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This paper analyzes the development of libraries in Japan, resulting in the establishment of the National Diet Library. The history of libraries is closely connected with the history of printing, which dates back to the 8th century in that country. The oldest libraries in Japan were archives of official documents or private collections of nobles and aristocrats. Later on, as Buddhist monks dealt with printing technology, libraries appeared near temples. In the Middle Ages, special attention was paid to the literacy of the nation, which directly encouraged the culture of reading. However, the beginning of modern librarianship in Japan is linked to the end of the 19th century and the increasingly rapid modernization of the country in all spheres of society. The first modern library - the Book Institute (Shojaku-kan, 1872), later known as the Imperial Library, is one of three pillars on which the present National Diet Library in Japan was formed in 1948. Today, the NDL consists of two main facilities: the Main Building in Tokyo and the Kansai-kan in Kyoto, as well as the following branches: the International Library of Children's Literature, the Oriental Library, and 27 other libraries. NDL is the only library in Japan, which has the characteristics of a national library: it is founded by the government; in terms of capacity it is larger than other libraries in the country; it supports other libraries with training programs, etc.; it is the depository library and as such it is looking for mandatory copies, because its duty is to collect and preserve the literary heritage of the nation and to preserve rare, valuable and significant works, etc. In addition, the Japanese National Parliamentary Library manages to cope with the increasingly stressed demands of modern society, focused on information technologies. This includes, above all, the growing need for digitalization, as well as, for the remote use of all types of resources. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]