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Copyright of Socioloski Pregled is the property of Srpsko Sociolosko Drustvo and its content may not be copied or emailed to multiple sites or posted to a listserv without the copyright holder's express written permission. However, users may print, download, or email articles for individual use. This abstract may be abridged. No warranty is given about the accuracy of the copy. Users should refer to the original published version of the material for the full abstract. (Copyright applies to all Abstracts.)

Artificial intelligence is becoming an increasingly significant factor in social and economic life. As it is capable of performing a large portion of tasks as well as or even better and faster than humans, its use is becoming widespread, ranging from simple tasks in manufacturing plants to participating in online conclusion of contract and even in diagnostics and surgical procedures in medicine. Although it represents a huge potential for progress and development in society and the improvement of quality of life of an individual, it also brings significant risks. The question of the legal personhood of artificial intelligence was raised long before it became such a significant factor in legal transactions. However, in the last decade, it has become particularly relevant. Despite this, there is disagreement in the doctrine, both in terms of terminology and regarding whether artificial intelligence should be recognized as a legal subject or not. The paper presents various arguments on which authors advocating for the recognition of legal personhood of AI have based their stance, as well as reasons on which other authors base their skepticism towards expanding the circle of legal subjects in favor of artificial intelligence. At the end of the paper, based on the analysis of the presented views and arguments, the authors take a stance on whether and under what conditions legal personhood should be recognized to artificial intelligence. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Copyright of Bulletin of the Institute of Ethnography of the Serbian Academy of Sciences & Arts / Glasnik Etnografskog Instituta SANU is the property of Institute of Ethnography, SASA and its content may not be copied or emailed to multiple sites or posted to a listserv without the copyright holder's express written permission. However, users may print, download, or email articles for individual use. This abstract may be abridged. No warranty is given about the accuracy of the copy. Users should refer to the original published version of the material for the full abstract. (Copyright applies to all Abstracts.)

Tourism has become a mass industry that attracts over a billion people worldwide annually. With the increasing application of artificial intelligence, technology is accelerating changes in tourism, enhancing customer service, operational efficiency, and supporting sustainable practices. Therefore, the aim of this paper is to provide an overview of the impact of Generative Artificial Intelligence (GAI) on the hospitality and tourism industry. Through the analysis of various aspects of GAI application in this sector, the paper explores potential benefits and challenges that this technology brings for companies, stakeholders, and users. Additionally, the paper addresses legal and ethical aspects of GAI usage, particularly concerning data protection, privacy, and compliance with relevant laws and regulations. A special focus is on the REFLECT model, which offers a holistic approach to the use of artificial intelligence, enabling companies to better understand and manage the implementation of this technology.

Artificial intelligence is becoming an increasingly significant factor in social and economic life. As it is capable of performing a large portion of tasks as well as or even better and faster than humans, its use is becoming widespread, ranging from simple tasks in manufacturing plants to participating in online conclusion of contract and even in diagnostics and surgical procedures in medicine. Although it represents a huge potential for progress and development in society and the improvement of quality of life of an individual, it also brings significant risks. The question of the legal personhood of artificial intelligence was raised long before it became such a significant factor in legal transactions. However, in the last decade, it has become particularly relevant. Despite this, there is disagreement in the doctrine, both in terms of terminology and regarding whether artificial intelligence should be recognized as a legal subject or not. The paper presents various arguments on which authors advocating for the recognition of legal personhood of AI have based their stance, as well as reasons on which other authors base their skepticism towards expanding the circle of legal subjects in favor of artificial intelligence. At the end of the paper, based on the analysis of the presented views and arguments, the authors take a stance on whether and under what conditions legal personhood should be recognized to artificial intelligence.

This paper will present the latest research from the current field of mass application of artificial intelligence and Industry 4.0, through the prism of the impact on digital transformation and digital competencies of key users in business. Based on the research of representative foreign and domestic scientific literature, the theoretical foundations of artificial intelligence, digital transformation, and defined digital competence necessary for the age of the information society will evolve. The paper will present concrete cases of the effects of artificial intelligence on application in business through the impact on certain areas of life and work with examples from neighboring countries. This research study defines the concept, highlights the evolution and development of artificial intelligence, digitization process, and digital transformation, through an overview of their key technologies that identifies the role of artificial intelligence as the backbone of digital transformation, explores the trends of the digitization process, highlights key challenges and explores its applications in business and industry 4.0 in European countries with the identification of the impact on everyday life, and the evolution of current trends and challenges.

The hospitality industry is undergoing a significant transformation driven by technological advancements, leading to the emergence of digital hospitality. This paper addresses the drivers, challenges and opportunities associated with the digitization of hospitality services, offering valuable insights for industry stakeholders. Through an exploration of case studies, industry trends and theoretical frameworks, this paper reveals the transformative power of digital hospitality and its implications for the future of the industry. The findings reveal that the adoption of technological innovations such as virtual reality, contactless technology and artificial intelligence are reshaping the way hospitality services are delivered and experienced. Industry leaders are using these technologies to improve customer experience, optimize operations and drive sustainability initiatives. Moreover, the paper highlights the importance of tailored strategies and interventions aimed at reducing waste, improving efficiency and meeting the growing demands of consumers in the digital era. Also, the paper emphasizes the need for companies in the hospitality sector to embrace digitization and adapt to the changing landscape. By embracing technological advances and implementing innovative solutions, organizations can position themselves for success in a digitally driven world, ultimately increasingcompetitiveness and customer satisfaction in the evolving hospitality industry.

Copyright of Socioloski Pregled is the property of Srpsko Sociolosko Drustvo and its content may not be copied or emailed to multiple sites or posted to a listserv without the copyright holder's express written permission. However, users may print, download, or email articles for individual use. This abstract may be abridged. No warranty is given about the accuracy of the copy. Users should refer to the original published version of the material for the full abstract. (Copyright applies to all Abstracts.)

In a rapidly changing World, changes in the field of law are inevitable, both at the theoretical level and in the domain of legal regulation. This, first of all, refers to basic doctrinal notions and legal definitions, which represent the basis for the construction and development of legal institutes. In this context, a special place is occupied by the thing, as a starting category of property law that regulates relations related to the appropriation. In many legal systems, but also in legal doctrine, it is not entirely clear what and under what conditions can be appropriated. This is, on the one hand, a consequence of legal regulation lagging behind changes in society, and on the other, legal science lagging behind other scientific fields and technological development. Serbian civil law is specific in this regard. In legal theory, which has been developing since the beginning of the 20th century under the strong influence of German doctrine and the German Civil Code of 1896, the prevailing view is that things are only matter (a material part of the environment). There is no general conceptual definition in the current laws. That gap can be filled by applying the old rules from the Serbian Civil Code of 1844, which contains a definition that, due to its breadth, is much more suitable for the era in which we live, than the one that the doctrine took over from German law. According to the SCC, “the name of a thing is understood in the legal sense of everything that is not a human being, or is not a person, and serves the needs of a human being.” Such determination is closer to the position of fundamental sciences and modern integrative scientific disciplines of the new generation, according to which everything in the human environment is consists of matter, energy and information. Certain changes in the understanding of things occurred under the pressure of time and practical needs. Instead of meeting the changes, legal regulation and legal science react belatedly and intervene to what has been a part of reality for a long time. The gap between the normative and the real is alleviated by the fact that the other two elements of the Universe (energy and information) are also included under the traditional general notion of things (based on the thesis that thing is exclusively matter). Paradoxically, in many countries this was done in the domain of criminal law or under its influence. However, even that change is not enough. It is necessary to make another step towards what is the new reality in the 21st century and accept the fact that energy and (physical, structural) information should not be subsumed under a general term, because they are already part of the thing, they are inside it (as its constituents). Instead, a more abstract and at the same time comprehensive concept should be built. Summa summarum, in the spirit of modern science and in the broadest property law sense, a thing is every component of an environment that can be physically and legally subject to appropriation. Such a notion is sufficiently abstract and broad enough that it can encompass elements that at the current level of development of science and technology are considered to be constituent of everything existing, as well as some new ones, to which the evolution of scientific thought will lead. It can also represent a framework for finding answers to some new legal challenges. For instance, for complex problems related to physical information and the information code of matter such as DNA, which is followed by questions from the domain of biomedical engineering, issues related to the digital shadow of living matter and its reproduction, and in that context, with the so-called bio-informational property. Special attention is required for what is directly related to the fourth industrial revolution, above all the Internet of Things (IoT). Under the influence of technical and technological progress, the boundaries between subjects and objects of law are shifting or even being erased. Some things (understood in a modern way, as a synthesis of matter, energy and information) have or gradually acquire some kind of legal subjectivity. These include humanoid robots, various forms of artificial intelligence, etc. Virtual reality (Cyber space) and its (intangible, digital) entities, such as avatars, digital fashion, digital immortality, etc., represent a special area with which the modern concept of things should be connected. The paper also discusses some important issues related to notions and definitions, with the reasons for their rethinking and methodological approaches to that issue, among which the new scientific encyclopedism and interdisciplinarity are particularly significant. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Copyright of Socioloski Pregled is the property of Srpsko Sociolosko Drustvo and its content may not be copied or emailed to multiple sites or posted to a listserv without the copyright holder's express written permission. However, users may print, download, or email articles for individual use. This abstract may be abridged. No warranty is given about the accuracy of the copy. Users should refer to the original published version of the material for the full abstract. (Copyright applies to all Abstracts.)

The world of arbitration has not escaped the all-pervading impact of AI. Stakeholders are not only assessing the current impact of AI on the practice of arbitration but also speculating on its future role. The possibility of AI replacing human arbitrators has also figured in the discussions. This paper focuses on the use of AI in the context of investor-State arbitration, which of late, has been facing fierce backlash for its purported deficiencies. The paper explores whether AI could be used to remedy some of the burning issues in the investor-state dispute settlement system, which have culminated in its "existential crisis". The paper assesses the extent to which human arbitrators and other relevant factors have contributed to the crisis, and then examines the suitability of AI to act as an arbitrator. The paper lays a road map for the potential role of AI in ISA and attempts to answer the central question-could AI prove to be a resurrector or a disruptor of the ISA system.

The paper discusses the model of a software solution in the form of an expert system that helps entrepreneurs and companies in choosing Web hosting and service packages for the distribution of their Web applications. The software, based on the parameters entered by the user, analyzes 10 factors that are important when deciding on the choice of hosting, and based on the answers received by the user recommends one of the alternatives that best suits his preferences and capabilities. The model of the expert system has an advisory character in making decisions on the choice of adequate hosting and can be upgraded by introducing new parameters, rules and conclusions as proposed solutions, to include new problem situations. The aim of this paper is to point out the possibility of creating artificial intelligence systems that can help in making adequate business decisions for the electronic market.

Introduction This review aims to investigate modern methods of applying artificial intelligence to diagnose SARS Cov-2 and predict the development of potential emergencies. Methods The most commonly used electronic databases, such as Scopus and Medline during 2020, were searched. A narrative approach was used to synthesize the extracted data. Results In this review paper, it has been shown that the application of artificial intelligence plays a significant role in virus diagnosis and prognosis in clinical trials. It allows resources to be used much more rationally, such as respirators , in hospitals, during the treatment of SARS Cov-2 and the prediction of possible mortality. The obtained results are from the analysis performed on 120 papers and studies that were electronically taken from papers published on Scopus and Pub Med line. Most commonly used artificial intelligence techniques are convolutional neural networks and machine learning. Conclusions Included studies showed that artificial intelligence can significantly improve the treatment of SARS Cov-2, although many of the proposed methods have not yet been clinically accepted. In addition, more effort is needed to develop standardized reporting protocols or guidelines on applying artificial intelligence into conventional clinical practice. This technology is suitable for fast and accurate diagnosis, prediction and monitoring of current patients and prognosis of disease development in future patients.

In this paper, the authors seek to critically questioning the relationship between technology and the mind, machine and man, we also try to understand the medium of the Internet, its nature and the way inwhich its integration into everyday life is changing everyday life. The For 30 years, Internet has been a technology, but also a medium of mass communication in society, but the discussions about it are mostlyreduced to either laud of technology or skepticism, which, as Silva Vaidhyanathan (2018) says, are representing those named as „‘orthodox’ media ecologists“. Therefore, in this paper, we are trying to understand the relationship between technology (media) and the mind (man), starting from the observations made by Mumford, Nietzsche, McLuhan, Freud, to the contemporary thinking of McChesney, Carr, Keene, Vaidhyanathan, Searl. We are considering the ways in which the previousmedia, including speech, letter, photography, were changing society and human needs, but also new, changed patterns of behavior in everyday life, which were partly created due to our use of the dominant technology of contemporary age. We also study the source of man’s need for new technologies, inventions, machines, his desire for the control of nature and technique, which, seemingly, is easily transformed into the control of the man himself. In this paper we do not give the final answers to the growing problems and issues of today’s networked and technologized world, but we are dealing with reflections on the development of the Internet, communication technologies and artificial intelligence.

All the major artificial intelligence based product and service providers in the software industry are acquiring the AI startup to enhance the existing features and capabilities of their offerings to customers. Oracle is no exception to this strategy. It has acquired DataFox to enhance AI powered capabilities, expand available data sources for its business intelligence software. This paper is an attempt to study various facets of DataFox acquisitions such as deal itself, DataFox capabilities (products/applications, customers, competitors), reasons for Oracle to acquire DataFox, and its impact on existing products and applications of Oracle. In addition, the paper compares the acquisition with the model suggested by Bonzom and Netessine (2016) and concludes it is more for innovation, change in culture, reaching new markets, and having AI platform and less for problem solving by analysing nine propositions.

The introduction of information technology into retail has profoundly affected business methods. Technology of Internet devices, including sensors, positioning indoors, augmented reality, vision and interactive systems, can significantly advance the offline sale. Retailers have shown an interest in these technologies and are quick to adopt them in order to improve operational efficiency and customer experience in their retail spaces. The term "smart store" is used in this paper to refer to retail units equipped with these new technologies and modern marketing concepts. The aim of the paper is to summarize the situation and trends related to smart stores and their possible applications in a real business environment.

There are multiple definitions for integral road bridges. One of them explains that these are single-span bridges without expansion joints or bearings at the discontinuity locations. In terms of durability and maintenance, discontinuity locations are considered to be construction parts most exposed to damage in this type of structure. Engineers' efforts to lower maintenance costs and extend the durability of structures have led to the emergence of integral bridges. Early assessment of construction costs is crucial in determining the justification for constructing such structures, as it allows both the investor and the contractor to gauge their involvement in the project's implementation. The construction costs can be determined based on the structure characteristics. One of the major characteristics of integral bridges is the height of their piers. This paper examines how the pier height affects the construction costs of integral road bridges. The prognostic model in the Python 3.7.6 software package applies neural networks to determine the impact of pier height. According to the research, the pier height accounts for up to 20% of the total construction costs of integral road bridges.

Artificial intelligence, as the latest technology of the modern age, represents a set of algorithms, i.e. software tools that, when applied to certain hardware, enable various devices to become "smart", meaning, to be capable to perform many tasks autonomously without constant oversight by man. In modern armed conflicts, artificial intelligence (AI) is used both in various forms of software tools, which help situational analysis and faster decision-making, and in the form applied to hardware when they enable faster identification of targets and more precise targeting. This paper presents forms of artificial intelligence that are most commonly used in today's conflicts. Also, particular emphasis is placed on the use of cyber weapons, which represent ever more significant element of modern conflicts. However, the risks that occur when using AI are also stressed. Although its use reduces certain traditionally recognized risks, new risks emerge resulting from the use of these powerful tools for the purposes of conflicts. The conclusion is that this new technology enables us, as a society, more "humane" conflicts, with fewer victims and less damage, and yet, the use of that technology still depends on people and their reasons for conflicts.

ChatGPT is a new chatbot developed by the company OpenAI and is an interface for the language model (Large Language Model). Although its primary function is to mimic a human interlocutor in a conversation, ChatGPT is capable of interpreting unusual responses as well. It can generate computer programs, answer exam questions, write poetry and song lyrics. The analysis of multiple hacking communities shows that there are already cases of cybercriminals using ChatGPT to develop malicious tools. This paper deals with determining the possibility of generating malicious programs using the ChatGPT language model. The authors have shown that it is possible to exploit ChatGPT to generate a script that can be used for bruteforce attacks.

This paper explores the evolving role of teachers and literary translators in the era of artificial intelligence and machine translation and addresses the challenges encountered in literary translation. It focuses on achieving a balance between human expertise and machine power to ensure faithful translations of literary works while preserving their inherent artistic value. The study analyses four translations of an excerpt from the short story “Lake Como” by Serbian writer Srđan Valjarević. These translations, from Serbian to English, were conducted in groups by third-year Anglistics students at the Faculty of Philology, Sinergija University in Bijeljina, whose native language is Serbian. The quality and accuracy of the translations were assessed, accompanied by detailed justifications of our preference judgments. A comparison was made between our assessments and those generated by Chat GPT-3, aiming to provide insights into the advancements made by AI in the realm of literary translation. This comprehensive evaluation of translations, encompassing both human translators and AI-powered language models (LLMs), offers a deeper understanding of the specific strengths and weaknesses exhibited by LLMs in the context of literary translation. Through this human evaluation process, we strive to shed light on the specific areas where LLM translators excel and identify the challenges they are still facing. The findings contribute to a deeper understanding of AI's impact on literary translation and pave the way for future research and advancements in this area.

Precision agriculture is becoming increasingly important in modern agriculture as it allows farmers to optimize production and increase yields. This includes the use of sensors and technologies to collect and analyze data on soil, crops, weather, and other relevant factors. However, existing technology still has limitations such as accuracy and coverage over large areas. In order to solve this, new sensors and technologies are being developed, especially those based on artificial intelligence and machine learning, which allow for greater accuracy in data collection. In addition, new technologies such as drones and satellite imagery are being used to map crops and optimize agricultural production. This paper analyzes some of the latest developments in precision agriculture, providing insight into the future development and application of this technology. This work is particularly relevant to farmers, researchers, and companies involved in the development of sensors and technologies for precision agriculture

The introduction of artificial intelligence in all domains of life is the most transformative process in recent history. It is also a highly dynamic process, and due to the pace of technological development, a very limited legal framework is available to address issues of human rights, ethics, transparency, privacy, safety and accountability. During the last few years, artificial intelligence started to reshape employment processes. Positive aspects of the introduction of AI in the employment process are efficiency and quality in job matching, digitalisation and acceleration of the process, ability to process large data and match job seekers to available vacancy announcements, the alleviation of administrative burdens of employees of employment agencies and giving them strategic and innovative roles. All these are indispensable in present times when demographic challenges in European countries are leading to increased labour migrations and require changes in the recruitment process. The paper explores the current challenges of AI, i.e. how to achieve human-centred values and fairness of AI use during the employment process, preventing algorithmic bias and discriminatory application of AI tools. In order to harness the maximum benefits of AI, we need to develop a regulatory framework that would be enforceable, inclusive and adaptive (OECD), particularly knowing that most AI solutions are privately owned and developed for commercial purposes.

This paper will provide an overview and critically examine the underlying political, cultural and philosophical dimensions of artificial intelligence through the analysis of current theoretical variants of the idea of humanism: from posthumanism and transhumanism, through antihumanism to digital humanism. At the same time, the concept of digital humanism is favored, which is affirmative of both the achievements of modern technologies and the spirit/reason of humanity

In recent years, there has been a significant surge in interest in the incorporation of artificial intelligence (AI) within the field of software engineering. This phenomenon can be attributed to the fact that AI has become ubiquitous and increasingly accessible, thereby finding effective application across various pivotal facets of software systems. Its contribution extends not only to the creation of novel functionalities but also to the enhancement of existing processes within software projects, often resulting in substantially improved adaptability to specific user requirements. Within this paper, we provide an overview of the application of AI tools within one of the critical domains of software project management - risk management. To achieve this objective, a bibliometric analysis of literature pertaining to risk management in software projects employing AI tools has been conducted. The primary aim of this study is to identify and analyze key trends, authors, journals, and keywords within this multidisciplinary domain, in order to gain a better understanding of the progress and relevance of research concerning risk management in software projects utilizing AI tools. The methodology encompasses a review of pertinent databases and the identification of relevant publications using keywords associated with software projects, risk management, and artificial intelligence. Quantitative parameters such as the number of published works, author collaborations, citation frequency, and the distribution of articles over time and across journals are analyzed.

The development of technology and biotechnologies in the modern society has seemingly made immortality more approachable to humanity than ever before; medicine is advancing, life is getting longer, anti-ageing techniques are becoming more common, and artificial intelligence developers claim to be able to offer the possibility for internet users to make digital clones. Through research of existing practices and interviews with internet users who have lost someone, this paper will offer the answer about how much are these practices actually commonplace and available to all. This empirical research looks into the reality of digital immortality, especially when it comes to the social networks and the online sphere.

The epoch of the digital age is marked by the seamless integration of artificial intelligence (AI) into the various facets of human communication and representation. As AI models begin to dictate our online behaviors and digital representations, questions about authenticity, representation, and identity surface. The semiotics of digital culture, a framework rooted in understanding the interplay of signs and symbols, provides an avenue to decode these nuanced shifts in identity representation in the age of AI. Through an in-depth examination of recent academic literature, this paper aims to provide a comprehensive analysis of how AI influences and shapes the semiotics of digital culture, with a particular focus on implications for identity and representation. The continuous loop between human inputs and AI outputs forms a dynamic relationship, wherein the semiotic cues from humans shape AI algorithms, which in turn modulate digital representations and impact how we perceive identity. Drawing on a range of real-world research, this discourse elucidates the complexities and challenges posed by the intersection of AI and semiotics in digital culture.

Artificial intelligence has largely become an integral part of our lives. It has found its application in all spheres of modern life, from the virtual personal assistant that helps us organize our working day, through traffic control, the use of autonomous vehicles, through the inevitable use in medicine, education, agriculture, but also in restoration, preservation and promotion. cultural heritage. Artificial intelligence and machine learning have enormous potential in the (semi)automatic selection, organization and preservation of cultural heritage in libraries, archives and museums, as well as in the computer analysis of cultural heritage data. The paper will review the position of Bosnia and Herzegovina in terms of the development of artificial intelligence in relation to neighboring countries, as well as the presentation of the National Gallery of Bosnia and Herzegovina on the Google Arts and Culture platform.

Information-communication technologies are one of the basic characteristics of modern society. The great needs of the today's economy and society for better and efficient products and services have caused continuous development of the technological sector. In that manner, artificial intelligence is one of the most significant phenomena in this sector. Artificial intelligence could be described as possibility of computer programs to replace human intelligence and work in many activities. The use of an artificial intelligence system has provided many benefits to people who no longer have to go to a bank or a store, can organize meetings online and conduct conversations digitally, etc. However, new technologies also carry many risks to rights and freedoms, such as the right to privacy, the right to protection of personal data, the right to liberty, etc. Having in mind the importance of artificial intelligence for modern society and future generations, the author has analysed the normative framework of artificial intelligence. The primary focus of the research is on the regulation of artificial intelligence in comparative law. For that purpose, the author used the strategic documents of the EU, USA and Peoples Republic of China, as a leader in the fields of artificial intelligence. The aim of this paper is to point out the importance of future research on artificial intelligence in various legal fields, which will inevitably meet new technological phenomena.

The outbreak of Coronavirus Disease 2019 (COVID-19) has affected the lives of 5,698,246 people globally. Originating in China, the virus progressed rapidly to other countries. The COVID-19 outbreak has mostly affected cities and seriously threatened citizens' health, the economy, and the infrastructures of the urban territories. Several states were relatively quick to deploy smart technology solutions to respond to the emergence of COVID-19. Existing and new digital technologies are proposed to supplement the traditional measures within the response to the first pandemic of the decade. The term smart technologies imply the Internet of Things (IoT), Big Data, and Artificial Intelligence. The focus of this paper was to propose smart technologies as a part of the solution toward reducing the spread of pandemics in urbanized areas. One of the aims was to find positive examples of the smart city implementation during the pandemics and show its usefulness in facing it. The possibility of using real-time data, thus conducting real-time action is their main advantage and that is why more cities should use this smart concept to respond to the global crises.

This paper is about the roots of computerized predictive analysis of judge's behavior, and it investigates problems which predictive analysis is facing today, its prospects, as well as advantages and limits of that method. The author is of opinion that major limitation in predicting behavior of a judge with broad precision is emotional shortage of artificial intelligence. Following the line of legal realism the author concludes that unpredictability of judge's behavior, namely specific and unique feature of their personalities, makes legal outcome not completely certain. Algorithms are today based mostly upon mechanical jurisprudence and syllogistic reasoning as computers are 'fed' by man. In the future it might become possible, due to dynamic development of technology and with possibility of developing self-learned artificial intelligence, that machines could once replace judges or at least predict rulings with a very high percentage of probability. But, if the law is ars boni et aequi, and that ancient Roman postulate is not yet validly contested, then the range of mechanical jurisprudence is still limited. Machine may be able to gain equality, as it is basically and originally a mathematical principle and operation. But it cannot reach sensitivity of the second, correspondingly important, or even more fundamental legal principle - what is good in general and in concrete case. Good is a value, having its specific loading and feature in every single case. This is something that the machine cannot properly recognize and measure.

This paper surveys the methods used for visual servoing of robotic systems, where the main focus is on mobile robot systems. The three main areas of research include the Direct Visual Servoing, stereo vision systems, and artificial intelligence in visual servoing. The standard methods such as Image-Based Visual Servoing (IBVS) and Position-Based Visual Servoing (PBVS) are analyzed and compared with the new method named Direct Visual Servoing (DVS). DVS methods have better accuracy, compared to IBVS and PBVS, but have limited convergence area. Because of their high accuracy, DVS methods are suitable for integration into hybrid systems. Furthermore, the use of the stereo systems for visual servoing is comprehensively analyzed. The main contribution of the stereo system is the accurate depth estimation, which is critical for many visual servoing tasks. The use of artificial intelligence (AI) in visual servoing purposes has also gained popularity over the years. AI techniques give visual servoing controllers the ability to learn by using predefined examples or empirical knowledge. The learning ability is crucial for the implementation of robotic systems in a real-world dynamic manufacturing environment. Also, we analyzed the use of visual odometry in combination with a visual servoing controller for creating more robust and reliable positioning system.

Achievements of artificial intelligence are incorporated through information technologies into different spheres of contemporary life, yet in the domain of higher education there is a sporadic utilization. For this very reason, the paper analyzes the existing diversified aspects of the application of artificial intelligence in higher education. The first concerns the application of these technologies in the educational process itself and includes expert and tutoring systems that are, either independently or in combination with classical methodological approaches, used to train both students and teaching staff. The second aspect is recommender systems that support the career guidance and students counselling in an automated way. The third aspect includes knowledge discovery from data, especially unstructured data such as social media content relevant to the business and reputation of higher education institutions or web logs of visitors to an institutional website. The presented approaches and positive examples illustrate the comparative advantages of intelligent technologies in the domain of higher education and empasize their large application potentials.