Search

U jesen 2011. g. pronađene su mine na listovima graničice (Hemerocallis spp.) u Ljubljani, Slovenija. Mine su bile zapažene na lišću više kultivara vrsta Hemerocallis fulva, H. lilioasphodellus i nekim drugim Hemerocallis vrstama. Sakupljeni minirani listovi s ličinkama uzgajani su u laboratoriju i izašla imaga determinirana su kao Ophiomyia kwansonis. Godine 2012. mine su nađene na lokaciji Veliko Trebeljevo (23 km zračne udaljenosti od Ljubljane), Šmihel u blizini Pivke (50 km od Ljubljane), arboretum Volčji Potok – Radomlje (20 km od Ljubljane) i u Podturnu kod Dolenjskih Toplica (54 km od Ljubljane). Imaga štetnika nađena su na domaćinu od svibnja nadalje. Muha je autohtona na Tajvanu i u Japanu, odakle je unešena u Sjedinjene Američke Države i determinirana 2011. godine. U novim staništima lisni miner graničice ponaša se kao strana vrsta, štetna za vrste roda Hemerocallis, pa predviđamo njeno brzo širjenje u Europi. U radu se daje i osvrt na fitosanitarni značaj O. kwansonis za ukrasne vrste graničica, kao i za autohtone šumske zajednice u kojima se pojavljuje H. lilioasphodellus u Sloveniji i mogućnosti za usporenje njezinog širenja. Ovo je prvo izvješće o pojavi O. kwansonis u Sloveniji i Europi., The daylily leafminer Ophiomyia kwansonis (Diptera: Agromyzidae) was found in autumn 2011 at 4 localities in Ljubljana (2 private gardens, public park Tivoli and Botanical garden of University of Ljubljana) (locations: X=101090, Y=459525; X=100891, Y=461620; X=101037, Y=461344; X=99737, Y=462774). In 2012 it was found in the next six new locations: two in Ljubljana (Rimska road and Koseze), in the village Veliko Trebeljevo approx. 25 km air distance from Ljubljana, near the village Šmihel by Pivka, approx. 50 km from Ljubljana, Podturn near Dolenjske Toplice approx. 54 km from Ljubljana and arboretum Volčji Potok near Radomlje approx. 20 km from Ljubljana (locations: X=100496, Y=461632; X=103238, Y=459190; X=96365, Y=480155; X=56886, Y=436145; X=117053, Y=469814; X=66391, Y=503581). The adults were found on the daylilly plants from the end of May till October, when our observation ceased. This is the first report of O. kwansonis in Slovenia and in Europe as a pest of Hemerocalis spp. Its larvae bore longitudinal, whitish, meandering tunnels in the leaves of Hemerocallis plants (ophionoms), weakening them and reducing their ornamental value. Natural distribution of the species is Japan and Taiwan and in 2006 it was noticed in the United States of America where it is still spreading. The fly was not identified until 2011 and thus no legislative measures to prevent its spread were put in place. According to the observations from the USA O. kwansonis is a pest that causes economic damage in different species and ornamental varieties of Hemerocallis. Our preliminary and unsystematic observations show, that in Slovenia, due to the air distance spread of more than 70 km, the suppression of O. kwansonis is not possible any more. The introduction and the spread of this new pest again confirms the inefficiency of the phytosanitary system of the USA and of the European Union. To the authors knowledge no official measures against the pest were put into force in the EPPO region nor in the European phytosanitary system by the middle of October 2012, although the EPPO and SCPH were informed about the confirmation of the determination by the dipterologist dr. Michael von Tschirnhaus on 6th July 2012. Daylily trade is the probable pathway of the pest since hibernation occurs mostly underground in the lower parts of withered leaves, which are attached to dormant stolons in trade. Pest status of Ophiomyia kwansonis officially declared by the NPPO of Slovenia is: Transient: non-actionable.

Rad donosi najnovije podatke o rasprostranjenosti i domaćinima lipinog moljca minera Phyllonorycter issikii: u Aziji je autohton u trima, u Europi se raširio u 20 država. Domaćini su u području rasprostranjenosti moljca domaće vrste lipa (Tilia spp.), u Europi su domaćini uz domaće lipe i njihovi hibridi, isto tako i egzotične vrste lipa. U Sloveniji je otkriven godine 2006. U razdoblju od 2007.–2008. godine provedeno je istraživanje napadnutosti različitih vrsta roda Tilia (Tilia cordata, T. platyphyllos, T. tomentosa, T. sp.1, T. sp. 2) u šest ekoloških regija na 22 lokaliteta urbanog prostora. Ukupno smo analizirali 918 listova, a mjerenje svojstava lišća provedeno je skeniranjem i izračunom programom Digimizer 3.0.0.0., MedCalc Software. Lipin moljac raširen je na području cijele Slovenije. Oštećenost lišća, odnosno gustoća populacije moljca bila je najveća u Predalpskoj, Predpanonskoj i Alpskoj ekološkoj regiji. Mine su najveće u Predalpskoj, Alpskoj i Predpanonskoj ekološkoj regiji. Od autohtonih lipa na prvom je mjestu po oštećenosti T. cordata (91,47 %,) slijedi T. platyphyllos (21,72 %), onda T. tomentosa (0,41 %). Daleko najveća oštećenost javlja se na hibridnoj lipi T. sp. 1 (512,50 %). Oštećenost lišća bila je u razdoblju istraživanja visoka i u prosjeku je iznosila 87,80 %; godine 2007. iznosila je 116,3 %, a godine 2008. 66,5 %. Površina mina na lišću bila je veća u 2007. nego u 2008. godini (39 mm2 u odnosu na 21,4 mm2). Pretpostavljamo da se lipin moljac pojavio u Sloveniji prije 2006. godine, imajući u vidu rasprostranjenost vrste na cijelom području. Zbog relativno velike oštećenosti lišća domaćina, predstavlja značajnog štetnika vrsta roda Tilia u parkovima i park-šumama urbanih područja., From 2007 to 2008, a study of presence of the lime leafminer (Phyllonorycter issikii) in Slovenia and an attack of different species of the genus Tilia (Tilia cordata, T. platyphyllos, T. tomentosa, T. sp.1, T. sp. 2) in six ecological regions at 22 sites in urban areas was carried out. The aim of the study was to determine the extent of lime leafminer in Slovenia and investigate whether the localities, ecological region, hosts species and years affect the moth population density, the damage to the leaves, and the number and surface of mines in the leaves of different host plants. A total of 918 leaves were analysed; measuring the characteristics of leaves (average leaf area, total number of mines, the average size of mine) was done by scanning, and calculations with the program Digimizer 3.0.0.0., MedCalc Software. Ph. issikii is present throughout Slovenia. Damage to leaves and moth population density was greatest in the Pre-alpine, Pre-panonic and Alpine ecological regions; the largest mines were in the Pre-alpine, Alpine and Pre-panonic ecological regions. Among native limes, the most commonly damaged is T. cordata (91.47%), followed by T. platyphyllos (21.72%), then T. tomentosa (0.41%). By far the greatest damage was appearing on the hybrid lime T. sp.1 (512.5%). Damage to the leaves in the period of investigation was high: 87.8% on average; in 2007, it amounted to 116.3% in 2008 to 66.5%. The surface of mines in the leaves was higher in 2007 year than in 2008 (39.3 mm² compared to 21.4 mm²). According to the size (surface) of mines, the results showed that there were statistically significant differences between sites in relation to surface of mines on a leaf. The largest surfaces of mines were in the leaves at the locations 19 (Vrt oddelka-Ljubljana), 20 (Pernica) and 21 (Ižakovci); there were significant differences between ecological regions in relation to the surface of mines on a leaf. Larger surfaces of mines were identified in the Pre-alpine region (92.2 mm²) and the Alpine region (59.6 mm²). There are significant differences between tree species in relation to surface of mines on a leaf; greater surfaces of mines were found on the leaves of T. sp.1 (165.3 mm²); finally there are significant differences between years in relation to surface of mines of the leaves. Surface of mines were larger in 2007 compared to 2008. There were significant differences between sites in relation to the number of mines on a leaf; sites 19 (Vrta oddelka – Ljubljana) and 21 (Ižakovci) (5.1 and 3.9) stand out in this regard. There were also significant differences between ecological regions in relation to the number of mines; the Pre-alpine region (2.9) is predominant. There were also significant differences between tree species in relation to the number of mines on a leaf; species 4 (T. sp.1) (5.13) stands out in this regard. Finally, there were significant differences between years in relation to the number of mines on a leaf. This number was higher in 2007. Ph. issikii was discovered in Slovenia in 2006, but we assume that it appeared in Slovenia prior to 2006, considering the distribution of species throughout the country. Due to the relatively large amount damage to the host leaves, we believe that Ph. issikii is a significant pest species of the hosts from the genus Tilia in parks and trees in park-like forests in urban areas. This paper also gives recent data on the range and hosts of the lime leafminer; in Asia, it is indigenous in three countries, while in Europe it has expanded in 20 countries. In natural distribution, its hosts are local species of linden (Tilia spp.); in Europe its hosts are also linden hybrids, as well as exotic species of limes.