Search

V magistrskem delu smo uporabili funkcionalni pristop, da bi ugotovili povezavo med morfološko-funkcionalnimi potezami (MFP) rastlin in kemijskimi lastnostmi tal. Raziskavo smo opravili na sestojih ekstenzivnih oligotrofnih travišč na območju Rogle (Pohorje, SV Slovenija). Naša raziskava je bila osnovana na 60 vegetacijskih popisih. V popisih smo zabeležili 60 rastlinskih vrst, ki smo jim določili 11 MFP, in sicer nekatere sami na terenu, ostale smo pridobili iz literature. Na 23 popisnih ploskvah smo odvzeli vzorce tal za kemijske analize. V matrike, ki smo jih uporabili za statistične analize, smo uredili 60 vegetacijskih popisov ter podatke o MFP rastlin in 9 okoljskih spremenljivkah (analize tal). V začetku smo med seboj primerjali travišča v okolici tekaških prog ter travišča na smučišču Mašinžaga. Primerjali smo vrstno pestrost in razlike oz. podobnosti izbranih MFP rastlin. V nadaljevanju smo podrobneje analizirali popisne ploskve, na katerih so bili izmerjeni parametri tal, ter skušali ugotoviti vpliv le-teh na izbrane MFP rastlin. Pri primerjavi obeh travnikov smo ugotovili, da se razlikujeta med seboj tako v vrstni pestrosti kot tudi v izbranih MFP rastlin. Ugotovili smo, da so takšni rezultati posledica večje motnje na smučišču Mašinžaga, ki je predvsem rezultat dejavnosti, povezane z zimskimi športi. Da bi nazorneje ponazorili povezavo med floristično sestavo 23 vegetacijskih popisov in merjenimi okoljskimi spremenljivkami oz. med slednjimi ter MFP, smo izvedli dve ločeni multivariatni redundančni analizi (RDA). Slednji sta pokazali značilne razlike v popisih tako v floristični kot tudi funkcionalni sestavi. V nasprotju z našimi pričakovanji smo ugotovili, da se na tleh, slabše založenih s hranili, v povprečju pojavljajo višje rastline. Da je višina rastlin nižja na tleh, ki so bolje založene s hranili, razlagamo z nizkimi vrednostmi za pH tal, saj so rastlini hranila v takem okolju težje dostopna. Podobno razlago lahko iščemo za ugotovitev, da so v razmerah višjih vrednosti pH pa hkrati nižjih vrednosti za fosfor (P), kalij (K) in skupni dušik (N) rastline tudi z višjimi vrednostmi za SLA (specifično listno površino). In master's thesis, we used functional approach, to determine the link between morphological-functional traits (MFT) and environmental variables. We analysed 60 vegetation plots of the extensive oligotrophic grasslands in Rogla region (Pohorje, NE Slovenia). In vegetation plots we recorded 60 plant species, for which we collected 11 MFT from literature, existing database and through fieldwork. On 23 vegetation plots soil samples were taken for chemical analyses. Vegetation plots, morphological-functional traits and nine environmental variables (soil analyses) were arranged into matrices, which were used in statistical analyses. First we compared two areas – grasslands near the cross-country skiing tracks and grasslands on ski trail Mašinžaga. We compared them on the basis of species' richness and differences and similarities of selected plant MFT. In second part we analysed only vegetation plots (23) with environmental data, to detect correlation with MFT. In first part of analysis we found out, that areas differ in species' richness as well as in selected plants MFT, from which we can conclude that winter sports' activities on ski trail Mašinžaga caused bigger disturbance. In second part of analysis we performed two separated multivariate redundancy analyses (RDA) to demonstrate the link between floristic composition of 23 plots and measured environmental variables and the link between environmental variables and MFT. The results of analyses showed characteristic differences in floristic as well as in functional composition of plots. In contrast with our expectations, we have found higher plants on soil poor with nutrients. Occurrence of small plant height on nutrient-rich soil can be explained with lower values of soil pH, because plants on such soil are not so efficient in absorbing nutrients. Similar explanation was offered for findings that in conditions where pH values are higher and at the same time values of phosphorus (P), potassium (K) and total nitrogen (N) are lower, plants have higher values of SLA (specific leaf areas).

Raziskava v diplomskem delu je zajemala morfološko-funkcionalne primerjave med dominantnimi in ostalimi rastlinskimi vrstami sekundarnih suhih travišč (razred Festuco-Brometea) na Goričkem (SV Slovenija). Osnovni namen je bil ugotoviti, katere so tiste lastnosti rastlin, ki so jim omogočile, da so postale prevladujoče v tej vegetaciji. Osnova za našo raziskavo je bilo 20 že objavljenih vzorcev (popisov) suhih travišč asociacije Hypochoerido-Festucetum. Raziskavo smo opravljali v vegetacijski dobi leta 2012. Na terenu in iz literature smo zbrali in določili podatke o naslednjih morfološko-funkcionalnih potezah (MFP) rastlin: življenjska oblika, začetek cvetenja, dolžina cvetenja, višina rastline, indikatorski vrednosti za dušik in vlago v tleh, sposobnost razraščanja v prostoru, tip C-S-R ekološke strategije, specifična listna površina (SLA) in vsebnost suhe snovi lista (LDMC). Izbrane MFP smo določali 56 rastlinskim vrstam. Podatke smo primerjali z različnimi statističnimi analizami in rezultate prikazali v obliki grafov in tabel. Ugotovili smo, da obstajajo razlike v MFP med dominantnimi in ostalimi vrstami. Tako so na proučevanih suhih traviščih uspešnejše tiste vrste, ki zacvetijo in s cvetenjem zaključijo zgodaj v vegetacijski sezoni, ko temperature še niso tako visoke. Prav tako je v skupini dominantnih vrst največji delež takih, ki tolerirajo oz. lahko uspevajo na z dušikom zelo revnih tleh in vrstah suhih tal, medtem ko med ostalimi prevladujejo vrste revnih do zmerno bogatih ter suhih do srednje vlažnih tal. Obe skupini vrst imata zelo podobni CSR oznaki, vendar ima skupina dominantnih vrst nekoliko močneje izraženo komponento S (stres-toleratorke) in ostale vrste komponento C (kompetitorji). Naša raziskava dominantnih in ostalih vrst suhih travišč razreda Festuco-Brometea na Goričkem je pokazala, da so vrste, ki prevladujejo na teh traviščih, bolje, kot neprevladujoče vrste, prilagojene na preživetje neugodnih, stresnih razmer, ki so v tej vegetaciji posledica kislih, s hranilnimi snovmi revnih, in sušnih tal. The research in the diploma thesis encompassed morphologically- functional comparisons between the dominant and other plant species on secondary dry grasslands (class Festuco-Brometea) in Goričko (SV Slovenia). The basic purpose was to establish which of the plants' features enabled them to become predominant in that vegetation. The basis for our research is 20 already published samples (relevés) of dry grasslands associations of Hypochoerido-Festucetum. The research was conducted in the growing season of 2012. We collected and determined, through fieldwork and literature, the data on the following plants' morphologically-functional features (MFP): life forms, begin of flowering, duration of flowering, the plant's height, indicator values for level of nitrogen and moisture in soil, lateral spread, C-S-R ecological strategy, specific leaf area (SLA) and leaf dry matter content (LDMC). The chosen MFPs were determined for 56 plant species. We compared the data with various statistical analyses and presented the results in graphs and tables. We have established that there are differences in MFPs between the dominant and other species. The species, on the examined dry grasslands that begin of floweringearly in the growth season, when the temperatures are not so high, are more successful. Furthermore in the group of dominant species, there is a majority of those who tolerate or thrive in nitrogen poor soil and kinds of dry soils. Meanwhile in the group of other plants there are kinds of poor to moderately rich and dry to moderately moist soils. The both groups of species have very similar C-S-R sigantures, whereas the group of dominant species has slightly stronger prominence of component S (stress-tolerators) and the other species has a stronger prominence of the C component (competitors). Our research of dominant and other species of dry grasslands in the class Festuco-Brometea in Goričko has shown that the predominant species on those grasslands are more adapted, than the non-predominant species, for survival in inconvenient and stressful conditions, which are the consequence of acidic, nutrient deficient and droughty soil in this vegetation.

Sekundarna travišča Slovenije nudijo dober poligon in osnovo za proučevanje vrstne (floristične) pestrosti, ki je gotovo eden najpomembnejših vidikov biodiverzitete. V disertaciji smo primerjali travišča dveh različnih, sosednjih biogeografskih območij, za katera smo predvidevali, da se razlikujejo v vrstni (floristični) sestavi, geoelementni sestavi, kakor tudi v funkcionalni sestavi in nadzemni biomasi rastlin. Kot reprezentančna primera smo vzeli dva ekološko sorodna tipa travnikov (oba v podobni ekstenzivni rabi, na karbonatni podlagi), submediteransko-ilirske travnike (asociacijo Danthonio-Scorzoneretum villosae, zveza Scorzonerion) in srednjeevropske polsuhe travnike (asociacijo Onobrychido viciifoliae-Brometum, zveza Mesobromion). Biodiverziteta, merjena s pomočjo vrstne pestrosti rastlin, je večja v submediteransko-ilirskih travnikih. Ordinacija 118 popisnih ploskev na osnovi vrstne in geoelementne sestave (horoloških skupin) kaže izrazito divergenco med obema biogeografsko utemeljenima asociacijama. Primerjava 205 rastlinskih vrst na osnovi 20 morfološko-funkcionalnih znakov, ki smo jih izmerili na rastlinah v obeh tipih travnikov, pokažeta, da se travniki med seboj izrazito ločijo tudi na funkcionalnem nivoju. Glavna diferencialna znaka, ki ločujeta travnike med seboj, sta specifična listna površina (SLA) in vsebnost suhe snovi lista (LDMC). Zaključimo lahko, da se obravnavana tipa polsuhih travnikov iz obeh stičnih biogeografskih območij, ki sta v podobni rabi in izpostavljena podobnim okoljskimi razmeram, dobro ločita tako floristično kot tudi funkcionalno, če upoštevamo pokrovnost vrst v popisih, ki je dobra mera za ugotavljanje abundance. Merjenja nadzemna biomasa trav na travnikih je pokazala, da je ta v sednjevropskih travnikih večja kot v submediteransko-ilirskih travnikih. Iz tega sledi, da sorazmerno več biomase v submeditransko-ilirskih travnikih pripade zelem, kar doprinese večjo vrstno pestrost teh travnikov. Biomasa zeli je torej večja v submediteransko-ilirskih travnikih, kar je verjetno tudi posledica velikega fonda vrst v regionalnem vrstnem fondu, kar razlagamo z biogeografskimi dejstvi - SZ Balkan kot glacialni refugij za mnoge vrste in prav tako evolucijsko središče za mnoge vrste, ki ima tudi večji vpliv sredozemskega bazena in njegovega vrstnega fonda. V košenih submediteransko-ilirskih travnikih ima obilno biomaso dlakavi gadnjak (Scorzonera villosa), ki zaradi vertikalnih črtalastih listov in plitkih razvejanih rizomov spominja na graminoide. Menimo, da gre pri njem za povsem specifično izrabo virov, predvsem razpoložljivega volumna v krošnji travnika, saj so črtalasti vertikalno postavljeni listi zelo učinkovita izraba prostora. Poleg tega pa rizomi, ki omogočajo hitro in učinkovito vegetativno širjenje, pomenijo dodatno prednost v obvladovanju podzemskega prostora v travni ruši. Zato sklepamo, da gre za posebno strategijo, t. i. »dvokaličniški graminoid«, ki pa je verjetno zaradi specifične izrabe virov tudi poseben ceh (angl. guild). Ta ceh ima močne kompetitivne lastnosti, favoriziran je s košnjo in zatrt zaradi kompetitivne prednosti trav in visokih steblik po opustitvi košnje. The secondary grasslands of Slovenia provide an excellent opportunity for examining the ecological basis of species (floristic) diversity. In our dissertation we try to compare grasslands from two different, adjacent biogeographic areas: the Central European, which is at one of its southern borders here and the sub-Mediterranean-Illyrian (NW Balkan, Dinaric), which reaches its north-easternmost extent here. The two core associations of both alliances (Onobrychido-Brometum from the Central-European and Danthonio-Scorzoneretum from the Dinaric) were compared on the basis of species composition, chorological structure, morphological-functional traits and above ground plant biomass. Biodiversity, measured as plant species richness, is much higher in sub-Mediterranean-Illyrian grasslands. The ordination of 118 relevés, based on species composition and chorological structure shows evident divergence, which strongly supports a clear division between these biogeographically-grounded alliances. When 205 species were compared on the basis of 20 morphological-functional traits measured in both types of meadows, a clear distinction emerged between these two biogeographic entities on the functional level. The most important traits among grassland species, the specific leaf area (SLA) and leaf dry matter content (LDMC), evidently separate these two meadow types. We can conclude that both types of grassland from two different core biogoeographic areas are functionally and floristically very different, irrespective of similar management regimes and exposure to similar environmental conditions. We found that the average standing biomass of graminoids in the Central-European meadows is much higher than in the sub-Mediterranean-Illyrian meadows. This means that proportionally more biomass in the sub-Mediterranean-Illyrian meadows is shared among the herbs, the variety of which contributes significantly to species richness. The biomass of herbs is higher in the sub-Mediterranean-Illyrian grasslands because of its richer grassland species pool. This could be explained by some biogeographic facts: the NW Balkan is glacial refugia for many species and also an evolutionary center for many genera, with greater Mediterranean influence than the Central-European area. In sub-Mediterranean-Illyrian grasslands, a considerable amount of the biomass contributes the species Scorzonera villosa Scop., which with its vertical grass-like leaves and low branching of rhizomes, is well adapted to grasslands. We consider that these adaptations enable it to use specific resources. The grass-like leaves make very effective use of space. Based on all these features, we think that it represents the special “dicot graminoid” strategy, and because of its specific use of resources is probably a special guild. This guild has strong competitive characteristics and is favored by mowing and suppressed after abandonment of mowing because of the competitive strategies of high stem herbs and grasses.

V diplomski nalogi smo opravili floristično in funkcionalno primerjavo dveh tipov suhih travišč v hribovitem celinskem predelu Slovenije (asociacija Scabioso hladnikianae-Caricetum humilis, razred Festuco-Brometea in asociacija Homogyno alpinae-Nardetum, razred Calluno-Ulicetea), ki sta razvita na različni geološki podlagi (karbonatna oz. nekarbonatna silikatna). Analizirali smo 30 še neobjavljenih popisov asociacije Scabioso hladnikianae-Caricetum humilis in 32 objavljenih popisov asociacije Homogyno alpinae-Nardetum. Za primerjavo florističnih razlik smo uporabili multivariatno DCA analizo. Za funkcionalno primerjavo smo uporabili model C-S-R ekoloških strategij rastlin. Za 30 rastlinskih vrst s suhih travišč asociacije Homogyno alpina–Nardetum smo določili 7 morfoloških potez (MFP), ki so nam bile v pomoč pri določitvi njihovih C-S-R ekoloških strategij. Primerjava obravnavanih suhih travišč glede na floristično sestavo je pokazala, da se suha travišča na karbonatni in silikatni geološki podlagi med sabo zelo močno razlikujejo. Medtem ko so za prva značilne predvsem bazifilne in termofilne vrste, pa druga okarakterizirajo izrazito acidofilne rastlinske vrste. Na obeh tipih travišč prevladujejo vrste s C-R, C-S ter C-S-R strategijami. Primerjava razporeditve popisov v C-S-R trikotniku na podlagi relativnih deležev posameznih C-S-R ekoloških strategij rastlin v popisih je pokazala, da imajo popisi s silikatov bolj poudarjeni komponenti S (stres toleratorji) in R (ruderalke) in lahko torej sklepamo, da so razmere na suhih silikatnih traviščih za rastline bolj stresne kot na karbonatih. In this diploma thesis, floristic and functional comparison of two types of dry grasslands from the central hilly part of Slovenia (association Scabioso hladnikianae-Caricetum humilis, class Festuco-Brometea and association Homogyno alpinae-Nardetum, class Calluno-Ulicetea), which are developed on distinctive geological substrates (calcareous and non-calcareous silicolous) were applied. 30 unpublished relevés of ass. Scabioso hladnikianae-Caricetum humilis and 32 published relevés of ass. Homogyno alpinae–Nardetum were analysed. Multivariatne DCA ordination method was applied for floristic analysis. For functional comparision C-S-R model of plant strategies was used. For 30 plant species of dry grasslands from ass. Homogyno alpinaet –Nardetum we determined 7 morphological plant traits in order to determine their C-S-R strategies. Floristical comparision of analysed dry grasslands showed clear differences between relevés from calcareous and silicolous dry grasslands. While the first grassland type is characterized by basiphilous and thermophilous species, the second includes many acidophilous plant species. On both grassland types prevailed plant species with C-R, C-S and C-S-R strategies. The positions of all relevés in C-S-R ternary diagram on the basis of relative proportions of C-S-R functional types showed that relevés of silicolous dry grasslands have higher impact of S and R components from which it could be concluded that conditions there are more stressful for plants than on calcareous geological substrates.