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'Modra frankinja' (Vitis vinifera L.) je tradicionalna slovenska sorta grozdja, a kljub temu Slovenci o njej nismo dovolj seznanjeni. Tudi ko gledamo širši vinski svet, opazimo, da o tej sorti in njenih značilnostih vemo zelo malo. Po naših podatkih aromatične tipičnosti vin sorte 'Modra frankinja' še niso bile raziskane. Diplomsko delo je prva tovrstna raziskava te sorte. V delu smo želeli raziskati aromatične lastnosti vin te sorte s pomočjo neformalne senzorične analize. Na ta način smo povzeli katere senzorične note so na splošno izrazite pri obravnavani sorti vina. V nadaljevanju smo s kemijsko analizo aromatičnih spojin vzorcev vina to še kemijsko ovrednotili. Pri kemijski analizi smo se osredotočili na štiri skupine spojin, ki po našem mnenju krojijo tipičnost arom vin sorte 'Modra frankinja'. To so: monoterpeni, estri, norizoprenoidi in C6-alkoholi. Rezultati kažejo, da so prav predstavniki skupine terpenov tisti, ki se pojavljajo v največjih koncentracijah v obravnavanih vinih in pomembno krojijo aromatični profil vin 'Modra frankinja'. C13-norizoprenoidi so bili prisotni v večjih koncentracijah pri vzorcih sortnega vina 'Modra frankinja', kot pri vinih 'Modri pinot' ali vinih bordojskih sort. A še vedno vsebnosti C13-norizoprenoidi ostajajo precej manjše od zaznavnih senzoričnih pragov teh spojin. Although 'Modra Frankinja' (Vitis vinifera L.) is a Slovenian traditional variety, in Slovenia there is poor knowledge available about it. Moreover, also on a global scale very little has been studied and written about this variety or its characteristics. To our best knowledge, the aromatic typicality of the wines made from 'Modra frankinja' grapes has not yet been researched and this work is thus the first to undertake such an investigation. Therefore, we initially set ourselves the goal of exploring general aromatic spectrum by unformal sensory analysis, aiming to get a sense of the notes predominating in the observed wines. This was followed by chemical analysis, to delve into the individual compounds. In the chemical analysis part we focused on four groups of compounds that we thought would play an important role in characterizing the aromas of 'Modra frankinja', namely, monoterpenes, esters, norisoprenoids, and C6-alcohols. The results of our experiment show that the group of terpenes is the one that occurs in the highest concentrations in wines of 'Modra frankinja' and shapes a large part of the aromatic profile. Also, C13-norisoprenoids were higher in the samples of 'Modra frankinja' in comparison with 'Pinot noir' and Bordeaux varieties. However, the levels remain much lower than the reported sensory thresholds.

Znanstvene raziskave izvlečkov bele jelke dokazujejo njihov zdravilni potencial na področjih nižanja glukoze v krvi, bolezni srca in ožilja, bolezni sklepov, zdravljenja luskavice in tudi pri zdravljenju raka. Zdravilno moč ji dajejo raznovrstne bioaktivne spojine, kot so npr. polifenoli in med njimi najbolj zastopani lignani. Obstajajo številni postopki pridobivanja izvlečkov bele jelke, med katerimi vse bolj postajajo zanimive tudi zelene tehnologije ekstrakcije, kot je npr. ekstrakcija s subkritično vodo. V magistrski nalogi smo analizirali sestavo izvlečkov bele jelke, pridobljenih z ekstrakcijo s subkritično vodo, in jih primerjali z izvlečki, pridobljenimi z ekstrakcijo s superkritičnim CO2, visokotlačno alkoholno ekstrakcijo z naknadnim spiranjem s superkritičnim CO2, industrijsko vodno ekstrakcijo in laboratorijsko vodno ekstrakcijo. S pomočjo metode tekočinske kromatografije visoke ločljivosti (HPLC) smo analizirali prisotnost lignanov v dobljenih izvlečkih (izolaricirezinola, hidroksimatairezinola, sekoizolaricirezinola, laricirezinola, pinorezinola, matairezinola), s plinsko kromatografijo, sklopljeno z masno spektrometrijo (GC-MS), smo raziskovali prisotnost hlapnih spojin, z metodo Folin-Ciocalteujevega reagenta smo ugotavljali celokupno vsebnost polifenolov in z metodama DPPH in ABTS•+ ugotavljali antioksidativno aktivnost. Ugotovili smo, da je kvalitativna in kvantitativna sestava izvlečkov bele jelke močno odvisna od uporabljene ekstrakcijske metode, prav tako pa tudi od uporabljenega dela drevesa (vej in lubja). Največjo celokupno vsebnost polifenolov, antioksidativno aktivnost in vsebnost ekstrahiranih lignanov smo opazili pri vzorcih, pridobljenih iz lubja bele jelke, najvišje vsebnosti hlapnih spojin (terpenov in terpenoidov) pa pri vzorcih, pridobljenih iz vej bele jelke. Kot najučinkovitejša metoda se je v naši raziskavi izkazala ekstrakcija s subkritično vodo, zato menimo, da ta predstavlja velik potencial na področju pridobivanja izvlečka bele jelke kot tudi drugih rastlinskih izvlečkov. Scientific studies on silver fir extracts prove their healing potential in the fields of lowering blood glucose, cardiovascular diseases, joint diseases, psoriasis treatment and also in the treatment of cancer. Their healing power is given by various bioactive compounds such as polyphenols, which are mainly represented by lignans. There are many extraction procedures for obtaining silver fir extracts among them green extraction technologies have become increasingly popular, such as subcritical water extraction. In the master 's thesis, we analysed the composition of silver fir extracts obtained with subcritical water extraction and compared them with extracts obtained with supercritical CO2 extraction, high-pressure alcohol extraction followed by flushing with supercritical CO2, industrial water extraction and laboratory water extraction. Using high-performance liquid chromatography (HPLC), we analysed lignans in the extracts (isolariciresinol, hydroxymatairesinol, sekoizolariciresinol, lariciresinol, pinoresinol, matairesinol), with gas chromatography-mass spectrometry (GC-MS) we analysed the presence of volatile compounds, with Folin-Ciocalteu method we analysed the total phenolic compounds, and the antioxidative activity of individual extracts was determined by the DPPH and ABTS•+ methods. We found that the qualitative and quantitative composition of silver fir extracts strongly depends on the extraction method, and also on the part of the silver fir tree (branches, bark). The highest total phenolic compounds, antioxidant activity and concentration of extracted lignans were discovered in silver fir bark samples, and the highest content of volatile compounds (terpenes and terpenoids) in silver fir branch samples. The most efficient method in our research was proven to be subcritical water extraction therefore, we conclude that this technique represents great potential in obtaining silver fir extracts and other plant extracts.

Pelargonije so v Sloveniji ene izmed najbolj priljubljenih okrasnih rastlin, ki za svojo rast potrebujejo sončno do polsončno lego. Tekom zgodovine so gojitelji s pomočjo križanja dosegli veliko pestrost sort, zato jih posledično lahko kupimo v različnih barvah. V grobem jih delimo na pet večjih skupin. Poleg okrasne vrednosti pa pelargonije vsebujejo tudi mnogo sekundarnih metabolitov, ki skrbijo za obarvanost cvetov in značilen vonj pelargonij. Sekundarne metabolite delimo na terpene, fenole in dušik vsebujoče spojine. Znotraj pelargonij so do sedaj odkrili terpene in fenole, o dušik vsebujočih spojin pa ne poročajo. Med terpeni sta najbolj zastopana geraniol in citronelol. Od fenolov so v pelargonijah najbolj zastopani flavonoidi, od njih v večjih količinah izokvercetin, rutin, hiperozid in klorogenska kislina. Eterična olja in hidrolate, pridobljene iz pelargonij, se uporablja v kozmetični, agronomski, prehrambeni in farmacevtski industriji. Dokazano delujejo antifungicidno, antibakterijsko, antikancerogeno in antioksidativno. Pozitivne učinke izvlečkov pelargonije so poznali že v zgodovini, zato so jih uporabljali za zdravljenje diareje, ledvičnih bolezni in za znižanje visoke telesne temperature. Pelargoniums are one of the most popular ornamental plants in Slovenia. For their growth they need sunny to half sunny position. Throughout the history growers have produced a great number of varieties with selection and crossing of Pelargonium plants, that is why they can be bought in many colours. We roughly divide them into five major groups. In addition to the decorative value, pelargoniums also contain many secondary metabolites which cause coloring of flowers and gives them characteristic odor of pelargonium. Secondary metabolites are divided into terpenes, phenolics and nitrogen-containing compounds. Terpenes and phenolics have been discovered so far in genus of Pelargonium, while nitrogen-containing compounds have not been reported. Among terpenes, geraniol and citronellol are most represented. The most numerous phenolics in Pelargonium are flavonoids which belong to the group of polyphenols. Isoquercetin, rutin, hyperoside and chlorogenic acid are the most abundant phenolics. Essential oils and hydrolysates derived from Pelargonium can be used in the cosmetic, agronomic, food and pharmaceutical industries. It has been proven that they posess antifungal, antibacterial, anticarcinogenic and antioxidant properties. The positive effects of pelargonium extracts have already been known in history, and they have been used to treat diarrhea, kidney disease and lowering of high body temperature.

Kemijska analiza terpenov iglic in njihova zastopanost v vretenih Picea abies (L.) Karst

Materiali rastlinskega izvora, med njimi tudi navadna smreka (Picea abies), vsebujejo substance, ki nastajajo v presnovi med razvojem rastline in se kopičijo v različnih delih rastlin. Prav tako te zdravilne rastline vsebujejo spojine, ki imajo številne specifične farmakološke in tehnološke vrednote. V diplomski nalogi smo raziskali različne postopke izolacije hlapnih aromatskih substanc (α- in β- pinena) iz lubja, žagovine in iglic navadne smreke. Izolacija monoterpenov je potekala s postopkom konvencionalne operacije vodne destilacije s Clevenger aparatom ter ekstrakcijskim postopkom visokotlačne ekstrakcije s superkritičnim ogljikovim dioksidom v laboratorijskem in pilotnem merilu. Visokotlačnim ekstrakcijam smo z dinamično metodo, določili optimalne obratovalne pogoje ter vse ekstrakte kvantitativno analizirali s plinsko kromatografijo v povezavi z masno selektivnim detektorjem. Po analizi ekstraktov smo materiale ekstrahirali pri optimalnih obratovalnih pogojih na visokotlačni napravi UHDE v pilotnem merilu. Materials of plants origin including spruce (Picea abies) contain substances that occur during growth of plant and are stored in its various parts. In addition, these medicinal plants contain compounds with many specific pharmacological and technological properties. In thesis we studied various processes of isolation of volatile aromatic substances (α- and β- pinene) from the bark, sawdust and needles of the pine. Isolation of monoterpen has been performed by the process of conventional technical operation with water distillation made by special device named Clevenger and extraction procedure with supercritical carbon dioxide in so - called laboratory and pilot scale. The high - pressure extraction was performed by dynamic method and optimal operation conditions were determined. Optained extracts were analayzed by gas chromatography coverted to mass selective detector. After analysis of extracts were extracted at optimal materials in the best operating conditions by the high pressure device UHDE in so - called pilot scale.