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Background/Aim: Ischaemic heart disease (IHD) is a major cause of morbidity and the leading cause of mortality in either men or women globally. IHD incidence is more common in the elderly and there are multiple well-known risk factors for IHD. This study aimed to evaluate the epidemiological trend of IHD in North-Western India. This study also evaluated the risk factors of IHD and associated comorbidities. Methods: A cross-sectional observational study for a period of 12 months was conducted in the Cardiology Department of the Tertiary Care Hospital, Jaipur, India. A total of 400 IHD patients were enrolled in this study. Statistical Package for Social Sciences (SPSS) version 20.0 software was used for statistical calculation. Results: The most common age group was 61-80 years (mean age was 57.8 ± 0.66) with men predominated (76.3 %). More patients (56 %) were from urban areas than rural areas (44 %). Among all the patients, 161 (40.3 %) patients were smokers and 42 (10.3 %) were alcoholics. Hypertension (34.8 %) followed by diabetes mellitus (17 %) and obesity (7.3 %) were found to be the predominant risk factors. Conclusion: IHD was more common in elderly patients and in men. Heavy alcohol consumption and smoking were potential risk factors for the development of IHD. Hypertension, diabetes mellitus and obesity also significantly contributed to occurrence of IHD. The burden of the IHD can be reduced by the limiting alcohol consumption, smoking cessation and adaptation of healthy lifestyle.

Spinal Muscular Atrophy (SMA) is uncommon genetic (autosomal recessive) disease that deteriorates neuromuscular function of the affected person's body by causing lower motor neuron damage, progress in muscle atrophy and in advanced cases leads to paralysis of muscles. Mainly skeletal and respiratory muscles are involved. SMA is present due to lack of SMA proteins, which are encoded by survival motor neuron-1 (SMN-1) genes. In mutation of SMN-1 genes, deficiency of SMN proteins occurs. SMA affects all age groups, but mainly and most severely children younger than 6 months of age. At present, risdiplam is a treatment option and the drug has been approved by the US Food Drug and Administration on 7 August 2020. The availability of the drug has led to increased financial, ethical and medical problems. SMA affected populations are regularly challenged to these issues.