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Introduction/Objective. Essential Science Indicators (ESI) Highly Cited Papers (HCPs) refer to the most influential scientific articles and breakthrough research within a research field in the past decade. This study aimed to identify the characteristics of ESI HCPs in the subject category Dentistry, Oral Surgery and Medicine, to recognize authors, institutions and countries of origin, and determine research trends that attracted the most scientific interest in dentistry. Methods. A descriptive analysis of bibliographic data, network extraction and visualization were completed. Furthermore, analyzed ESI HCPs were classified according to a field of interest, main research domain, type of study, and level of evidence. Results. The set of 185 dental HCPs was published in 42 journals from 2010 to 2020, with an average number of 211.7 citations per paper. Nearly half of HCPs were issued by the Journal of Dental Research, Dental Materials, and Journal of Clinical Periodontology. There were 765 authors affiliated with 351 institutions from 42 countries. The most productive institutions were the University of Hong Kong, the University of Michigan, and the University of Bern. The United States of America contributed with the highest number of publications, followed by China, and the United Kingdom. Dental materials, dental implantology, periodontology, and oral and maxillofacial surgery represented areas of significant interest within this subject category. The highest proportion of HCPs were narrative and systematic reviews, expert opinions, consensus reports, and in vitro оr lab studies. Conclusion. Results obtained from this study can provide valuable information for researchers to better identify present and future hotspots in dental research.

Breast cancer is the leading cause of cancer-related deaths among women worldwide. While significant progress has been made in the prophylaxis, diagnosis, and management of breast cancer, around 90% of deaths occur due to metastatic disease, which is still incurable. The bone has been identified as one of the predominant metastatic sites, accounting for around 80% of patients with metastatic breast cancer. The paper aims to summarize the hallmarks of estrogen receptor (ER), progesterone receptor (PR), and human epidermal growth factor receptor 2 (HER2) influence on breast cancer bone metastases development and their further biological and clinical behavior. Various clinicopathological characteristics have been identified as risk factors for the development of metastases. In particular, the status of ER, PR and HER2 is crucial for making clinical decisions as an important tool for predicting the spread of breast cancer and choosing a therapeutic protocol. Patients with any hormone receptor-positive status, particularly those with ER+, PR+/HER2-, are more likely to develop bone-only-metastatic (BOM), whereas those with hormone receptor-negative status, especially those with so-called triple-negative (HR-/HER2-) or HER2+ breast cancer, have a predilection for visceral metastases. The paper highlights that while bone metastases of breast cancer are much less investigated than primary tumors, more studies are needed to understand the complex, multi-step process involved in the development and behavior of bone metastases.

Introduction. Congenital nephrotic syndrome (CNS) is a severe disease complicated by hemodynamic instability, infections, thrombosis, growth disorder and progressive renal failure leading to end-stage kidney disease within a few years. The mutations of NPHS1 encoding nephrin is the most common cause of the CNS. The aim of this paper was to present a patient with NPHS1 homozygous Ser350Pro missense mutation that unexpectedly caused a mild clinical course of CNS. Case outline. We present a female patient who was diagnosed with severe nephrotic syndrome at 2.5 months of age. While waiting for the result of the genetic analysis, she was treated unsuccessfully with corticosteroids and angiotensin converting inhibitor (ACEI) four weeks, and then under Cyclosporine A (CsA) and ACEI she achieved partial remission within three months. Initially, the milder clinical course was explained by the positive effect of CsA, but as partial remission persisted even after the discontinuation of this drug, it remains unclear what influenced the improvement of the clinical course of the disease. At the time of writing this paper, the patient was 10.9 years old with normal serum creatinine, normal blood pressure and non-nephrotic proteinuria. Conclusion. NPHS1 homozygous Ser350Pro missense mutation may be presented by a mild clinical course of CNS. Further studies are needed to clarify a more predictive CNS genotype/phenotype relationship.

The paper analyzes medical terminology (signs, diseases, their symptoms, and healing) of the Kratko pokušenije o kalamlenju kravlji boginja by Jožef Satmari from 1818. and Toržestveno lekarsko sočinenije o hranitelnoj boginji by Đorđe Pantelić from 1832. In addition to basic information about terminology, the paper also contains data about the author and language of the text. The collected data are given in a dictionary form, with notes about lexicographic processing. Noted terminological system was analyzed according to its structure and origin, then compared to terminological system of the modern Serbian language in order to establish reasons for preserving and/or losing certain terms. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Introduction. In modern global times, the answer to the question of how to live well is palliative care. It is a type of care that is dedicated to creating circumstances in which the process of dying, and death itself, becomes a dignified and acceptable moment. The palliative approach is based on empathy, understanding, on preserving the dignity of the patient, on open two-way communication, as well as on caring for the patient’s family. Objective. This article comprises three aims. The first aim refers to introducing our professional milieu to the basic concepts and philosophy of palliative care. The second aim points out the importance of multidisciplinary and comprehensive care (physical, psycho-social, and spiritual) in palliative care in general. The third aim is to critically consider various obstacles and resistance that exists in our environment regarding the organization of palliative care, through the prism of various models of palliative care around the world, particularly in Europe and in the regional countries. To search the literature, we used the following databases: Web of Science, PubMed, SCIndeks, Google Scholar; by the following keywords: palliative care, neonatal palliative care, nursing, palliative pain, national palliative care program. We presented the analyzed data using a descriptive method. Conclusion. If the right to palliative care is seen as a special human right, it can be concluded that our country lags significantly behind developed countries in this regard. Hence, the preoccupation of the author in this paper is the theoretical foundation of palliative care, with special emphasis on the multidisciplinary team. The purpose of this paper is to point out the connection between palliative care and the phenomenon of the quality of life, as something that is extremely important not only to each individual but to the society as a whole.

The concept of quaternary prevention was integrated in 1999. into the international WONCA vocabulary as actions taken to identify patients at risk of overprescribing drugs and diagnostic procedures that would do them more harm than good. The aim was to determine the place and role of quaternary prevention in primary care. The papers published until 31.12.2022. have been analyzed. We searched Medline, PubMed, Cochrane Library, Scopus, Google Scholar, Science Direct, Mendeley, Serbian medical journals, books, strategies, and doctoral theses. The terms we used were: quaternary prevention, general medicine, overmedication, and diagnostic procedures. We restricted ourselves to works written in Serbian, English, and Croatian. Search has been performed from 01.09.2022. to 31.12.2022. Preferred Reporting Items for Systematic Review (PRISMA) scale parts were used to determine the validity of the papers collected. A total of 1899 papers were identified. We did not find meta-analyses, systematic literature reviews, and randomized studies. A total of 194 were analyzed. Highlighted as relevant 36. Quaternary prevention in primary care refers to the overuse of radiological and laboratory examinations, antibiotics, screening, individual patient access, good communication, reliance on evidence-based medicine, the workload in teams of selected doctors, and prompt consent to patient requests. Some sick patients are undiagnosed, concerned about their health, with functional problems, psychosomatic disorders, and unusual behavior during illness. Quaternary prevention has a place in breast and prostate cancer screening, immunization, mental health and osteoporosis drug marketing, hypertension, prediabetes, and dyslipidemia, a private health insurance program, and the use of high-resolution diagnostic technology. The most powerful way to avoid unnecessary medical procedures is to consistently apply evidence-based medicine.

Background/Aim: Anatomical variations of the gastric vessels during laparoscopic surgeries of the stomach and related viscera frequently impair the surgeon's judgment, extend the duration of surgery and sometimes can lead to accidental surgical injuries, rendering it not possible to assure the safety and effectiveness of the surgical treatment. This research paper aimed to examine the variations of the left gastric artery (LGA), which could have implications for surgical and interventional procedures of the gastrointestinal tract (GIT) and related organs. Methods: Fifty specimens, of which 22 were dissected from cadavers and 28 were acquired from post-mortems among the Indian population, regardless of age or sex were examined for variant LGA. In addition, the variation of the celiac trunk was observed in 10 patients using 3D-CT images, which were created by reconstructing multiple-slice computed tomography (CT) using 3-dimensional CT simulation software (3D-CT). Results: The classical pattern origin of LGA from the celiac trunk was observed in 96 % specimens. In 2 % gastrophrenic trunk emerged from the abdominal aorta (AA) slightly proximal to the celiac trunk, then it branched into LGA and left and right inferior phrenic arteries. In remaining 2 %, LGA was the branch of the splenic artery. In 10 individuals radiological examination was conducted and found no abnormal pattern of celiac trunk. Conclusion: Observing and reporting the variation in the gastric vessels by different methods has certain clinical value in upper gastrointestinal surgeries and interventions. The duration can be prolonged and the intraoperative blood loss is increased with the vascular variations. Overall, this research paper provides important information on the prevalence of anatomical variations of the LGA, which could help improve the safety and efficacy of upper gastrointestinal procedures.

Copyright of Prilozi Proucavanju Jezika is the property of Faculty of Philosophy, University of Novi Sad and its content may not be copied or emailed to multiple sites or posted to a listserv without the copyright holder's express written permission. However, users may print, download, or email articles for individual use. This abstract may be abridged. No warranty is given about the accuracy of the copy. Users should refer to the original published version of the material for the full abstract. (Copyright applies to all Abstracts.)

This research paper presents a scientometric analysis of wedge resection research productivity. The study aims to evaluate the evolution and different types of literature on wedge resection, identify the principal countries, institutions, and sources that have contributed to publications on wedge resection, track the increase of literature on wedge resection citations each year, and determine the most frequently discussed topics in wedge resection research publications. To achieve these objectives, the study utilized a scientometric approach that involved a systematic analysis of existing research on wedge resection and productivity, with a focus on the application of scientometric methods. The results of the analysis provide a comprehensive examination of wedge resection productivity, which can be used to guide future research in the field. The study demonstrates the potential of scientometric methods in examining research output and productivity in various fields, including wedge resection. Overall, this research paper provides valuable insights into wedge resection productivity that can inform future research and decision-making in the field.

INTRODUCTION Chronic non-contagious diseases: heart and blood vessel diseases, malignant tumors, diabetes, obstructive pulmonary disease, injuries and poisoning, mental health disorders and others, have dominated the world and our national pathology for decades. Arterial hypertension is one of the most common diseases of the present, which affects in more than 60% of people over the age of 60, and represents a risk factor for infarction, insult, chronic heart failure, renal insufficiency, progressive atherosclerosis and dementia, indicating the importance of hypertension frequency testing in the geriatric population in our country and in the world. OBJECTIVE is to point out the specificity, the high frequency and the risk of hypertension in the geriatric population in our country and in the world. METHODS We analyzed the data and literature in the field of geriatrics, internal medicine, neurology, public health, social medicine and health statistics in the part dealing with the protection of the health of the elderly in our country and in the world. The research was conducted through the analysis of previous scientific research obtained from the literature and the search of electronic databases in accordance with the areas defined in the aim of the work. Using the analytical observational method, all necessary data on this topic were collected, recorded and analyzed. A systematic review of the literature in the researched area was carried out, with the aim of reviewing the methodological characteristics of published studies in the mentioned area. Relevant papers based on this search were collected in full text. Data were extracted from such works, analyzed and presented in this paper. RESULTS AND DISCUSSION Cardiovascular disease is the primary cause of elderly mortality, and it is believed that by removing it in people over the age of 65, the life expectancy would be prolonged for 16 years. The results of some studies show that a third of patients over the age of 65 have isolated systolic hypertension, which is a significant risk factor for apoplexy. In developed countries, the geriatric population is on the rise and reaches more than 30% of the general population, and cardiovascular disease is one of the most common diseases and causes of mortality in this population. Studies have shown that the incidence of myocardial infarction and cerebrovascular events is doubled in patients over 65 years of life with hypertension. Only two groups of diseases, heart and blood vessels diseases and malignant tumors, account for over half of all causes of death. In the Republic of Serbia, in 2021 the population aged 65 and over accounted for 21.28% of the population, while the percentage representation of very old people, over 85 years of age, is constantly increasing. Observed since 2002, more than 100,000 people die annually in Serbia from all causes of death, and almost every second resident of Serbia dies from diseases of the heart and blood vessels. The burden of diseases of the circulatory system or diseases of the heart and blood vessels is on the rise globally, and in recent years in Serbia, on average, 55% of people who have died are victims of one of the diseases from this group. The most common diagnosis within the group of diseases of the cardiovascular system is essential arterial hypertension. The most common causes of death in 2021 belong to the following groups of diseases (according to ICD-10 - International Classification of Diseases of the World Health Organization): Diseases of the circulatory system 41.4%; Tumors 15.1%; Diseases of the respiratory system 5.3%; Diseases of glands with internal secretion, nutrition and metabolism 2.6%. Diseases of the heart, blood vessels and malignant tumors accounted for over half (55.7%) of all causes of death in 2021 in Serbia. As many as 41.4% of all deaths were the result of dying from diseases of the circulatory system, and every sixth person who died (15.1%) was a victim of a malignant tumor. Studies have shown that in patients over 65 years of age with hypertension, the frequency of myocardial infarction and cerebrovascular events is twice as high. CONCLUSION Hypertension is very common in elderly and is a growing problem for them, their family and entire community, as it significantly affects the quality of their lives. The number of elderly in general population is increasing and a growing number of them is with hypertension. Successful prevention can significantly affect the reduction in the incidence of this disease in the population of elderly, which would certainly be one of the priority tasks in improving their health and quality of life.

The paper is about the First National Hygiene Exposition in Belgrade in 1933. It was one of the most significant events and an important part of the cultural policy in the Kingdom of Yugoslavia at that time. It was also the last one in a series of great events under the high patronage of King Aleksandar I Karađorđević. In order to make research in the novelties the exposition introduced, the thus far unpublished archival material has been studied along with the situation drawings of the complex and the restaurant, photo documentation and the exposition presentation in the newspapers of the time, as well as the published material. The aim of the paper is to emphasize the significance of the exposition, its dominant health and education concept with regard to social improvements for the benefit of the general public, all in the context of the period and under conditions it was organized. The paper also aims at presenting a comprehensive view of the exposition impact on the history of the Serbian and Yugoslav medicine, as well as the modernization of the society on the whole. The paper also includes the hitherto unpublished archival material, plans, photographs, brochures’ front pages and so on.

The principle of efficiency calls on all participants in the provision of health care to seek either better results concerning available financial resources or the highest level of health care with the least resources expenditure. The paper presents a review of theoretical productivity and efficiency concepts and their measuring regarding the health care system and the hospitals' operations. Knowledge of these relationships is essential for the practical implementation of the efficiency principle. The paper also summarizes the results of efficiency studies from comparable, Eastern European systems. Efficiency is a multifactorial phenomenon, for the improvement of which there is a whole range of interventions. The management should implement some of these interventions in the system under their responsibility.

Even though it is considered to be the least demanding part while writing a paper, significant attention should be devoted to citing literature. By using citation, original authors are acknowledged, readers are directed to the used material, validity of the used sources is confirmed, evidence of current research is provided, and plagiarism is avoided. Numerous shortcomings in the citation of scientific literature have been recognized in recent times. Results of a recent meta-analysis showed that 25.4% of published scientific papers consisted of citation errors. The academic community encounters the problems of incorrect citations on a daily basis, and assessing the accuracy of citations requires considerable effort. Most researchers are aware of the presence of various citation errors, but few respect their presence, i.e., the consequences of the identified problem. Assessing the presence and type of inaccurate citations in the biomedical scientific literature, as well as identifying factors associated with their presence, is important for preserving the integrity of the academic community. To improve citation accuracy in the biomedical scientific literature, recommendations for authors, mentors, readers and editors should be implemented in academic environment. These recommendations would encourage good citation practice, prevent errors and promote progress throughout the scientific community.

Copyright of Medical Journal / Medicinski Časopis is the property of Serbian Medical Society, Section Kragujevac and its content may not be copied or emailed to multiple sites or posted to a listserv without the copyright holder's express written permission. However, users may print, download, or email articles for individual use. This abstract may be abridged. No warranty is given about the accuracy of the copy. Users should refer to the original published version of the material for the full abstract. (Copyright applies to all Abstracts.)

In our postmodern, virtual, age, it is perhaps snot too bold to state that literature remains the last sanctuary of human meaning. The overall symbolical, religious, and cultural capital of contemporary civilizations undergoes the process of devaluation, whereby literature, although set aside on the margins of media and culture, remains to represent an opportunity to be humane. Therefore, it is in literature that we are to find the archetypal hidden figures of God, as well as the archetypal figures of the concealed cure for a depersonalized man. Sick with civilizational processes and virtual realities, man cannot be cured of his disease (the disease of existence) only by means of specialized medical treatment, but also by means of making sense of his existence within the universe. By repeating, but also disintegrating from their very onset, the conventions and stereotypes of social control, as well as socially and scientifically established and thus guaranteed "health" and "knowledge" (as one of the ultimate misconceptions of historical emancipation), we can perceive literature as the last anamnesis of our diseases and as the last pledge for a more comprehensive recovery of the Western man. Literature makes the diagnosis that man is "fatally ill", which is also the Biblical diagnosis and the diagnosis of church tradition. Yet, as is the case with every poison and remedy, literature also holds the cure. In opposition to Frankl's concept of logo therapy, this paper is focused on the (logo)therapy prescribed by literature. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Copyright of Medical Gazette / Medicinski Glasnik is the property of Specijalna bolnica za bolesti stitaste zlezde i bolesti metabolizma Zlatibor and its content may not be copied or emailed to multiple sites or posted to a listserv without the copyright holder's express written permission. However, users may print, download, or email articles for individual use. This abstract may be abridged. No warranty is given about the accuracy of the copy. Users should refer to the original published version of the material for the full abstract. (Copyright applies to all Abstracts.)

Introduction. Even the greatest visionaries could not have guessed at what speed the profession and science of dentistry would accept the concept of the Fourth Industrial Revolution. In terms of its scale and complexity, this transformation has been greater than any known before and it has been described in the literature as Dentistry 4.0. The digital revolution in dentistry has allowed for nearly all clinical and laboratory procedures to be supported by digital technologies. The aim of this paper is to understand the role of Industry 4.0 in the profession of dentistry and identify its research status today and in the future. Methods. An electronic search of Medline literature was performed via PubMed and Google Scholar databases with the terms “fourth industrial revolution,” “digital dentistry,” “dentistry 4.0,” “CAD-CAM.” The option “related articles” was also utilized as well as an additional manual search of review articles and the most relevant papers. Results. The paper describes the most frequently used diagnostic and therapeutic procedures supported by digital technologies. Conclusion. The sophisticated technologies of the Fourth Industrial Revolution have led to more rapid and precise diagnoses of oral diseases. Clinical procedures have become easier, more precise and predictable to the dentist, and more comfortable to the patient. The long-term benefits also include financial savings and environmental protection.

Background: Although India is relatively better resourced as compared with other low middle income countries in several aspects, it shares several challenges and vulnerabilities like high population, resource constraints (limited number of hospital beds, skilled healthcare personnel, intensive care units) and socioeconomic milieu, and it is important that these resources are spent wisely to maximise lives saved and minimise disruption to health services for all COVID-19 patients. Hence for dealing with this pandemic quickly and efficiently, a centre which could be set up urgently at a low cost for efficient oxygen triage was needed and thus cater to the sudden enormous load of patients who were unnecessarily occupying oxygen beds in hospitals. Methods: This study describes the setting up, management and outcome of seven hundred bedded COVID-19 care centre at Jaipur, India, within three days, at low cost, by multidisciplinary efforts of the Government of Rajasthan for efficient triage of patients and to share the excessive patient load of the biggest Government medical college of the state. Results: More than 700 patients were successfully managed at the centre within a period of one month with a favourable outcome. The perceptions of patients assessed via questionnaire also establish the success of this endeavour in sharing the load of hospitals at the peak of the pandemic. Conclusion: This paper describes the positive impact of setting up this COVID-19 care centre, and experience presented in this paper can be utilised as a novel and future oriented solution to address effectively the unprecedented pressure on the healthcare systems, created by the COVID-19 pandemic.

Basics: Industry 4.0 is a realized reality, which already today has a growing application in medicine and dentistry. So, at this moment, its application is especially important in the fight against covid-19. Aim of the paper: The purpose of this review paper is to understand the role of Industry 4.0 in the field of medicine and dentistry and to identify research directions, including future applications, especially for covid-19. Material and method: A detailed analysis of papers on Industry 4.0 in medicine, dentistry and related fields was performed and possible applications and directions of research were identified, especially for covid-19.Result: Through this review study, we identified different technologies, opportunities and research status of Industry 4.0 in the field of medicine, dentistry and covid-19 pandemic, through 19 areas of application. We can say that Industry 4.0 will become an essential part of tomorrow's smart factory of medical and dental devices. Conclusion: Industry 4.0 shows a wide range of possibilities for the production of newly adapted implants (medical and dental) and innovative tools and instruments for the field of medicine and dentistry. This model enables the creation of a digital clinic and digital office, with a complete system of medical and dental monitoring, which meets the individual requirements of the patient, thus creating the industry of medicine and dentistry with optimization of treatment time and costs. In the future, Industry 4.0 will create new capabilities and innovative protocols for the treatment and care of patients, both in medicine and dentistry.

Robots in medicine, unlike industrial automation, can be viewed as an extension or enhancement of human capabilities. The legitimacy of robotics in the health care system stems from the fact that its use increases the efficiency of the treatment process and improves the health of an individual. On the other hand, involving robots in the medical procedures brings a high degree of risk and liability for damage. Legal doubts that arising in regard of the use of robots in medicine are related to civil liability for damage caused to the patient during the medical procedure. In that context, it is necessary to determine the model of indemnity liability that applies to damages due to the action of robots in a medical procedure. Which system shall be applied: the system of subjective liability based on fault (guilt), or the system of objective liability without determining the injurer's fault? This issue is gaining in importance given the degree of autonomy of robots in performing medical procedures. The paper will emphasize the need for legislative intervention in the Croatian legal system in order to adapt to the growing use of robots in medicine. The paper will summarize the results of the analysis on these issues and offer possible solutions in court practice and legal dogmatics.

Stem cells (SC) are the unique and "key-cells" in the human body "working" as a source of producing a large number (proliferation) of mature (differentiation) cells inside different tissues ("cytopoiesis") - while at the same time maintaining the ability to "reproduce" themselves (self-renewal). These events are balanced by interactive signals from the extracellular matrix, as well as microenvironment provided by stromal cells. On the other hand, SC plasticity (so-called "inter-systemic plasticity") is the ability of the most "primitive" (immature) adult SCs to switch to novel identities. The phrase SC plasticity also involves phenotypic potential of these cells, broader than spectrum of phenotypes of differentiated cells in their original tissues. Recent increasing clinical use of cell-mediated therapeutic approaches has resulted in enlarged needs for both, higher quantity of SCs and improved operating procedures during extracorporeal manipulations. The aim of harvesting procedures is to obtain the best SC yield and viability. The goal of optimised cryopreservation is to minimise cellular thermal damages during freeze/thaw process (cryoinjury). Despite the fact that different SC collection, purification and cryopreservation protocols are already in routine use - a lot of problems related to the optimal SC extracorporeal manipulations are still unresolved. The objective of this paper is to provide an integral review of early haemobiological and cryobiological research in the unlimited "SC-field" with emphasis on their entities, recent cell-concepts, extracorporeal manipulative and "graft-engineering" systems. Their therapeutic relevance and efficacy in "conventional" SC transplants or regenerative medicine will be briefly summarised. Finally, in this paper original results will not be pointed out - related to neither SC transplants nor regenerative medicine - but a light will be shed on some of them.

The text analyses the ethical content of the Hippocratic Oath, evaluates its significance for modern-day medicine and answers the question of how relevant it is for today's physicians. The history of the Oath is explored from its origin to modern-day adaptations. The paper explains the difference of expressing moral norms through an oath, a promise and a code. The ethical contents of Hippocratic ethics are divided into three segments: the covenant, the code and decorum. The paper further discusses the interpretation of controversial parts on abortion, euthanasia and the use of surgery. In his other works, Hippocrates emphasises high morality and requires physicians to be virtuous, exemplary humanists and to preserve the honour of their profession. In spite of all its faults, the Hippocratic Oath continues to set an example for the medical practice by emphasising the responsibility of the physician for the well-being of the patient. It is necessary that physicians possess not only technical knowledge, but also ethical education, enabling them to make conscientious moral decisions. The Oath is old, non-authentic , modified, differently interpreted and incomplete, but remains relevant for modern-day biomedical ethics.

The Editorial Office of Medical Youth retracts the paper titled "ASSESSMENT OF THE FUNCTIONAL SIGNIFICANCE OF BORDERLINE STENOSIS BY DETERMINING CORONARY FLOW RESERVE, AFTER PRIMARY PERCUTANEOUS INFARCT ARTERY INTERVENTION BY STENT IMPLANTATION" by Irena Čolić, Vladimir Vasilev and Milan Dobrić, published in Volume 73, Issue 2 of Medical Youth. The paper is being retracted in accordance with the author's request, considering the fact that the paper was published without the autorship of the main contributor of the paper who collected the material used for the research and the writing of the paper. The Editorial Office of Medical Youth hereby expresses great regret and a sincere apology for this type of omission.

Introduction. Vancomycin-resistant enterococci (VRE) represent a major healthcare problem all around the world. The most effective methods for the control and prevention of these infections, as well as the methods controlling the growth of hospital-acquired VRE, have not been established yet. The aim of this systematic review of the literature was to investigate the research papers concerned with various preventive measures against the operative field infections caused by VRE, as well as to examine the level of effectiveness of these measures in reducing the infection incidence rate. Methods. PubMed and EBSCO databases were used in order to find the research papers concerned with the measures for preventing the transmission of VRE. The process of searching for the above-mentioned databases was ended on 8 September 2018. Results. Using different combinations of the key words, the databases were thoroughly searched for, which led to the identification of 174 appropriate studies on the basis of the title and the abstract. After the detailed examination of the papers, based on the clearly defined criteria, 7 studies were included in the final analysis. The results showed that the VRE contamination was reduced to 70%, using the personal protective equipment such as aprons and gloves in all types of patient-centered interactions. Ecological cleaning, environmental and equipment disinfection as well as the rational use of antibiotics led to reduction in Clostridium difficile infection rates from 12% to 6.6 %, reduction in Staphylococcus aureus infection rates of 25%, while the rate of VRE bacteremia was also significantly lower. The number of patients whose isolation was required due to VRE infection was reduced. Conclusion. The current measures recommended by the Center for Disease Control and Prevention and used to prevent the spread of VRE are effective if the existing protocols are used adequately.

Accession to the European Union (EU) is a comprehensive process of reforms and harmonization of legislation with EU regulations, which must be accompanied by the implementation of EU standards. Although the EU competencies in the field of health care are limited, and health law does not represent a large part of the EU legislation, harmonization and further reforms are needed in a number of areas. The main focus of this paper is the negotiation Chapter 28 within the EU accession process, which covers a number of thematic areas in the field of public health encompassing various legislative and strategic acts of the EU. At the moment, the EU has still not opened the negotiations in this field with Serbia. In order to introduce health professionals in Serbia to current developments, the paper analyzes the most important aspects of alignment with EU legislation and the need for further regulatory reforms. [Project of the Serbian Ministry of Education, Science and Technological Development, Grant no. 179023: Ljudska prava i vrednosti u biomedicini - demokratizacija odlučivanja u zdravstvu i implementacija]

The aim of this paper is to present the latest recommendations for practitioners for preoperative preparation, surgical procedures and postoperative treatment in patients with myocardial revascularization using robotic total endoscopic coronary artery bypass grafting (CARG), which is applied as daily clinical routine practice at the Heart and Vascular Institute, Cleveland Clinic Abu Dhabi. Many patients indicated for coronary bypass surgery may be candidates for robotic total endoscopic CARG. The paper illustrates eligibility criteria of this procedure, preoperative assessment and preparation principles, peripheral access for cardiopulmonary bypass and port insertion, then graft harvesting procedure, initiation of cardiopulmonary bypass and application of endoaortic clamping, identification and exposure of the target vessels, anastomosis procedure and postoperative care in this group of patients.

This paper shall discuss the importance of protocol application in modern dentistry. Literature data that include recommendations and consensuses in dental practice point out to their presence in available literature, printed papers, reviewed journals and supplements in the form of expert group conclusions. It should be noted that the protocols most commonly rely on valid postulates of different branches of medicine, supported by specific conditions of the environment in which they are implemented. Additionally, in our settings, applicable dentistry protocols are the result of requirements that institutions and practices should fulfil according to renewable accreditation, as well as following recommendations given in the good clinical practice guidelines with different binding obligations levels. Certain protocols offer therapeutic modalities categorized into classes intended to help users to select appropriate treatments. The second part of this paper shall address one such protocol which classifies partially edentulous patients. The emphasis is on the partial edentulism classification recommended by The American College of Prosthodontists (ACP), which relies on four diagnostic criteria essential for therapeutic decision. Edentulous areas location and extent, abutment teeth health, occlusion model, and residual ridge characteristics represent the parameters which have defined the four classes of partial edentulism of different complexity. In this way, comprehensive approach to the clinical status of the patients has, for the first time been offered to the dental practitioners assuring, among others, higher uniformity of professional attitudes in selection of therapeutic modalities.

Continuing to improve services to students while studying on campus, lecturers and all elements at the university need information about triggers of environmental stress among medical and health sciences students. Thus, the purpose of this study was to explore triggers of environmental stress among medical and health sciences students in the university through bibliometric analysis by analysing the network visualisation, overlay visualisation and density visualisation on the topic. Bibliometrics analysis was used in assessing related topics. The data sources were based on online searches via https://app.dimensions.ai/. Data was collected on 3 December 2023. The literature followed the Preferred Reporting Items for System-atic Reviews and Meta-Analyses (PRISMA) flowchart. Data were analysed using VOSviewer and further analysed and reviewed by co-occurrence and co-authors. Four major themes of environmental stress were found in this study: 1) The internal situation in the university; 2) External situations outside of the university; 3) Comfort situation during the study; 4) Aca-demic process. Environmental stress factors related to internal situation in the academic situation were academic stress, air pollution, anxiety in the academic process, COVID-19, depression, fear, medical student, nursing student, physical activity, school regulation, smoking and uncertainty of study. From the visualisation and density visualisation, it can be seen that the academic process related to the duration of study was a trending theme discussed in several papers related to triggers of environmental stress among students in the university. All elements of the university especially policy makers should pay attention to this problem to reduce the risk of stress while students are studying.

Atypical lung carcinoids are rare compared to other lung cancers and are classified as tumours of medium malignancy. Pulmonary tuberculosis is the second leading cause of death from infectious diseases. The paper presents the case of a 46-year-old female patient who was surgically treated during acute tuberculosis. The patient recovered and is under the supervision of a pulmonologist oncologist.

Halo nevi (leukoderma acquisitum centrifugum, Sutton's nevus, leukopigmentary nevus, perinevoid vitiligo or perinevoid leukoderma) are melanocytic nevi surrounded by a halo of hypopigmentation or depigmentation. They are significantly more common in children and young people, with a peak incidence at the age of 15, without gender or racial predilection. The usual clinical course of a halo nevus involves gradual involution and subsequent complete regression of a centrally placed nevus that leaves behind an area of depigmentation. Typical halo nevi do not require treatment. Exceptionally, halo nevi develop from dysplastic nevi and malignant neoplasms of the skin (halo phenomenon). The paper presents a 12-year-old boy with changes in nevi on his back. During the last summer, a pale band developed around two nevi. The nevi became lighter and shrank. One of them has completely disappeared. Apart from basal cell carcinoma in the father, the presence of other atypical nevi, melanoma, vitiligo and autoimmune diseases in the personal and family anamnesis was not established. A typical halo nevus is diagnosed by clinical and dermatological examination and regular dermatological monitoring is advised. Halo nevi mostly develop from an acquired melanocytic nevus, but can be seen in dysplastic nevi, basal cell carcinoma, and melanoma. A thorough medical history, careful clinical and dermatological examination make it possible to identify atypical halo nevi that require a biopsy.

The acute and chronic effects of dehydration on athletes' health are well known, but it is less known about the relationship between dehydration and sports performance. There is an overall consensus in the literature that dehydration ≥ 2% body mass represents a threshold at which endurance, as aerobic performance, becomes impaired. Dehydration degrades aerobic performance by various mechanisms, such as a decrease in VO2 max, a decrease in circulatory volume and consequent decrease in cardiac stroke volume. At higher levels of dehydration, there is an increase in heart rate, body temperature, carbohydrate oxidation and muscle glycogenolysis. The effect of dehydration on anaerobic sports performance, such as muscle strength and power, is less known. The high osmotic stress that usually accompanies high levels of intracellular dehydration can modulate the permeability of the blood-brain barrier, alter the neuronal firing of osmoreceptor cells in the hypothalamus, and potentially affect the excitability of motor output pathways. Studies have shown that acute dehydration impairs muscle strength and endurance and increases the perception of fatigue but without changes in markers of central and peripheral neuromuscular function. In addition to the physical, dehydration also affects the mental performance of athletes. Symptoms of dehydration (dry mouth, thirst, headache, fatigue) affect the athletes' cognitive functions and their cognitive resilience. Therefore, personalized rehydration strategies play a key role in athletes' safety during sporting activities, as well as in optimizing sports performance. In this paper, the role of dehydration on physical and mental athletes' performance will be reviewed, as well as the latest recommendations for adequate rehydration.

In recent years, the number of bullying cases, especially among teenagers, has been increasing, with many mass media reports on bullying cases that have resulted in the death of the victim. The aim of the study was to explore the impact of bullying on adolescents by analysing of network visualisation, overlay visualisation and density visualisation on the topic through bibliometric analysis. Records were identified through a database search at https://app.dimensions.ai/. The data obtained was then selected further by the preferred reporting items for systematic reviews and meta-analyses (PRISMA) flow diagram. Papers were limited to publication years 2019-2023 and focussed on the fields of psychology, human society, health science , clinical biomedicine, clinical education and health psychology. Data were analysed using VOSviewer, then reviewed by co-occurrence and co-author. After identifying the clusters, the impacts of bullying on adolescents were suicidal behaviour, mental disorders, non-suicidal self-injury (NSSI), loneliness, psychological distress and adolescent childhood experiences (ACEs). From the overlay visualisation, it was indicated that the newest topics that were being widely researched related to the impact of bullying on adolescents were social anxiety, suicidal ideation, depressive symptoms, suicidal thought, integrated behaviour change (IBC) and peer victimisation. From density visualisation, it was indicated that topics that were rarely researched related to the topic of the impact of bullying on adolescent were suicide attempts, early victimisation, post-traumatic stress disorder (PTSD) and suicidality. The theme regarding the impact of bullying needs and developed to be researched more deeply, especially on themes with low visualisation found in density visualisation, in order to enrich the variety of research.

Euthanasia is a very complex medical and moral issue. The name has taken throughout history quite different meanings especially in recent decades. There have been many controversial debates and ethical questions raised in modern society. The aim of the paper was to introduce in more detail the issue of euthanasia in the modern world and to review the decisions on this issue. The end of life is still a part of life. It is of great importance for every person and requires true compassion and solidarity. The task is to restore human dignity, by respecting the will of the sedating patient. It is the responsibility of doctors and medical staff to use their comprehensive knowledge and ethical approach to provide calm patients with peace and tranquillity. Euthanasia is a discipline. It is also a concept and a term full of conflicts, which need to be analysed. Therefore, it is necessary to consider the criteria of the bioethical aspect of this activity. The right to euthanasia is not ethically indifferent. We can expect in the near future a deeper understanding of the euthanasia issue.

Introduction. Kounis syndrome (KS) represents an acute coronary syndrome (ACS) induced by a hypersensitivity reaction. First described by Kounis and Zavras in 1991, KS today represents an infrequently diagnosed clinical syndrome. Three different KS variants have been defined: type I vasospastic allergic angina, type II allergic myocardial infarction, and type III stent thrombosis. Outlines of cases. This paper presents three cases of type II KS causing anaphylactic ACS. In the first case, a 66-year-old female presented with dyspnea, dizziness, and electrocardiography findings suggesting ACS after she was stung by a bee. In the second case, we present a 64-year-old female admitted to the Emergency Department with chest pain after an anaphylactic reaction due to an iodine contrast injection used for a thoracic computed tomography scan. In the third case, an 80-year-old female presented with chest pain, palpitation, and skin rash shortly after administration of the intravenous anesthetic propofol during elective malignant colon tumor surgical intervention. All patients were treated at the Cardiology Clinic, University Clinical Center of Serbia. Conclusion. The primary mechanism of KS corresponds to the release of inflammatory mediators during a hypersensitivity reaction triggered by different sources. Although well known, constant reminders of this cause of ACS are needed.

Pregnancies complicated with either pregestational or gestational diabetes mellitus deserve great attention due to their complexity and potential subsequent complications for both mother and the fetus. Based on already proven role of glycemic variability in the development of these, improving glucose monitoring continues to be an important step towards preventing adverse outcomes. Besides already well-established self-monitoring of glycemia, newer devices in the form of continuous glucose monitoring have found their place due to their proven preciseness and non-invasiveness. This paper has the aim to analyze results and conclusions of obtained, newer studies focused on these methods of glucose monitoring and to also give a closer insight of their usability and limitations.

Introduction. Colon interposition is considered an effective option for esophageal replacement in children, particularly in cases of caustic esophageal stricture. The use of colonic tissue grafts for esophageal replacement can lead to late complications, including the development of precancerous lesions and malignant tumors. The aim of the paper is to describe a female patient who was diagnosed with adenocarcinoma of the right colon at the age of 71, 60 years after surgery for benign esophageal stricture. Case outline. A 71-year-old female presented to our clinic in January 2023 with symptoms of abdominal pain. At the age of 11, the patient had bypass esophagocoloplasty with retrosternal esophagogastrocolonic anastomosis due to esophageal stricture after accidental caustic ingestion. CT imaging revealed tumor of the ascending colon, estimated stage T4aN1M0. An upper digestive endoscopic examination revealed one polyp while a lower digestive endoscopic examination confirmed the presence of a stenotic tumor in the ascending colon. Furthermore, a polypoid alteration was identified in the descending colon. CT angiography revealed that the tumor was found to receive its vascular supply through the middle colic artery, while the colonic transplant received its vascular supply through the right colic artery. Conclusion. It is recommended to implement lifelong endoscopic surveillance for patients who have undergone colon interposition. In cases such as this, it is crucial to establish a comprehensive treatment plan and employ effective diagnostic measures to ensure the preservation of the integrity and vascularization of the colonic graft.

This year sees the 550th anniversary of the birth and 480th anniversary of the death of Nicolaus Copernicus, internationally recognized as the father of modern astronomy, who “stopped the Sun, moved the Earth” and turned the view of the world upside down. However, the fame of Nicolaus Copernicus is not referred only to the fields of astronomy, mathematics, canon and civil law, as well as theology, economy and diplomacy. This Renaissance polymath was also one of the most respected practicing physicians at the time. Noteworthy, Nicolaus Copernicus paid special attention to the poor, supplying them with free medical advice, assistance and medicines. Therefore, our paper deals with this less known aspect of the famous scientist’s life.

Introduction/Objective. Proximal tibial stress fractures associated with bilateral severe knee osteoarthritis are rare and, due to possible consequences, are considered a treatment challenge. This paper aims to present the applied treatment method of these patients and its results. Methods. A prospective study followed 14 patients with an average age of 74.1 years and with unilateral proximal tibial stress fracture associated with bilateral severe knee osteoarthritis. Surgical treatment involved modular total knee arthroplasty (TKA) on the fracture side, in the first act, and contralateral standard TKA, in the second act, based on the severe osteoarthritis. Rehabilitation was performed for 21 days after both operations and included the following: kinesiotherapy, electrotherapy, magnetotherapy, hydrotherapy, and thermotherapy. Monitoring parameters were as follows: X-ray, range of motion, and WOMAC index. Monitoring periods were preoperative and three, six, and nine months after the first TKA surgery. Results. The radiological findings in all patients during these follow-up periods were normal. All tibial stress fractures healed within six months after surgery. Knee function was significantly improved nine months after the first TKA surgery compared to the preoperative finding. A statistically significant improvement in the physical functioning was found in all postoperative periods, especially nine months after the first TKA surgery (p < 0.05). Conclusion. Modular total knee arthroplasty on the tibial stress fracture side and delayed standard total knee arthroplasty of contralateral osteoarthritic knee combined by postoperative inpatient rehabilitation give optimal final functional outcome.

Complementary therapies for decreasing dysmenorrhoea and factors behind dysmenorrhoea in adolescents is not clear enough. Researchers need information about trends and novelties for the future research topic of complementary therapies and factors related to dysmenorrhoea in adoles-cents. Thus, the purpose of this study was to identify the complementary therapies for decreasing dysmenorrhoea and factors related to dysmenorrhoea in adolescents by analysing network visualisation, overlay visualisation and density visualisation on the topic through bibliometric analysis. The data sources used in this study were based on online searches via https://app.dimensions.ai/. The literature search used the stages following the Preferred Reporting Items for Systematic Reviews and Meta-Analyses (PRISMA) flowchart. Paper restricted in publications years 2014-2023, focus in the field of health sciences, nursing, public health, clinical sciences and publication type were included as criteria for inclusion in the study. The data were analysed using VOSviewer. After identifying the clusters, the types of complementary therapies that were able to reduce dysmenorrhoea were acupressure, acupuncture, calcium sufficiency, curcumin, yoga, aromatherapy, massage and physical activity. Moreover, factors related to dysmenorrhoea were HIV, reproductive coercion, reproductive health, oxytocin, prolactin, trauma, metformin, anxiety and breast cancer. Moreover, the newest topics that were being widely researched related to adolescent dysmenorrhoea were education, non-suicidal self-injury (NSSI), prolactin and physical activity. On the other hand, topics that were rarely researched related to the topic of adolescent dysmenorrhoea were topics about sexual health, reproductive coercion, inflammation, curcumin and physical activity. Complementary therapies and factors that are still rarely studied offer potential novelty in results in future studies.

The aim of the present paper was to highlight the work of Chrysospathis, Garofalidis and Chartofylakidis, who dedicated themselves to the emergence of orthopaedics as an independent branch of medical science in modern Greece. The ancient Greek physicians Hippocrates, Galen and Paulus of Aegina laid the foundations for the emergence of orthopaedics and ancient Greek civilisation undoubtedly played a significant role in the evolution of this medical art throughout the following centuries. In modern Greece, Ioannis Chrysospathis fought for orthopaedics to be a separate medical branch rather than a practice within the context of general surgery. Theodoros Garofalidis also contributed to the evolution of orthopaedics in Greece, while Georgios Hartofilakidis brought pioneer knowledge to the Greek area, contributed to the creation of specialised orthopaedic departments and internationally contributed to the study of hip diseases and the art of total hip arthroplasty.

Authors Vesna Tomić Spirić, Jelena Marinković, Janko Janković, Andja Ćirković, Nenad Relić and Slavenka Janković withdrew from the paper Evaluation of the impact of black carbon on the worsening of allergic rhinitis and asthma in the region of Uzice Serbia, published in the journal Medicinski glasnik number 83, at their personal request, because the paper was printed without their consent.

Introduction. Bilateral abdominoscrotal hydrocele is a rare entity in childhood. The etiology of abdominoscrotal hydrocele has not been fully clarified. The diagnosis is based on clinical examination, ultrasound and magnetic resonance imaging. The treatment is surgery. Case outline. This paper presents an eight-month-old boy who was admitted at the department of pediatric surgery due to bilateral swellings in the scrotum area. The changes were first noticed when he was three months old and the diagnosis of bilateral abdominoscrotal hydrocele was confirmed after the scrotum ultrasound examination. When the patient was six and eight months old, the symptoms have significantly increased, the magnetic resonance of the abdomen and the lesser pelvis was performed, and the bilateral abdominoscrotal hydrocele was successfully treated with inguinal surgery. The operative and postoperative course was uneventful. Conclusion. In this paper, we presented a rare form of hydrocele in children, as well as diagnostic evaluation that involved ultrasound and magnetic resonance examination. Surgical treatment by inguinal approach is also presented.

Dr. Karlo Kiko was one of the many doctors from the former Austrian empire living and working in the Principality of Serbia in the 19th century. He was born in Uhrovec, in Slovakia, which was then part of the Kingdom of Hungary - the part of the Austrian Empire. Kiko was promoted to the Doctor of Medicine in Pest in 1845. In his youth, he dealt with alternative ways of healing, he explored medicinal herbs and mineral waters and published several expert papers. He was a regular member of the Royal Hungarian Natural Science Society. As a physician in the troupe of General Mor Percel, he participated in the Hungarian Revolution of 1848/49. Kiko spent the last eleven years in Serbia working as a physician of the Knjazevac County, as a doctor of the Belgrade municipality and a military doctor - a surgeon of the Military Hospital in Belgrade. Although he is considered a respectable person in the Region of Trenin, from which he emerged, in Slovakia it is not known that he have lived and died in Serbia. The goals of this paper are to round Kiko's biography with "Serbian period" and to present the personality of a worker in the Serbian health service in the past.

The Institute of Forensic Medicine, as part of the University School of Medicine in Belgrade, Serbia, was founded in 1923 by Professor Milovan Milovanović (1884–1948). In addition to several medical textbooks in modern Serbian for medical students, as well as 37 original papers published in Serbian, German, and French medical journals, Professor Milovanović also published a famous monograph entitled “Suicide” in 1929. In 1948, Professor Milovanović himself committed suicide under obscure circumstances. The reason he committed suicide remains unknown. In this paper we tried to reconstruct the way he wrote his monograph using data from his hand-writing manuscripts preserved at the Institute of Forensic Medicine. Also, some new data about his suicide have been exposed. Since 2008, the Institute of Forensic Medicine in Belgrade has been named after Professor Milovan Milovanović.

Introduction. Throughout history, various types of conjoined twins have been described, many of whom lived until adulthood. The anomaly includes several varieties, with parapagus being one of the rarer forms of conjoined twins. The aim of this paper was to present a rare case of conjoined twins – parapagus type. Case outline. In this paper we present autopsy and radiologic findings in male 40-week-old parapagus twins from a monozygotic pregnancy, with multiple anomalies in different systems of organs and musculoskeletal systems. Parapagus twins have a side-to-side connection with shared pelvis and can be defined as one of three subtypes. In our case, it was a dithoracic parapagus subtype, with four upper and three lower limbs (tetrabrachius tripus), where the presence of the third bizarre-looking lower limb made the case even more unusual among the rare type. Both parents were drug addicts with a history of sedative abuse. The mother had regular sonographic examinations during pregnancy. Conclusion. Adequate early prenatal diagnosis of conjoined twins and possible termination of such a pregnancy are the key reasons for rare occurrence of such cases. Failure to recognize a pathological pregnancy and its maintenance until the delivery, despite regular gynecological examinations, is why our case is unique in comparison to contemporary literature.

In a short period of the late 1860s, three significant new institutions were founded in Valjevo: the hospital (1867), the grammar school (1869) and the pharmacy (1870). In the early stages of development of all three institutions, a big role was played by immigrants from Slavonia: medical doctor Jovan Sieber, pharmacist Klaudije Prikelmajer, and professor Đuro Kozarac. This paper aims to clarify the connections between these individuals that caused their relocation from the territories of the Habsburg Monarchy to Serbia and Valjevo, as well as to resolve the confusion caused by imprecise family memories and written chronicles that have been collected. Moreover, this paper additionally focuses on the origins of the Sieber family, which included Jovan Sieber, and the later arrival of other members of the family to Valjevo. Another member of the family was Jovan’s nephew Dr. Stevan Sieber, father of Dr. Đorđe Sieber, who went on to become a general in the Medical Corps of the Royal Yugoslav Army.

The paper is devoted to doctor, a professional and humanist who dedicated himself to medicine and is committed to lifelong learning, ethics and assistance to victims, even against their express consent. The theme is focused on the problem of intentional medical error in order to negate it in the context that the conscientious doctors should be protected from tort and free of moral burden. This paper seeks to answer the question, if the error represents a doctor's failure to the detriment of the user (patient), how should we treat his attempt, made professionally and with the best intentions, regardless of the fatal outcome? In addition, medical-legal theory and practice beside intentional medical mistake mention also the unintentional, whose formation does not require any kind of responsibility because the doctor's behavior in that case was not inconsistent with medical ethics, standards and rules. In this regard, the author's research was based on the following questions: is there a deliberate medical error, who is ready to knowingly endanger the patient by doing medical procedures contrary to the rules (neglect, avoidance of assistance, misdiagnosis, improper treatment, indifference, discrimination), who is competent to qualify the taken action as an error (intentional, unintentional) and what evidences are required for the brutal attack on the integrity of top experts, that will be charged and prosecuted? Literature abounds with assertions that medical errors are as old as medicine, which is not true. Also, it is incorrect to say that it had appeared for the first time in the middle of the nineteenth century. That would be a roughly canceling of ancient medical marking, bearing in mind that even before the mentioned period, there had been a very successful medicine with high quality doctors and their brilliant achievements, but also with illnesses and dead persons. As far the data on the exact occurrence of medical errors are considered, the numerous authors claim that it does not have to be communicated, since it is placed in the field of history, that unlike many science is not exact, and should not always be considered as reliable. Any medical error makes a multiple interests, firstly of the researchers in the true sense of the word, and secondly, of the sensationalist columnists. The latter see the culprit only in the doctor, because many of them never presented the scene when defeated doctor leaves the Service ambulance, clinic, emergency room or any other health care area, because the most terrible thing in the profession has happened -the lost of a patient. Sensationalists are rarely present when despair and tears are being replaced by joy, smile and exaltation. They do not understand that it is impossible to meet the doctor who will be prepared to deliberately violate the profession, ethical values, Hippocratic oath, to directly endanger the health or life of the patient, or make a deliberate mistake and commit an offense.

Introduction: Medico-legal expertise and identification of victims during the war and post war conflicts mean for The Republic of Serbia the most important humanitarian, scientific and ethical problem. Aim: Forensic investigations on territory of Kosovo and Metohija are currently going on. Material and methods: In this paper we observe all cases of Serbs and other non-Albanians who were exhumed and identified during first five years after armed conflict (2000-2005.), in few mass graves and in many single grave sites. Results. In the mentioned period of time, 280 dead bodies were exhumed and forensic team did autopsies, 111 dead bodies were identified. Conclusion: Well done forensic expertise is a prerequisite to the successful identification, but also the criminal processing of cases in the category of war crimes, which all together give a distinctive character. The research, published and presented in this paper at the identified human corpses, through the general data, identified violations, determining the cause and manner of death, as well as its origin, with all the available documentation of circumstances that led to the death is also the scientific and historical evidence of the tragic fate of the missing persons and victims.

Urban positioning, architectural conceptualization, and construction of health care facilities are parts of a complex process with a number of participants from fields of engineering, but also political and management structures on whose decisions the success of project implementation depends. In general, throughout history, the involvement of representatives of the medical profession in such endeavors has proven to be fruitful because in such a way they directly participate in the functional and formal design of their own work environment. In that sense, it can be stated that the collaboration of engineers, specifically architects, with medical doctors is all the more valuable for scientific research in the field of both the history of medicine and the history of architecture. This text deals with the implications of the collaboration between Primarius Dr. Svetozar Živojnović (1899–1981) and academician architect Nikola Dobrović (1897–1967) on the design and construction of several health care facilities, as well as the planning of urban zones in Igalo during the sixth and seventh decade of the 20th century. The paper emphasizes their respective contributions, which are considered crucial for the socio-economic development that has turned Igalo into a modern international health center, and one of the main centers of health tourism in the Mediterranean region.