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Objectives The main objective of this paper is to analyse the legal regulations governing the issue of supervision and control of compliance with cybersecurity standards by entities responsible for safeguarding cyberspace against threats. Material and methods The primary research method used in this paper is the doctrinal legal research method. It was applied to analyse the applicable legal regulations governing the supervision and control of activities in the sphere of securing cyberspace against attacks. In turn, the law theory method, also used in the studies whose results have been presented in this paper, allowed the assessment of actions being taken as part of supervision and control. Results The fact that the issues of supervision and control in cybersecurity are subject to statutory regulations should be regarded as positive. However, these legal acts exhibit certain flaws. Conclusions The legal regulations concerning security architecture must, on the one hand, take into account the freedom of service provision in cyberspace and, on the other hand, keep a lookout for continuous threats concerning unlawful interference with information and communication systems which are intended to provide such services and at the same time allow their use by customers.

Objectives The issues of environmental protection, including stopping the degrading climate change, are currently a subject of particular interest of the scientific community, policymakers, practitioners, but also all people around the world. Banking institutions, as a giver of capital, play a special role in financing climate protection activities. On the other hand, they are particularly exposed to climate risk. The main purpose of the paper is climate risk exegesis and to analyze the degree of climate risk inclusion in the bank risk management process in the case of the Polish banking sector. The conducted empirical research verified the research hypothesis stating that the Polish banking sector is becoming more and more oriented towards the climate risk among the bank risk management systems. Material and methods The following research methods were used in the paper: survey questionnaire method, case study analysis, observation method and synthesis method. The research procedure included two stages of questionnaire research, followed by the analysis and evaluation of the obtained results. Results It has been shown that the Polish banking sector defines its climate goals and is increasingly sensitive to the climate risk management, including them in its risk management systems. It also assesses exposure to climate risk in terms of physical and transitional risk. Conclusions The research and results presented in this study are important in building political awareness as well as public, social and economic activities in the field of counteracting climate threats. However, banks’ awareness is very important for financing projects that reduce degrading impact on climate.

Objectives This paper focuses on recognising and addressing the challenges of ADHD in early childhood girls. The paper aims to fill a gap in the scientific literature by focusing on the specificity of ADHD in girls, which differs from symptoms in boys. It also aims to raise awareness of the issue of ADHD among parents and teachers and to provide practical therapeutic guidance and educational support that is tailored to the needs of girls with ADHD. Material and methods The source materials for this publication will be various monographs and articles by special educators. The collected material will allow the analytical-critical method to synthetically realise the indicated aim of the work. Results Parents should learn to anticipate potential conflict situations, to exclude them or to plan in such a way that the child can cope with them. It is the parents' task to plan the day in such a way as to introduce a ritual and a daily routine of repetitive activities. Children with Attention Deficit Hyperactivity Disorder need to acquire skills to deal with conflict, emotional labile, anxiety and stress. Conclusions Often undiagnosed girls suffer alone together with their disorder. Close cooperation between parents and teachers is an indispensable element in the treatment of ADHD. A child with ADHD should be allowed to participate in the educational and educational process. It is important to get to know the peer group so that girls with ADHD can learn to recognise themselves and their own reactions and abilities.

This paper indicates significance of generational diversity management in modern business. Due to certain social, political and economic circumstances each generation is specific, with its own skills, interactions and expectations. What is common for all of them is the willingness to find the right employer. The one open to human needs and aware of their work commitment; the one to offer appropriate work surroundings, self- development and adequate gratification. The paper is aimed at presenting those generational disparities, for awareness of them is crucial in efficient human resources management. Worksite is the natural environment, where such age-related experiences and opinions clash, enabling to gain the right perspective and choose the most effective and innovative directing solution. Generationally diverse team brings multilevel benefits for both sites and aids enterprise development.

Objectives The aim of the work is to discuss selected issues related to administrative-legal activities concerning the naming of streets and squares in the practice of functioning of basic units of local government. The paper discusses basic concepts both in terms of statutory provisions, the achievements of doctrine, and case law. Legal foundations for naming streets and squares are discussed, along with the forms of procedures used in this regard. Material and methods The publication was based on the content of legal acts, scientific publications, and theses of administrative judiciary decisions. The predominantly utilized method was legal-comparative analysis. Results As a result of the conducted inquiry, it was determined that the material subject to the study appears heterogeneous, filled with vague concepts. The procedures used by municipalities for naming streets and squares are not uniform and are often organized in various ways. Conclusions The collected results allow us to conclude that there is a need for comprehensive and clear regulation of the issue by the legislator in the future. Leaving this matter with a high degree of organizational and legal freedom, especially with the increasing legal awareness and social assertiveness, will lead to further problems in the future. The proposed changes should mainly involve establishing statutory delegation to the municipal council for naming streets and squares, not only in constitutional provisions but also in substantive law. Additionally, the municipal council should be required by the executive body of the basic unit of local government to adopt principles and procedures for naming streets and squares, taking into account the significant social pluralism in this area.

The purpose of this paper is to investigate the adoption of information technology in museums and to identify the latest high-tech applications used in museums from the perspective of management. A systematic review of 250 English articles published in SCOPUS, classified into Business, Management, and Accounting, was conducted. The results showed that the number of publications on this topic steadily increased during the study period. The maximum number of publications occurred in 2023 and reached 43 documents. Authors from Europe, North America, and Oceania have contributed more to the investigation of the roles of technologies in museums. The results provide evidence of the significant evolution of high-tech applications in museums that have been investigated recently. Thanks to the Internet, social media, websites, mobile applications, big data, blockchain, etc., communication between museums and not only their visitors but also other stakeholders has improved effectively. In addition, the latest innovations, such as augmented reality, virtual reality, mixed reality, artificial intelligence, and eye-tracking technology, have provided visitors with a better experience in museums.

Objectives This review article delves into the determinants of energy intensity in emerging economies, spanning the past 30 years of research accessed from Web of Science. The review employ data visualization techniques to present a bird's-eye view of the research landscape, showcasing the geographical distribution of studies, prominent authors, and key journals in the field. Material and methods This bibliometric study utilized the March 2023 edition of the Web of Science (WoS) Core Collection database for its papers. The literature review covers the years 1993 to 2023 and includes all studies on the subject of energy intensity in the pursuit of emerging economic goals. Journal articles are isolated from the other document types using an additional filter. The WoS Core Collection database had a total of 3,918 articles. Results Through a systematic assessment of methodological approaches, we evaluate the robustness of the existing literature, pinpointing areas where methodological improvements and novel data sources can enhance future research. It offers valuable insights for policymakers, researchers, and practitioners striving to develop effective strategies for reducing energy intensity and promoting green growth. Conclusions In conclusion, emerging economies' energy intensity levels are shaped by a complex interplay of determinants that were highlighted by the analysis of factors influencing energy intensity on economic growth. In order to achieve a more sustainable and resilient energy future, emerging economies must first address these determinants through research, collaboration, and policy actions.

The paper discusses the syndrome of compulsive hoarding in three aspects: difficulties in defining the phenomenon, features characterising those affected, and auxiliary guidelines in working with hoarders, aimed at taking control over the urge to collect and hoard unnecessary items. The analysis focuses on the problems related to the diagnosis of affected people, the process of support for those affected and the scale of the problem. On the basis of estimates, state that there are between 1% and 2% of people in the entire population suffering from compulsive hoarding which can directly threaten their lives. This amounts to between 3 and 6 million people in the United States, between 4 and 9 million people in the European Union, and between 64 and 129 million around the world. Solutions used in Western European countries towards dysfunctional people with the use of the organisation plan showed only minimal improvement of their living conditions. Aid programmes and day care centres show that effectiveness thereof in combating hoarding is low due to the lack of the hoarder’s engagement.

Objectives The purposes of this study were to recognize correlates with the inclination of Gen Z customers to build brand relationship in Metaverse, as well as to recognize and categorise factors influencing Gen Z’s inclination to build and maintain brand relationships. Material and methods The empirical part was based on quantitative research in a form of a survey in 2023. The assumption of the sample selection was to find Gen Z respondents who had conducted any activity in Metaverse. Quota sampling was employed. In total, 97 valid questionnaires were used in the analysis. The gathered data were subject to content analysis, descriptive statistics analysis, and exploratory factor analysis (EFA). Results All the study participants declared leading an activity in Metaverse, mainly as gaming, education, or customer experience. Gen Zers are willing to engage in relationships with brands in a form of value co-creation, providing feedback, recommendation and brand advocacy or brand loyalty. EFA analysis allowed to identify 16 items combined in 5 categories: Inclination, Openness, Relatedness, Esteem, and Growth. Convergent validity for 5-item construct was tested and met required criteria. Conclusions This paper enhances our understanding of Gen Z consumers' inclination to build brand relationships in the Metaverse on both theoretical and empirical level. It responds to the need for further research in this emerging field, exploring less recognised factors and emphasizing the crucial role of the Metaverse in shaping consumer behaviour within virtual worlds. The study underscores the importance of utilizing the Metaverse for engaging customers and fostering stronger brand relationships, providing managerial insights to enhance customer experiences in virtual environments. Several limitations were addressed