as well as a mysterious figure in Lament nad Beogradom by Miloš Crnjanski, while his works remain mostly unvalued. The reason for this may be found in the period of the "Second Yugoslavia" -- where Miličić was considered a Yugoslav nationalist Yugoslav nationalist in the period of the old, royalist regime -- while, after the disintegration of Yugoslavia, he remained n the interspace of Serbian and Croatian literature, not of particular interest to either one. The aim of this paper is to approach the manifest book of Serbian cosmism -- Miličić's Knjiga radosti (1920) -- from the positions of culturally specific contexts, and to open the problematic areas of redefining the poetics of cosmism in Serbian poetry, as well as to evaluate Miličić's poetry in communication with mythological, Christian and Slavic cultural specifics, while also paying attention to the poet's unique approach to phraseology in Serbian literature -- which make this book of poetry both translatable and untranslatable to other languages. This approach leads to results that raise fundamental questions regarding present results when it comes to poetry of Serbian cosmism, as well as opens new perspectives regarding reading, understanding and the reception of Miličić's Knjiga radosti, as well as his work in general. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

This paper includes a review of the most important provisions of the Agreement on succession of former Yugoslavia, which was, after the signing in Vienna on 29th June 2001, ratified by Bosnia and Herzegovina, among the first successors. This paper provides an overview of the implementation of the General Agreement and all its annexes and appendixes, chronologically over the last decade. The author specifically mentions the importance of unblocking the negotiations on particular issues, changes or adoption of internal laws of the successor to the correct and effective implementation of the Agreement. New procedures and regulations, as well as mechanisms for effective implementation, with the normative and the need to change unacceptable practices of domestic judicial, administrative and other bodies of some successor states to the executive point of view, will be particularly necessary for implementing the Agreement in all its parts. The author believes that the actual results and effective implementation of the Agreement and the rights of many people damaged by past war depend on these circumstances. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

The paper analyzes territorial organization of the Kingdom of Serbs, Croats and Slovenes, i.e. the Kingdom of Yugoslavia. After a brief review of the emergence of that country, which largely influenced its territorial organization, the systems of territorial organization in both of its constitutions- the „Vidovdan” Constitution and the „September” Constitution - were analyzed. Finally, there is a short evaluation of the degree of self-government that these systems envisioned. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Copyright of Bulletin of the Institute of Ethnography of the Serbian Academy of Sciences & Arts / Glasnik Etnografskog Instituta SANU is the property of Institute of Ethnography, SASA and its content may not be copied or emailed to multiple sites or posted to a listserv without the copyright holder's express written permission. However, users may print, download, or email articles for individual use. This abstract may be abridged. No warranty is given about the accuracy of the copy. Users should refer to the original published version of the material for the full abstract. (Copyright applies to all Abstracts.)

Copyright of Contributions / Prilozi is the property of Institute for History, University of Sarajevo and its content may not be copied or emailed to multiple sites or posted to a listserv without the copyright holder's express written permission. However, users may print, download, or email articles for individual use. This abstract may be abridged. No warranty is given about the accuracy of the copy. Users should refer to the original published version of the material for the full abstract. (Copyright applies to all Abstracts.)

In this paper, an issue of money compensation for non-pecuniary damages for emotional distress over the death and severe disability of someone close has been researched, analyzed and presented in details. The provisions of Regulation brought by the Government and Supreme Courts of the ex-Yugoslav republics in the aim of leveling of court practice in the issue of a regular determination of a fee for non-pecuniary money compensation have also been analyzed and exposed. Certainly, the subject of this paper is the Regulation of the Government of the Republic of Serbia on compensation to third parties, either. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

As a certain continuation of the previous paper in which we pointed out the specificities of legal regulations regarding intestacy in former socialist countries, the subject matter of the present paper are statutory legal regulations as basis to claim inheritance in the remaining European countries, more specifically the countries of the former SFRY. Namely, it is our surrounding countries, (Slovenia, Croatia, Macedonia and Monte Negro) that are inevitably analysed in comparative overview of intestacy. The reason for this is the long period of common development of inheritance law, as well as the need to clearly observe the similarities and certain differences in respect of our subject matter in the laws of these countries after the dissolution of SFRY. The law of Republic of Srpska, as an entity of Bosnia and Hercegovina is also an integral part of this comparative overview. Its importance to be included in this study emerges from the above-mentioned reasons of necessity to study legal regulations of our neighbouring countries, as well as from the fact that serbian people live in this entity. The comparative legal method what was used in this study enables us to observe not only the differences, but also the mutual solutions and general legal principles which this group of European legislatures is governed by when regulating the rules of intestacy. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

The Paper discusses the problem of legal particularism that existed in the common state of Serbs, Croats and Slovenes. The author firstly points to the legal territories which existed in the Yugoslav state, as well as the reason for initiating the task of the equating of the law and drafting of uniform laws, along with the state organs which were involved in this. Particular reference is made to the shortened procedure for equating of law, which was prescribed by the St. Vitus' Day (Vidovdan) Constitution, along with the role of the Legislative Committee of the National Parliament in that procedure. The author shortly describes the results of the legislative work done in the enacting of uniform laws in different legal areas. The paper also discusses the reasons and socio-political circumstances which rendered the legislative work in the Yugoslav state between the Two World Wars inert and without more success. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Copyright of Nasleđe is the property of University of Kragujevac, Faculty of Philology & Arts and its content may not be copied or emailed to multiple sites or posted to a listserv without the copyright holder's express written permission. However, users may print, download, or email articles for individual use. This abstract may be abridged. No warranty is given about the accuracy of the copy. Users should refer to the original published version of the material for the full abstract. (Copyright applies to all Abstracts.)

As official policies in the post-war Yugoslavia were oriented towards economy, mainly tied to towns, rural areas were focused on agriculture to a large extent, as it had been before. However, the Party was determined to revive villages, being of the opinion that life in those areas should be purified from "primitivism" so that it could be set to a higher level concerning issues of education, political structure, local organisation and cultural life. Since people in villages felt determined to maintain their local culture, customs and music, the State officials had to find ways to articulate uncanny social behaviours. At the time, folklore and vernacular creative impulse in Serbia was sustained as a "hard cultural form" that by accident or on purpose converted into "soft cultural form" through a wide range of festival activities in Yugoslavia. This significant turn permitted "relatively easy separation of embodied performance from meaning and value, and relatively successful transformation at each level" (Appadurai 1996: 90). The discussion of this paper intends to form a dialogue on the transformation of social structure and politics, which gradually led to severe changes in the areas of traditional musical practice. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

In this paper the author briefly reviews the sociological research of social inequalities; more precisely, he deals with the research of class/strata structure of society. It is not disputable neither that this research is part of the sociological mainstream, nor that is the area with numerous disputes. It is also worth noticing that the notion of class itself experienced serious challenges. All of this influenced the Yugoslav and Serbian sociology. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Agrarian issue in Yugoslav Kingdom between two World Wars was complex and one of the most important issue in state. Complexity of agrarian relations and revolutionary mood in villages among the peasants were the reasons which justified taking actions to organize and carry out democratic land reform and colonization. Colonization was a migratory process which caused extensive social con-cequences in Yugoslav Kingdom between two World Wars and it was also standardized by legal regulations. In the paper are also exposed the clauses of the most important legal acts concerning the process of colonization. The author points out to the subjects and objects of colonization and explains the problems that followed the course of this significant state measure. These problems had an substantial effect on the course of the colonization and its results. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

The subject of our research is the evolution of the principle of immediacy in general criminal proceedings in Serbian law, with the aim of observing the basic tendencies in that development. In this article, the results of the first part of the research were published, in which the analysis and comparison of the principle of immediacy in our first two procedural codes was carried out The Code of Criminal Procedure of the Kingdom of Serbia from 1865 and The Code of Criminal Procedure of the Kingdom of Yugoslavia from 1929. Both codes generally respected the structural, personal and temporal segments of the principle of immediacy, allowing for a number of exceptions from it. These exceptions we-re much more radical in the reactionary Code of Criminal Procedure from 1865, of a moderately inquisitorial type. Not only is the principle of immediacy not implemented in it with all its consequences, but it is also made illusory. The adoption of the principle of positive legal evaluation of evidence and the dominance of the inquisitorial principle contributed to that. The main trial was only a facade, behind which there was a significant possibility of penetration of investigative materials, regardless of whether it came from judicial or police authorities. In contrast, the Criminal Procedure Code of 1929 was based on procedural principles, such as accusatory, immediacy, publicity, orality, adversary, material truth and free evaluation of the criminal proceedings. The principle of immediacy was consistently implemented, with some reasonable and mostly acceptable exceptions in the structural and personal party segment. In some cases, the judgment could be based on investigative materials, but they were always cort records. That code consistently adhered to the rule that no one could be tried and convicted in absentia. Its provisions aimed at preserving the continuity of the main trial are to be commended. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

A 'new' group of pathogenic agents, enterohemorrhagic Escherichia coli (EHEC) (particularly the strains of O157 serogroup), emerged in the last 20 years, causing an increased number of sporadic and epidemic diarrhoeal diseases with hemorrhagic enterocolitis as a most common clinical manifestation of the infection. As a consequence of the absorption and cytotoxic effect of the main virulence factor of these bacteria -- verotoxin (shiga-toxin), in about 10% of the affected persons extraintestinal complications, most frequently hemolytic-uremic syndrome (HUS), occurred 7-14 days after an episode of diarrhoeal disease. The first case of hemorrhagic enterocoiitis with the documented EHEC O157 infection in Yugoslavia is presented in this paper. Considering the existing expansion trend of these carriers, practitioners should be aware of them in case of the occurrence of diarrhoeal disease, (particularly hemorrhagic enterocolitis), and keep these patients under control during the reconvalescence period because of potential development of extraintestinal complications, such as HUS. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Copyright of Bulletin of the Institute of Ethnography of the Serbian Academy of Sciences & Arts / Glasnik Etnografskog Instituta SANU is the property of Institute of Ethnography, SASA and its content may not be copied or emailed to multiple sites or posted to a listserv without the copyright holder's express written permission. However, users may print, download, or email articles for individual use. This abstract may be abridged. No warranty is given about the accuracy of the copy. Users should refer to the original published version of the material for the full abstract. (Copyright applies to all Abstracts.)

The author focuses on inheritance position that relatives, spouse and concubinage partner as intestate successors have in the laws of the countries of the former Yugoslavia (Serbia, Slovenia, Macedonia and Montenegro) as well as the entity of Bosnia and Herzegovina - the Republic of Srpska law, in cases when a corrective to ordinary rules of succession in certain intestacy classes applies, that is in case of application of the so-called exceptions to the rules of intestacy. The importance given to the fact of kinship (that is, the particular category of kins), marriage and concubinage in each of these laws may be observed based on the way each of these laws approach the regulation of a number of questions related to this issue, from the circle of heirs whose intestacy share can be increased or decreased, the existence of reciprocity in terms of the possibility to increase or decrease the shares of intestate successors covered by this possibility, as well as regarding the particular way (in terms of the type of inheritance authority) and the possible scope of increasing or decreasing the share of a particular heir. Therefore, all of these questions present the subject of analysis of this study which aims to determine the intensity of the changes in the hereditary position of certain intestate successors with respect to the one that they have upon application of the ordinary rules of intestacy (which was a subject of analysis of the previous article) in each of these laws. The purpose of the study is also to point out the advantages and some of the remaining weaknesses of the existing legal provisions in the relevant laws, and ultimately, to note the different and similar or even identical solutions adopted by the mentioned group of legislations in regulating this matter. In the sense of the forthcoming Civil Code of Serbia, author emphasizes certain changes regarding the regulation of some important issues in the domestic law. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Serbia, as a member of the former Yugoslavia, has Administrative procedure Act since 1930. This Law has been made under the model of Austrian Administrative Procedure Act of 1925. This Law has been verified through praxis of almost one century. Lately, Serbian Ministry of Justice and Public Administration prepared Draft Law on Administrative Procedure which is totally different from existing Law. Draft Law is combination of the rules taken from the new Croatian Administrative Procedure Act of 2010, which is far from being verified in praxis. On the other side, Draft is full of disputable theoretical definitions, which makes this text similar to "scientific" article or book. Existing Administrative Procedure Act is in all senses much better than the Draft. With some minor changes this Law would be perfect and could be used easily in the praxis. The Draft would cause a lot of problems, make confusion and demand a lot of time in order to prepare civil servants to understand and implement this Law. That is all unnecessary! All this reasons make this author to come to the conclusion that this is not a step forward. This is neither step back, because we never had such bad law in the past. This is ten steps aside! [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Subject matter of this article is development of legal regulation if additional payments in Serbia, from 1937 Commercial Code of Kingdom of Yugoslavia till nowadays. In introductory part author underlines legal nature, commercial function and importance of additional payments in private companies, with downfalls in regulation, court and busyness practice. 1988 Enterprise Act and 2004 Company Act has no regulations at all regarding additional payments. 1996 Enterprise Act and 2011 Company Act have provisions on additional payments, but with numerous weaknesses and open questions. Though critical analyses author underlines basic characteristics of additional payments included critical issues which may be expected during application of new legislature. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Introduction: Inappropriate machine operating, long work hours and decreased concentration of machine operators create conditions for getting injured A corn picker is the most often cause of hand injuries among agricultural machineries., Material and Methods: The study included 43 persons with hand injuries during corn harvest, treated in the four-year period (2006-2009). The study subjects were analysed by sex, age, season, type of injury, affected parts of the hands, length of treatment and data on being trained to work with the corn picker., Results: In the observed period hand injuries caused by a corn picker occurred 10.75 times a year on average on the territory gravitating to the Clinical Centre of Vojvodina. The most frequent hand injuries were recorded in male operators, most of them aged 21-59, and the greatest number of injuries happened in October. According to the type, crushing of hand was the dominant type of injury. Fingers of hand were most frequently grabbed The average duration of treatment was 14.37 days, and the majority of patients were treated in hospital up to 14 days., Discussion and Conclusion: The average occurrence of hand injuries reported in this paper is significantly lower than it was reported in one study conducted earlier. The data regarding training to operate the respective machinery indicate that 93.2% of the injured have not been trained appropriately, and 37.12% did not have any personal protective devices. Training of farmers to operate agricultural machinery should be carried out continually in future, as it has been regulated by the Law on Safety at Work and Health.

Introduction: Influenza is the most frequently reported communicable disease, having epidemic and pandemic potential. The first influenza pandemic in this century started in Mexico and spread quickly throughout the world. This paper analyses importation of pandemic influenza cases and local transmission among population in the Autonomous Province of Vojvodina., Material and Methods: According to the WHO guidelines and national recommendations, the influenza surveillance activities were conducted in Vojvodina in order to detect, isolate and treat affected international travelers and their close contacts. Patients whose pandemic influenza infection was laboratory confirmed were classified as confirmed cases, while those with symptoms who were epidemiologically linked with confirmed cases were classified as probable cases., Results: During the period from the 24th of June to 17th of August 2009, 123 pandemic influenza cases were recorded in Vojvodina. Infection was imported through international travelers and our citizens coming from countries affected by influenza outbreaks. Majority of cases had mild clinical picture. Most frequently reported symptoms were high fever (above 38 degrees C) (85.6%), and cough (61.6%). Difficulty in breathing was recorded in 20 (16.0%) cases, while pneumonia developed in 4 (3.2%) cases but none of the cases required mechanical ventilation., Conclusion: The imported cases of pandemic influenza in the pre-epidemic period led to limited local transmission in general population and caused a small outbreak among visitors of International music festival called EXIT.

Introduction: Apart from literature, painting and philately, some of the greatest names of medicine found their place in the field of numismatics. They popularised their people and nations, as well as the medical science worldwide. The paper exhibits banknotes with the portraits of famous and world-wide recognised people in world and national history., Medicine in the Notaphily in Former Yugoslavia, Serbia and Montenegro and Serbia: Among these are the poet and pediatrician, Jovan Jovanović Zmaj; the doctor and botanist, Josif Pancić; the academic painter, Nadezda Petrović, as well as the motifs from our national history., Medicine in the Notaphily in the World: The banknotes from China with the image of the surgeon, Dr. Sun Yat Sen, from Spain with the portrait of the histologist Dr. Santiago Ramón y Cajal, from Austria with the face of the Nobel Prize winner and psychiatrist, Dr. Julius Wagner Jauregg and from France with the portrait of the great scientist, Louis Pasteur are also presented., Conclusion: These are some of the examples of great names of medicine, who brought world fame to their nations and medical science, and who were, apart from literature, painting, philately, interested in numismatics.

Background/aim: Comorbidity of the posttraumatic stress disorder (PTSD) and depression is often recognized in the clinical practice. The aim of the paper was to determine the severity of depression and the group of symptoms which are the most prominent in clinical depression comorbid with PTSD., Methods: Totally 60 patients were assessed and divided into the experimental and control group using the Structured Clinical Interview for DSM-IV Axis I Disorders, Investigator Version (SCID-I, modified) (SCID for DSM-IV) and ICD-10 diagnostic criteria. The presence and the severity of the disorders were assessed by means of the following intruments: Clinician-Administrated PTSD Scale for DSM-IV (CAPS-DX), Montgomery-Asberg Depression Rating Scale (MADRS) and 17-item Hamilton Rating Scale for Depression (HAMD). The differences between groups were evaluated using Student t test and by means of the correlational analysis of the data with p < 0.05., Results: The obtained results showed that depression which was comorbid with PTSD was of significant clinical severity with 31.20 score on HAMD and 30.43 score on MADRS in PTSD-D group. The group of the symptoms: lassitude, inability to feel, suicidal thoughts and inner tension contributed mostly to the global severity of the comorbid clinical depression on MADRS. The group of the symptoms: suicide and somatic symptoms, gastrointestinal, guilt, hypochondriasis, work and activity, anxiety psychic, agitation, and weight loss, genital symptoms and anxiety somatic contributed mostly to the global severity of comorbid clinical depression on HAMD. The average score was 16.03 and 16.97 on HAMD and MADRS, respectively in PTSD group., Conclusion: Depression which is comorbid with posttraumatic stress disorder represents significant clinical entity with domination of the different groups of symptoms between the groups PTSD and PTSD-D on HAMD. Identification of aforementioned severity of illness and delineated group of symptoms lead the clinician to establish the diagnosis of depression, reduce the risk of diagnostic ommition of the depression and enable the clinician to chose the optimal treatment method for the delineated disorders.

THE DEPARTMENT OF PHARMACY: The first 50 pharmacy students were enrolled at the Faculty of Medicine in Novi Sad in the academic year 2000/2001. The Institute of Pharmacy was established on July 10, 2001. The Department of Pharmacy was established on December 18, 2001, with more than 150 faculty members. Since then, 82 students have graduated with honours. Visiting professors from Athens, Skopje, Reading (Great Britain) and Banja Luka, and professors of the Faculty of Science and Mathematics and the Faculty of Technical Sciences in Novi Sad, together with the professors and associates of the the Faculty of Medicine, are members of the Faculty of the Department of Pharmacy. ACTIVITIES OF THE DEPARTMENT OF PHARMACY: The Department offers a 5-year undergraduate program in pharmacy, practical courses in pharmacy, takes part in higher education reform in accordance with the Bologna objectives, organizes visits to Europen centers of the pharmaceutical industry, and provides mentoring activities in relation to writing a graduation paper. The First Balkan Congress of Phramacy Students was held March 7-12, 2006 in Novi Sad. The Department of Pharmacy of the Faculty of Medicine in Novi Sad has achieved the objectives set for it when it was established.

Introduction: The theoretical and practical aspects of teaching are generally defined by the curriculum, but professional experience plays an important role as well. The teaching experience of the faculty members is developed through health services, education and research. THE DEPARTMENT OFHISTOLOGY AND EMBRIOLOGY: This paper reviews the activities of the teaching staff of the Department of Histology and Embryology, pointing to the importance of pathologic diagnostics and research. It underlines the necessity of using some non-standard histologic staining methods on some tissues, organs and pathogens, as well as the results of experimental studies of the endocrine system. The experimental tumor models are used to demonstrate the interdependence of the endocrine and immune systems. Modalities and possibilities of regeneration of the digestive tract and connective tissue mucosa are explained This paper also deals with histologic criteria used for assessment of fetal age and in the diagnosis of developmental malformations. Linear and stereologic methods, used in quantification of normal morphology, the degree of pathologic changes, and regeneration of normal structures in the courses of and after therapy, are given. The authors particularly emphasized the importance of above-mentioned activities in the teaching of Histology and Embryology to undergraduate students.

Introduction: Long before the foundation of the Medical Society of Vojvodina (MSV) of the Serbian Medical Society (SMS), health professionals of Vojvodina had initiated formation of medical societies. In the mid-18th century, after the liberation from the Turkish rule. there were few educated physicians, so surgeons and barbers were responsible for public health care. Like other craftsmen, they organized their guilds (esnafs), and one of the most famous was the Guild of Surgeons in Novi Sad., Medical Societies in Vojvodina: The first professional medical society in Vojvodina, the Medical Society of Banat, Backa and Baranja, was founded on November 19, 1919. Since that time, and due to political circumstances, the society has changed its name to the Medical Society of Vojvodina of the Serbian Medical Society (SMS), but its aims have virtually remained the same., Medical Journals in Vojvodina: This paper also reviews the history of medical journalism in Vojvodina, including the present journal of the MSV - SMS, Medical Review, which is due to celebrate its 60th anniversary in 2008. Taking into account the historical context and the continuity of work, the year 1919 is the year of the foundation of the first society of physicians in Vojvodina, and it should be considered when celebrating the society's anniversary.

Introduction: With the widespread use of active immunization, significant results have been achieved in the control and prevention of numerous communicable diseases. The Expanded Programme on Immunization of the World Health Organization is intended to strengthen national programs for the reduction in the incidence and mortality rates and global elimination or eradication of communicable diseases. The aim of this paper is to analyze results of the immunization program in Vojvodina. MATERIAL DND METHODS: The results of the immunization program were analyzed on the basis of the incidence rates, since the introduction of the mandatory reporting system, till 2006. The analysis included immunization coverage against diphtheria, tetanus, pertussis, poliomyelitis and measles as well as reported cases of missed opportunities in the period from 1997 to 2006., Results: Poliomyelitis has not been reported in Vojvodina since 1963, diphtheria since 1978 and measles in the period from 2001 to 2006. Sporadic cases of pertussis have been reported in unimmunized children of the youngest age, and tetanus in unimmunized elderly population. Vaccination coverage against poliomyelitis, diphtheria, tetanus and pertussis was above 96%. Vaccination coverage against measles was lower (95% vaccination, 87% revaccination). The highest proportion of missed opportunities was caused by not responding to immunization calls (46.6%)., Conclusion: These results can be maintained by up-to-date (UTD) immunization and high vaccination coverage without territorial and population differences. Data on the total number of children without up-to-date vaccination cannot be obtained on the basis of administrative coverage follow-up. It is necessary to establish follow-up mechanisms for UTD immunization, which would reveal the number of children at risk from vaccine preventable diseases and characteristics of unimmunized population.

Introduction: Human parvovirus B19 is found worldwide. It causes various infections, including fifth disease (erythema infectiosum) in small children, acute arthropathy in adults, transient aplastic crisis and chronic anemia in immunocompromised patients and even fetal infection, which may result in intrauterine fetal death or fetal hydrops. Many of these manifestations of B19 infection are caused by infection of erythroid precursor cells in bone marrow., Material and Methods: The aim of this paper was to establish the frequency of parvovirus B19 infection in the population of Vojvodina, as well as to indicate the significance of further investigations particularly in highly vulnerable population groups such as small children, pregnant women and immune deficient persons. A total of 244 serum samples of out- and in-patients of different age were analyzed using SERION ELISA classic parvovirus B19 IgG/IgM quantitative and qualitative tests for identification of specific antibodies against human parvovirus B19., Results: Acute infection was found in 35% of examinees, whereas parvoviurs B19 was identified in 32% of examined persons. Our tests results proved that 20% of examined pregnant women in our surroundings have acute HPB19 infection. At the same time, 45% of pregnant women have no specific antibodies, so they are at risk of infection during pregnancy. Acute infection was diagnosed in 41 children (43%): 22 samples (23%) were positive only to IgG antibodies and in 32 samples (34%) neither IgM nor IgG antibodies were identified. Acute infection was more frequently found in preschool children, i.e. in children aged 4 to 6 years (29%)., Conclusion: In the absence of complete data on the frequency of particular diseases caused by this virus in our population, tests for human parvovirus B19 are strongly recommended.

Dr. Vladan Djordjević (1844-1930) gave a number of contributions to the Serbian Medical Society. He was the main founder of the Society and its journal "Serbian Archive of Medicine", he was the editor-in-chief of the first book of "Archive", edited in 1874, he published a number of books and his own translations in the "Archive" editions, he was the secretary, vice-president and president of the Society, he secured a regular support from the Duke, later King, Milan to the Society, and so on. However, his professional and scientific contributions to the success of the Society meetings were hardly written about at all. An analysis of the records from the Society meetings, which were written regularly and in detail, showed that Dr. Vladan Djordjević, particularly during the first few years from the foundation, presented a number of clinically interesting and rare cases, took part in discussions about his college presentations and papers about a number of operative procedures he performed in Belgrade city hospital, military hospital and in private homes. His presentations, papers and discussions doubtlessly show very good knowledge of medicine, an analytical approach and above all his great devotion to the Serbian Medical Society goals. In this paper, we have tried to throw more light on his professional contribution to the Serbian Medical Society.

Translation of medical terms from English into Serbian implies observing lexical and grammatical rules of the Serbian language in order to have appropriate, precise and correct translation equivalents. The problem exists in translating complex phrases, because English has a compounding feature whereas the same idea in Serbian has to be descriptively expressed. Examples of inadequately translated terms taken from medical dictionaries, books and research papers of Serbian doctors are presented with suggestions how to remedy the situation.

Introduction: This is a brief historical review of the development of the town of Vrbas, of the Obstetrics and Gynecology Department in the town's hospital., First Educated Gynecologist in Vrbas: This paper provides detailed description of the development of the Obstetrics and Gynecology Department which dates back to 1945, when the first educated professionals (the midwifes and doctors) came to Vrbas. A great contribution to the development of the Department was made by doctor Zoran Radivojević, (gynecologist) in 1959, when he was appointed Chief of the Department. WOMEN'S HEALTH CENTERS: This paper also presents the development of the women's health centers in Vrbas. Obstetrics and Gynecology Department was part of the hospital surgery department and at the beginning it was under the supervision of surgeons. However, later on, it was separated fom the surgery and became an independent department. Today, the Obstetrics and Gynecology Department in Vrbas is located in the General Hospital and it is a modern and well equipped health facility. All women from the municipalitY of Vrbas and this region use the services of this department.

The aim of this paper is to critically summarize and present insufficiently known data on medical corps conditions within Serbia after the Second Serbian Uprising (1815) and before founding the Serbian Medical Society in 1872. By the middle of 19th century, there came the first educated doctors of medicine to Serbia, followed by the Serbian doctors from out of Serbia, and, very soon, the Serbian doctors of medicine. The first hospitals were opened shortly afterwards followed by a long process of formation of medical corps mainly due to the lack of understanding and poverty. The doctors, however, as European students, got the most important role in establishing the first professional and humanitarian associations. Proposed by Doctor Vladan Dordević, the first Serbian Medical Society was founded in 1872, in the very same year as the German Society. At the same time, the Journal of the Serbian Medical Society (the Serbian Archives of Medicine) was launched and its first issue published in 1874. The Serbian Red Cross was founded in 1876. It was by founding of these societies that Serbia proved itself capable of keeping pace with the most developed European countries.

Fortification is defined as adding of one or more essential elements to food article, regardless of whether it has been already added to food or not, in order to prevent or correct deficiency of one or more nutrients in the general population or specific population group. Food fortification with minerals and vitamins helps eliminate diseases such as goiter, rickets, beriberi, and pellagra. Significant results have been also achieved in prevention of anemia and vitamin A deficiency. The aforementioned deficiencies can be prevented and eliminated by means of appropriate and diverse nutrition and supplementation of deficient micronutrients, but on the national level, food fortification is the best solution. Two basic conditions for the application of fortification are the following: that the food article is in wide use and that it is cheap (available). The purpose of our paper was to show the results achieved by means of fortification in various countries in order to build up the basis for similar propositions in our country (Serbia and Montenegro). Owing to fortification in Asia, the number of cretinism cases has been reduced by half while sugar fortification significantly reduced the number of children with vitamin A deficiency. For more than 50 years, flour fortification with iron in order to prevent its deficiency and anemia, has been successfully applied in the United States and Canada, and as of recently in some countries of Africa and South America. The analysis of the results leads to the conclusion that food fortification has had beneficial health effects in the communities where it has been applied.

Water quality and water supply system in our country are primarily related to inadequate environment management in 1990s, due to poor economic situation in the country and insufficient investments. With a view to improve conditions of environment, strategic documents at various levels have been adopted. One of these, water-supply basis for Serbia 2002-2012, was adopted by Government of the Republic of Serbia in 2002, which defined basic strategy for water management. Law on Environment Protection (2004) provides basis and possibility of further applicability of EU directions complying with respective standards. Apparent trend in this field is tendency of setting up certain standards for each purpose (Council Directive 75/440/EEC, Council Directive 76/160/EEC) as well as for some types of water systems (rivers, lakes, ground waters). Our paper presents the most important regulations of the Republic Serbia and EU in the field of water quality management, control of water quality in our country, monitoring, that would, followed by adequate information system, contribute to quality improvement of ambient and drinking waters.