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This paper discusses how the Venetian chronicles written in the 14th-18th centuries represent the episode in which the ban on wearing beards in Venice under Doge Domenico Michiel is connected to the hostilities with the Byzantine Empire in the context of the expedition against Cephalonia in 1126. It is about a strange connection at the first glance; however, some Venetian chroniclers that inserted this event were tempted to consider this decision as an act of contempt against the Greeks that even made Emperor John II Comnenus decide to end the hostilities and demand peace. The paper also brings fragments that introduce this event in Venetian chronicles.

Introduction Determining the length of the root canal is one of the key factors that can affect the outcome of endodontic therapy. Incorrectly determined working length results in underfilled or overfilled canal. The aim of this work was to verify the effectiveness of cone-beam computerized tomography (CBCT) and apex locators in determining working length of the root canal. Material and method Endodontic procedure was performed according to established endodontic protocol on 98 teeth. Teeth were divided into two groups: single-rooted and multi-rooted teeth. In both groups, working length was measured with an apex locator (Woodpex III) and CBCT (Planmeca Viso). In multi-rooted teeth, the canals were classified according to their morphological position into the groups Lingvomesial (LM), Buccomesial (BM), Bucodistal (BD), Palatal (P) and Distal (D) canals. Root canal length was determined by a dentist using apex locator at the University of Banja Luka while CBCT analysis was performed by a radiology engineer at the 3DENT radiology center in Banja Luka. Results CBCT odontometry had small deviations from apex locator odontometry. The mean value of the absolute difference between CBCT measurement and apex locator measurement was the smallest in the group of linguomesial canals (0.284 mm), and the largest in the group of distal canals of the lower molars (1.939 mm). Based on the results of the Mann-Whitney U test, it was concluded that there was no statistically significant difference (p > 0.05) in measured length of the root canal between the two methods in all groups of roots of multi-rooted teeth as well as in the group of single-rooted teeth. Conclusion CBCT odontometry is as reliable as apex locator odontometry.

Introduction Exposure to lead (Pb) can have harmful effects on the general state of the body, including oral health. The aim of this study was to examine the prevalence of changes in gingiva and periodontal tissue in adult rats intoxicated with lead acetate by histological analysis. Material and methods The study was conducted on 42 Wistar rats. Intoxication of rats with lead acetate was carried out through drinking water ad libitum. The first group (A1) consisted of 16 rats that received lead-acetate in water at a concentration (1500 ppm) for 14 days, and the second group (A2) consisted of 16 rats that received lead-acetate in water at the same concentration for 30 days. Results Gingivitis and periodontitis in the first group of rats (A1) were observed in 41.7% of cases, and in the second group (A2) in 84% of cases. A statistically significant difference was found between the investigated groups (ch2 = 6.955; p < 0.018). Conclusion Since changes in the gingiva and periodontium have been observed in rats intoxicated with lead for a long period of time, it is necessary to propose a preventive program for patients exposed to lead, which includes dental procedures such as oral hygiene training and regular visits to the dentist.

Introduction Diabetes mellitus (DM) is a state of chronic hyperglycemia that is a predisposing factor to caries, gingivitis, inflammation of periodontium, oral candidiasis, xerostomia and many other diseases of the oral cavity. Inflammation of the supporting tissue of the tooth is a chronic disease that destroys the supporting structure of the tooth, i.e. periodontal ligament and alveolar bone. The aim of this study was to examine using histological analysis the presence of periodontitis and gingivitis in rats with experimentally induced DM that were sacrificed after 14 and 30 days. Material and methods The research was conducted on 42 Wistar rats. DM in experimental animals was induced by the use of Alloxan intraperitoneally. The first group (Exp_14) consisted of 16 rats in which DM was induced and sacrificed after 14 days, the second group (Exp_30) consisted of 16 rats in which DM was induced and they were sacrificed after 30 days, while the control consisted of 10 healthy rats. Results Periodontitis and gingivitis in the first group of rats (Exp_14) were determined in 54.5% of cases, while in the second group (Exp_30) in 88% of cases. In the control group no case of periodontitis and gingivitis was recorded. A highly statistically significant difference was found between the examined groups (Chi-square = 14.685; p < 0.001). Conclusion In the group of rats with experimentally induced DM that were sacrificed after 30 days, a significantly higher incidence of periodontitis and gingivitis was found compared to the group of rats that were sacrificed after 14 days.

Introduction The aim of this work was to check the average thickness of dentinal wall of the mesio-buccal root of the first lower molar using CBCT axial sections of intact teeth. Material and method In this cross-sectional study, 100 CBCT images of mandibular first molars from the Promax 3Dent radiology center in Banja Luka, Bosnia and Herzegovina were evaluated. A Planmeca Promax3D Max apparatus (Planmeca, Helsinki, Finland) was used, with a field of view (FOV) of 8 × 8 cm and a resolution of 0.1 mm. Analysis was performed using Romexis Viewer software version 3.1.1 (Planmeca, Helsinki, Finland). At an axial thickness of 0.1 mm, transverse sections with a distance of 1 mm were made below the furcation area (at a magnification ×10) at a distance of 1, 2, 3, 4, 5 mm from the furcation. The data were then analyzed by paired t-test. Results The thickness of dentinal wall of the mesio-buccal root of the lower first molar was significantly smaller at 2 mm and 3 mm than when measured at 1, 4 and 5 mm (p < 0.05). There was no significant difference between measurements at 1, 4 and 5 mm below the furcation area (p = 0.001). Conclusion Due to the small thickness of dentinal wall at 2-3 mm below the furcation in the root canal, caution is required when instrumenting mesio-buccal canal of the lower first molar and correct selection of the instrumentation technique in order to avoid transportation or stripping perforation that may lead to root fracture.

Background/Aim. Periodontal tissue maintenance therapy is an important phase of the overall periodontal disease therapy. This paper aims to determine subgingival air-polishing efficacy with glycine powder in putative paropathogens reduction, plaque index, gingival bleeding index and probing depth. Methods. The study included 44 patients with aggressive periodontitis of both sexes, aged between 21 and 50, divided into two groups. Subgingival air-polishing was applied in the first group and sonic scaling in the control (second) group. Biofilm samples were taken from 5 deepest periodontal pockets before the therapy and 3 and 15 months after it. Paropathogens Aggreggatibacter actinomy-cetemcomitans, Porphyromonas gingivalis, Tannerella forsithya, Prevotella intermedia, Treponema denticola were detected by PCR analysis. Results. Paropathogens values were decreased after applied treatments. There was a statistically significant reduction in the mean value of full-mouth plaque (FMPS), from 43.00 to 14.90 (first group) and from 44.71 to 15.54 (second group), full-mouth bleeding score (FMBS) from 42.55 to 13.85 (first group) and from 43.04 to 15.17 (second group), as well as in probing depth from 3.40 to 2.64 (first group) and from 3.85 to 2.91 (second group), three months after the therapy. Conclusion. Subgingival air-polishing successfully reduces putative paropathogens and clinical parameters three months after the treatment.

Introduction Mandibular canal with the associated neurovascular bundle may be closely related to the apices of man-dibular teeth. In order to avoid injuries and damages to the inferior alveolar nerve during invasive dental procedures, it is important to know its localization. The aim of this study was to determine the average vertical distances of the root apices of second premolars, first molars and second molars mesially and distally from the upper projection of the mandibular canal on the sagittal section of CBCT images, and determine if there were statistically significant differences between the age and gender groups. Material and methods The research was conducted at the Faculty of Medicine of the University of Banja Luka, and the sample consisted of 146 CBCT images of patients. CBCT images were obtained using Planmeca ProMax 3D Mid instrument (Planmeca, Helsinki, Finland) and analyzed using Planmeca Romexis Viewer software. In the sagittal section , the vertical distance from the root apex to the upper projection of the mandibular canal was measured for each examined tooth. Results The distal root of the first molar (4.88 mm) had the greatest average vertical distance of the root apex from the mandibular canal, and the distal root of the second molar had the smallest average vertical distance (2.76 mm). There was statistically significant difference between certain age groups in the values of individual roots, for the second molar mesially and distally (p < 0.05), while for the first molar mesially the value of p was at the limit of significance (p = 0.05). Conclusion The results of this study showed that distal root of the mandibular second molar had the smallest vertical distance from mandibular canal, therefore an extra caution during a root canal treatment and careful planning of oral surgery in this region is recommended.

Introduction After the completion of treatment with fixed orthodontic appliances, it is necessary to remove the brackets and bands from teeth using an appropriate method. The aim of this study was to determine the most common way of bond failure between teeth and metal brackets, as well as to compare bond failure between the brackets and upper and lower premolars. Material and Method Metal brackets were bonded with Aspire composite material on 154 human premolars, extracted for orthodontic purposes. After debonding, the surface of remaining adhesive on the teeth and brackets was measured. Adhesive Remnant Index (ARI) was used to estimate bond failure between teeth and metal brackets. Results The average size of remaining adhesive surface after removing brackets from the upper premolars was 12.06 mm2 , while it was 9.32 mm2 on the lower premolars. The average size of the remaining adhesive surface area on the brackets removed from the upper premolars was 0.37 mm2 , while it was 2.08 mm2 on the brackets removed from lower premolars. A statistically significant difference was found between these values. The most common score of ARIteeth was 3 (85.71%) and the most frequent score of ARIbrackets was 0 (85.71%). Conclusion The most common way of bond failure between teeth and metal brackets was between the bracket base and adhesive surface. A statistically significant difference was found between the values of the size of residual adhesive surface on the upper and lower premolars as well as on the brackets debonded from them.

Introduction: Bolus calculator is an advanced function of insulin pump (IP). The use of bolus calculator increases the accuracy of calculation of the proper meal or corrective dose of insulin in patients with type 1 diabetes (T1D). Aim of the Study: Compare the difference in the parameters of glycemic control (HbA1c, postprandial increase of blood glucose and number of hypoglycemic episodes per week) between the group of patients who use bolus calculator for

Rad istražuje unutarnju mobilnost stanovništva u Hrvatskoj iz perspektive životnoga ciklusa. U nedostatku kohortnih podataka o unutarnjoj migraciji primjenom metoda tablice doživljenja omogućena je procjena cjeloživotne prostorne pokretljivosti stanovništva. Ishod je očekivana migracija, odnosno prosječni očekivani broj preseljenja za pojedinca tijekom njegova životnog vijeka (uz uvažavanje djelovanja mortaliteta). Za izračun očekivane migracije upotrijebljeni su popisni podaci o stanovništvu koje je promijenilo mjesto stanovanja od 1. travnja 2010. do 31. ožujka 2011. Rezultati provedene analize pokazuju sljedeće: žene u Hrvatskoj prostorno su pokretljivije od muškaraca, a to vrijedi i kad se u obzir uzmu spolne razlike u mortalitetu; očekivana migracija s dobi postupno pada, no distribucija preseljenja neujednačena je tijekom životnoga ciklusa. Najveća sklonost unutarnjoj mobilnosti bilježi se, nimalo iznenađujuće, kod mladoga odraslog stanovništva, što potvrđuju i procjene modelskoga dobnog profila unutarnjih migranata u Hrvatskoj. Vrhunac intenziteta unutarnje migracije javlja se tijekom dvadesetih godina života. Istovremeno, unutarnja mobilnost stanovništva u Hrvatskoj komparativno je jako niska, što se, između ostaloga, može pripisati načinu rješavanja stambenoga pitanja, ekonomskim i društvenim prilikama. Pri interpretaciji istraživačkih nalaza izloženih u ovome radu valja imati na umu da se očekivana migracija temelji na presječnim podacima i iskustvu sintetičke kohorte. Riječ je o pokazatelju koji se odnosi na prosječne vrijednosti, zbog čega može prikrivati važne informacije o varijacijama u migracijskome ponašanju. Bez obzira na spomenuto ograničenje očekivana migracija predstavlja lako razumljivu i praktičnu mjeru koja omogućuje detaljno sagledavanje vremenskoga rasporeda prostorne pokretljivosti i tako nadopunjuje postojeće spoznaje o unutarnjoj mobilnosti stanovništva u Hrvatskoj.

The aim of this study was to find the correlation coefficient between mesiodistal width of permanent lower incisors and permanent canine and premolars for each quadrant, to establish equations for prediction of the sum of canine and premolars based on the sum of the lower incisors for the population of the Republic of Srpska as well as to compare the results with the values provided by Moyers's and Tanaka-Johnston's analysis and detremine sexual dimorphizm in tooth size. We analyzed 100 (50 male and 50 female) subjects with permanent dentition and class I molar relationship. The mesiodistal width of the lower permanent incisors, upper and lower canines and premolars were measured using a vernier caliper with the accuracy of 0.1 mm. The results show that for all groups of teeth, there is a significant difference (p

The aim of this research was to determine the prevalence of three different face types and average values for dental arch size among population of Republic of Srpska. With this research we wanted to determine whether there are any differences in the sagittal and transversal development of dental arches between males and females. The application of anthropometry in dentistry gives us better understanding and determination of morphological characteristics of the craniofacial system. Data obtained by measuring these parameters is very important in order to make an accurate orthodontic diagnosis. The sample consisted of 300 study subjects with I class dentoalveolar relationship. After determing the face type of each subject, arch parameters were measured on subjects' dental casts. Using facial indices 50.33% of 300 subjects were classified as leptoprosopic, 30.67% as mesoprosopic and 19% as euryprosopic. The average value for interpremolar width was 36.75 mm for maxillary dental arch and for mandibular dental arch was 35.93 mm. The average intermolar width of the maxillary dental arch was 46.53 mm and for mandibular dental arch was 46.52 mm. The average value for maxillary dental arch was 24,22 mm while the same parameter for mandibular dental arch was 19,32 mm. The comparison of average values for dental arch height and width in females and males showed significant differences between these parameters.