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The effect of experimental heating and cooling in a part of the stem of Norwayspruce (Picea abies) on cambial activity and cell differentiation was studied. Experiments were performed for 30 days; heating from 29 March 2004 until 3 May 2004 and cooling from 14 June, 2004 until 20 July 2004. Samples ofphloem, cambium and xylem were taken from trees every 10 days, transverse sections of tissue were prepared and observed under light microscope. After 10days, localized heating reactivated cambial cell division on the phloem sideand after 20 days on the xylem side as well. After 30 days up to 15 early wood cells were formed in the heat-treated sample. Regular cambial activity inthe control tree only started after 30 days. Cambial response to the coolingof the stem was less conspicuous. No anatomical differences were detected between the control and cool-treated samples after 10 and 20 days. After 30 days, late wood already started to form in the cool-treated sample and only transition early-late wood in the control tree. Our experiments demonstrated that it is possible to influence xylo- and phloemogenesis in Norway spruce by experimental heating and cooling of the stem. Proučili smo vpliv eksperimentalnega ogrevanja in hlajenja dela debla navadne smreke (Picea abies) na kambijevo aktivnost in celično diferenciacijo. Poskusasta potekala 30 dni; ogrevanje od 29.3.2004 do 3.5.2004, hlajenje pa od14.6.2004 do 20.7.2004. Vzorce floema, kambija in ksilema smo iz dreves odvzeli vsakih 10 dni, pripravili prečne prereze tkiv in preparate opazovali ssvetlobnim mikroskopom. Lokalno ogrevanje je po 10 dneh induciralo delitveno aktivnost kambija na floemsko stran, po 20 dneh pa tudi na ksilemsko. Po 30 dneh je pri ogrevanem vzorcu nastalo do 15 celic ranega lesa. V tem času se jeredna delitvena aktivnost kambija pri kontrolnem drevesu šele začela. Odziv kambija na hlajenje debla je bil manj izrazit. Anatomskih razlik med kontrolnim in hlajenim vzorcem po 10 in 20 dneh ni bilo. Po 30 dneh je pri hlajenem vzorcu začel nastajati kasni les, pri kontrolnem drevesu pa šele prehodni rani-kasni les. S poskusom smo demonstrirali, da je mogoče pri smrekiz umetnim ogrevanjem in hlajenjem debla vplivati na ksilo- in floemogenezo.

Preučili smo dinamiko nastajanja ksilemskega in floemskega letnega prirastnegaplašča oz. branike pri navadni jelki (Abies alba) v rastni sezoni 2003. Vzorce floema, kambija in ksilema smo vsak teden vzeli iz dveh navideznozdravih odraslih jelk. Raziskave s svetlobnim mikroskopom so pokazale, da se je na floemski strani začela diferenciacija enega do dveh slojev floemskih derivatov še pred začetkom kambijeve aktivnosti. Kambijeva delitvena aktivnost se je začela hkrati na ksilemski in floemski strani v začetku maja. Kambijeva aktivnost se je zaključila konec avgusta. Diferenciacija terminalnih traheid kasnega lesa je potekala do konca oktobra, floemskih celic pa do konca septembra. Število celic, nastalih na ksilemski strani, je bilo večje kot na floemski. Zdi se, da je bila po obodu drevesa širina ksilemske branike bolj variabilna od floemske. The dynamics of xylem and phloem growth ring formation in silver fir (Abies alba Mill.) was studied during the growing season 2003. Blocks of tissue, containing phloem, cambium and outer xylem, were taken weekly from two apparently healthy silver fir trees. According to the observations of transverse sections under light microscope, the cambial cell divisional activity began in early May on the phloem and xylem side simultaneously. Priorto this activity, differentiation of one or two layers of the phloem derivatives began to take place. Cambial activity ceased at the end of August.Differentiation of the terminal late wood tracheids adjacent to cambiumwas completed by the end of October and of the phloem cell by the end of September. Cell production on the xylem side of healthy firs was more intense and the variability in widths of the growth rings across the stem circumference was also greater compared to the phloem.

Proučili smo vpliv eksperimentalnega ogrevanja in hlajenja dela debla navadne smreke (Picea abies) na kambijevo aktivnost in celično diferenciacijo. Poskusasta potekala 30 dni ogrevanje od 29.3.2004 do 3.5.2004, hlajenje pa od14.6.2004 do 20.7.2004. Vzorce floema, kambija in ksilema smo iz dreves odvzeli vsakih 10 dni, pripravili prečne prereze tkiv in preparate opazovali ssvetlobnim mikroskopom. Lokalno ogrevanje je po 10 dneh induciralo delitveno aktivnost kambija na floemsko stran, po 20 dneh pa tudi na ksilemsko. Po 30 dneh je pri ogrevanem vzorcu nastalo do 15 celic ranega lesa. V tem času se jeredna delitvena aktivnost kambija pri kontrolnem drevesu šele začela. Odziv kambija na hlajenje debla je bil manj izrazit. Anatomskih razlik med kontrolnim in hlajenim vzorcem po 10 in 20 dneh ni bilo. Po 30 dneh je pri hlajenem vzorcu začel nastajati kasni les, pri kontrolnem drevesu pa šele prehodni rani-kasni les. S poskusom smo demonstrirali, da je mogoče pri smrekiz umetnim ogrevanjem in hlajenjem debla vplivati na ksilo- in floemogenezo. The effect of experimental heating and cooling in a part of the stem of Norwayspruce (Picea abies) on cambial activity and cell differentiation was studied. Experiments were performed for 30 days heating from 29 March 2004 until 3 May 2004 and cooling from 14 June, 2004 until 20 July 2004. Samples ofphloem, cambium and xylem were taken from trees every 10 days, transverse sections of tissue were prepared and observed under light microscope. After 10days, localized heating reactivated cambial cell division on the phloem sideand after 20 days on the xylem side as well. After 30 days up to 15 early wood cells were formed in the heat-treated sample. Regular cambial activity inthe control tree only started after 30 days. Cambial response to the coolingof the stem was less conspicuous. No anatomical differences were detected between the control and cool-treated samples after 10 and 20 days. After 30 days, late wood already started to form in the cool-treated sample and only transition early-late wood in the control tree. Our experiments demonstrated that it is possible to influence xylo- and phloemogenesis in Norway spruce by experimental heating and cooling of the stem.

Pri 10 navidezno zdravih navadnih jelkah (Abies alba Mill.) z Ravnika smo proučevali anatomsko zgradbo floemskih branik v odvisnosti od njihove širine. Ugotavljali smo razmerje med floemskim in ksilemskim prirastkom in razlike v številu celic v radialnih nizih floemskih in ksilemskih branik po obodu posameznega drevesa. Raziskovali smo zvezo med širino floemske in ksilemske branike, nastale v istem letu ter številom celic v dormantni kambijevi coni. Vzorce tkiv smo odvzeli iz živih dreves z metodo vzorčenja intaktnih tkiv. Trajne anatomske preparate prečnih prerezov smo obarvali z barvilom safranin in astra modro ter jih preiskali pod svetlobnim mikroskopom. Rezultati kažejo, da je bila pri navadni jelki anatomska zgradba floemske branike odvisna od njene širine. Floemske branike so vsebovale 5 do 11 slojev celic. (sl.c.). Največkrat so bile sestavljene iz 3 oz. 4 sl.c ranega floema. Bolj ali manj sklenjen tangencialni pas aksialnega parenhima je ločil rani floem od kasnega. Ta je bil najpogosteje sestavljen iz 1 do 3 sl.c. Pri širokih floemskih branikah (8,9 ali 11 sl.c.) se je v kasnem floemu priložnostno pojavil še drugi, nesklenjen pas aksialnega parenhima. Pri ozkih floemskih branikah (5 do 6 sl.c.) je prevladoval rani floem, pri širših (11 sl.c.) pa kasni. Delitve kambijevih celic so bile na ksilemsko stran intenzivnejše, saj so bile ksilemske branikw od 2 do 21 krat širše kot floemske. Ksilemske branike so bile široke od 8 do 177 sl.c. Razlike v številu celic v različnih radialnih nizih po obodu drevesa znotraj iste branike so znašale na ksilemski strani do 103, na floemski pa do 4 sl.c. Dormantna kambijeva cona je vsebovala od 5 do 11 sl.c. Kadar je bila kambijeva cona ozka (5 ali 6 sl.c.), sta bili tudi ksilemska in floemska branika ozki kadar pa je bila široka (9, 10 ali 11 sl.c.). sta bili široki tudi pripadajoči braniki, The structue of phloem growth rings was studied in relation to their width in 10 apparently healthy European silver firs (Abies alba Mill.) from Ravnik, Slovenia. The relation between phloem and xylem increment and variation in number of phloem and xylem cells within different radial rows of the same ring were researched. Further, the relation between the phloem and xylem growth rings formed in the same year, and the corresponding number of cells in dormant cambium zone were investigated. The tissues were taken from living trees using the method of intact tissue sampling. The investigations were done with a light microscope on permanently imbedded cross-sections, stained with safranin and astra blue. The results show that the structure of the phloem growth ring depends on its width. The phloem increment comprised 5 to 11 sieveve cells, mostly with 3 to 4 layers wide early phloem. More or less continous tangential band of axial parenchyma usually separated the early and the late phloem. The late phloem was generally 1 to 3 cells wide. Wider phloem rings (8,9 and 11 cell layers) some times contained an additional discontinuous tangential band of axial parenchyma. Narrow phloem rings (5 to 6 cell layers wide) contained more early than late phloem, whereas wider rings (11 cell layers) contained more late phloem. The cambium produced more xyxlem than phloem cells. The xylem rings were 2 to 21 times wider than the corresponding phloem ones. The xylem rings were 8 to 177 cells wide. The differences in the number of cells within different radial rows of the same rings comprised up to 103 cells in xylem rings, and up to 4 cells in phloem rings. The dormant cambium zone contained 5 to 11 cell layers. When the cambium zone was narrow (5 to 6 cell layers wide) the xylem and phloem rings were narrow as well. When the cambium zone was wide (9, 10 or 11 cell layers) the xylem and phloem rings were also wide.

Pri 10 zdravih jelkah (Abies alba) smo raziskali anatomsko zgradbo floemskih branik (FB) glede na njihovo širino, razmerje med številom slojev celic v FB in v ksilemskih branikah (KB) iste sezone, razlike v številu slojev celic v FBin KB po obodu posameznega drevesa ter zvezo med širino FB in KB, nastalih vistem letu, ter širino dormantne kambijeve cone (KC). Intaktne vzorce tkiv zaraziskave smo vzeli iz živih dreves v letih 2001 in 2002 ter pripravili preparate prečnih prerezov za svetlobno mikroskopijo. Ugotovili smo zvezo med širino in anatomsko zgradbo FB. Pri ožjih FB je prevladoval rani floem, pri širših pa kasni. Pri širših FB se je v kasnem floemu lahko pojavil dodatni pasaksialnega parenhima. KB so bile 2- do 21-krat širše od FB. Širina KB je poobodu posameznega drevesa bolj variirala kot širina FB. Širina dormantne KC je bila v pozitivni zvezi s širino FB in KB. In 10 silver firs (Abies alba), the following was investigated: anatomical structure of phloem growth rings (FB) in relation to their width, ratio between number of cell-layers in FB and in xylem growth rings (KB), variation in number of cell layers in FB and KB around the stem circumference, relation between widths of FB and KB formed in the same year, and the width of dormant cambial zone (KC). Samples of intact tissues were taken from living trees in 2001 and 2002, and permanent cross-sections for light microscopy prepared. We observed the relationship between width and anatomical structure of the FB. Narrower FB contained more early phloem, whereas wider FB contained more late phloem cells. Wider FB sometimes contained an additional band of axial parenchyma. The KB were 2 to 21 times wider than the FB. The widths of KB varied around the stem circumference more than the widths of FB. The widths ofdormant KC were positively correlated to the widths of FB and KB.

Namen diplomske naloge je bil poiskati razlike in podobnosti v anatomski zgradbi prečnih prerezov listov in pecljev obravnavanih taksonov, in sicer: Astragalus monspessulanus subsp. illyricus Bernh. (Slovenija, Kuteževo), Astragalus monspessulanus subsp. illyricus Bernh (Hrvaška), Astragalus monspessulanus subsp. illyricus Bernh. (Slovenija, Hrastovlje), Astragalus monspessulanus subsp. monspessulanus (Italija), Astragalus monspessulanus subsp. gypsophilus (Španija), Astragalus incanus subsp. incanus (Španija), Astragalus incanus subsp. nummularioides (Španija), Astragalus spruneri (Makedonija). Podrobneje smo obravnavali razlike med populacijami ilirskega grahovca (Astragalus monspessulanus subsp. illyricus Bernh.) v Sloveniji. Izdelali smo mikroskopske preparate svežega in herbarijskega materiala. Pri listnem peclju smo obravnavali naslednje parametre: hrbtno trebušno os, trebušno os, stranski žilni snop na trebušni strani, hrbtno sredinski žilni snop, premer skorje, ksilema, floema ter število spremljevalnih žil. Pri listu pa debelino zgornje in spodnje povrhnjice, premer palisadnega in gobastega tkiva, premer lista na področju žile ter širino lista. Mikroskopske preparate smo premerili v programu Image J, katerega avtor je Wayne Rasband in je brezplačno dostopen na internetu. Statistično smo jih obdelali z računalniškimi programi Excel (Microsoft Office Excel 2007) in Statistica (StatSoft, Tulsa, Oklahoma, ZDA). The purpose of this diploma work was to find similarities and differences in anatomical features of leaves and leaf petioles between discussed taxons: Astragalus monspessulanus subsp. illyricus Bernh. (Slovenia), Astragalus monspessulanus subsp. illyricus Bernh. (Croatia), Astragalus monspessulanus subsp. illyricus Bernh. (Slovenia), Astragalus monspessulanus (Italy), Astragalus monspessulanus subsp. gypsophilus (Spain), Astragalus incanus subsp. incanus (Spain), Astragalus incanus subsp. nummularioides (Spain), Astragalus spruneri (Macedonia). More specifically, we discussed the differences between the Illyrian populations of Astragalus (Astragalus monspessulanus subsp. illyricus Bernh.) in Slovenia. We studied the anatomy of the petiole and leaves by observing hand-made cross-sections. The analyze material consisted of fresh material and herbarium specimens. Concerning the leaf petiole, we discussed the following parameters: dorsal ventral axis, ventral axis, ventral lateral vascular bundle, dorsal median vascular bundle, diameter of the cortex, xylem, phloem, and the number of accompanying vessels. For the leaf blade, we discussed the thickness of the upper and lower epidermis, width of palisade layer and spongy tissue, blade diameter of blood vessels and the total width of the leaf blade. We measured anatomical structures with the help of Image J, a freely available software authored by Wayne Rasband, and statistically analyzed results with Microsoft Office Excel (2007, Microsoft) and Statistica 10 (2010, StatSoft, Oklahoma, USA).

The dynamics of xylem and phloem growth ring formation in silver fir (Abies alba Mill.) was studied during the growing season 2003. Blocks of tissue, containing phloem, cambium and outer xylem, were taken weekly from two apparently healthy silver fir trees. According to the observations of transverse sections under light microscope, the cambial cell divisional activity began in early May on the phloem and xylem side simultaneously. Priorto this activity, differentiation of one or two layers of the phloem derivatives began to take place. Cambial activity ceased at the end of August.Differentiation of the terminal late wood tracheids adjacent to cambiumwas completed by the end of October and of the phloem cell by the end of September. Cell production on the xylem side of healthy firs was more intense and the variability in widths of the growth rings across the stem circumference was also greater compared to the phloem. Preučili smo dinamiko nastajanja ksilemskega in floemskega letnega prirastnega plašča oz. branike pri navadni jelki (Abies alba) v rastni sezoni 2003. Vzorce floema, kambija in ksilema smo vsak teden vzeli iz dveh navidezno zdravih odraslih jelk. Raziskave s svetlobnim mikroskopom so pokazale, da se je na floemski strani začela diferenciacija enega do dveh slojev floemskih derivatov še pred začetkom kambijeve aktivnosti. Kambijeva delitvena aktivnost se je začela hkrati na ksilemski in floemski strani v začetku maja. Kambijeva aktivnost se je zaključila konec avgusta. Diferenciacija terminalnih traheid kasnega lesa je potekala do konca oktobra, floemskih celic pa do konca septembra. Število celic, nastalih na ksilemski strani, je bilo večje kot na floemski. Zdi se, da je bila po obodu drevesa širina ksilemske branike bolj variabilna od floemske.