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Izbor področja raziskovanja ni naključen tudi sam sem v državi, v kateri odraščam, v vlogi potomca staršev etnične skupnosti, ki je izkusila vojno. Strpnost in sposobnost sobivanja bosta za prihodnjo generacijo, ki vstopa v nemiren svet, kar se tiče geopolitičnih premikov, ključnega pomena za ohranitev miru in spokojnega ter dostojnega življenja. Diplomsko delo Strpnost mladih z izkušnjo vojne ali njenih posledic predstavlja primere in rezultate raziskovanj iz tujine. Kljub temu diplomsko delo raziskuje prostor multietničnega kontakta med mladimi v Sloveniji. Cilj diplomskega dela ni celostno raziskati povezavo med strpnostjo mladostnika in njegovim multietničnim kontaktom na vojno prizadetih območjih, pač pa skozi že obstoječe primere in opravljene intervjuje ter osebne zgodbe intervjuvancev osvetliti to povezavo. Delo ponuja pregled prisotnosti obravnavane povezave na področjih družine, izobraževanja, migracij, uporabe medmrežja ter mednarodnih sporov, s posebnim poudarkom na Bosni in Hercegovini, stičišču treh večjih etničnih skupnosti, ki se razlikujejo tudi po veri. Empirični del diplomskega dela vsebuje intervjuje z načrtno izbranimi raznolikimi posamezniki, ki so izkusili vojno in njene posledice na področjih Palestine in Izraela, Ukrajine in Rusije ter Bosne in Hercegovine. Njihova pričevanja podkrepijo teoretično raziskavo v uvodu. Kvalitativna raziskava izpostavlja največkrat ponovljene podobnosti in razlike med intervjuvanci, kar odpira prostor za zaključne ugotovitve. The choice of the research area is not random I am myself in the country where I grew up, in the role of a descendant of parents of a different ethnic community which experienced war. To maintain peace and a peaceful and dignified life, tolerance and the ability to coexist will be crucial for the future generation, which is entering a turbulent world in terms of geopolitical shifts. The diploma thesis The Tolerance of the Youth With the Experience of War or Its Consequences involves examples and results of research from abroad. Despite this, the thesis covers areas where multiethnic contact is present among young people in Slovenia as well. The aim of the thesis is not to comprehensively investigate the connection between the tolerance of a young person and his multiethnic contact in war-affected areas, but rather to shed light on this connection through already existing cases and conducted interviews as well as the personal stories of the interviewees. The thesis offers an overview of the presence of the discussed connection in the areas of family, education, migration, use of the internet, and international disputes, with a special emphasis on Bosnia and Herzegovina, the junction of three major ethnic communities that also differ in religion. The empirical part of the thesis contains interviews with purposefully selected diverse individuals with the experience of war, whose testimonies support the theoretical research in the introduction. Qualitative research highlights the most frequently repeated similarities and differences between the interviewees, which opens up space for conclusions.

V magistrskem delu sem raziskala značilnosti in izzive vključevanja otrok priseljencev v šolah v občini Logatec z vidika strokovnih delavcev. V teoretičnem delu je razložena strokovna terminologija v povezavi z migracijami, opredeljen je zakonski okvir priseljevanja in vključevanja v slovensko družbo ter obstoječe prakse in raziskave, ki so povezane z vključevanjem otrok priseljencev v šolo. Poleg tega pa so predstavljene tudi dosedanje ugotovitve s področja vključevanja otrok priseljencev in predlogi za vključevanje ukrajinskih otrok v šole tako pri nas kot tudi v tujini. V empiričnem delu sem raziskala izkušnje strokovnih delavcev, zaposlenih na osnovnih šolah v občini Logatec. Zanimalo me je, kako ocenjujejo svojo vlogo pri vključevanju otrok beguncev, kako jim je šola nudila podporo ter kako vrednotijo uspešnost šole v procesu vključevanja otrok beguncev in nenazadnje kako opisujejo izkušnje otrok priseljencev, njihove značilnosti ter sodelovanje s starši. Delo predstavi različne dejavnosti, ki so jih šole v občini Logatec uporabile pri vključevanju begunskih otrok iz Ukrajine. Ugotavljala sem tudi, kaj strokovni delavci predlagajo za lažje in učinkovitejše vključevanje otrok priseljencev. Uporabljen je kvalitativni raziskovalni pristop, kot raziskovalni pripomoček pa sem uporabila pol strukturiran intervju. Vzorec vključuje 15 strokovnih delavcev iz vseh treh osnovnih šol v občini Logatec. Rezultati kažejo na to, da so se strokovni delavci soočali s številnimi izzivi pri vključevanju ukrajinskih otrok v šole, te predvsem povezujejo s smernicami na sistemski ravni. Pomembna ugotovitev je tudi, da številni strokovni delavci vključevanje begunskih otrok zaznavajo kot dodatno obremenitev. Rezultati prikazujejo, kako je potekal postopek vključevanja in konkretne predloge za učinkovitejše delo na tem področju v prihodnosti. The master's thesis deals with the characteristics of the integration of immigrant children in schools in the municipality of Logatec, challenges in integration and suggestions for improvements from the point of view of professionals. In the theoretical part, professional terminology related to migration is explained, the legal framework of immigration and integration into Slovenian society is defined, as well as existing practices and research related to the inclusion of immigrant children in school. In addition, the findings so far in the field of integration of immigrant children and proposals for the integration of Ukrainian children in schools both here and abroad are presented. In the empirical part, I investigated the experiences of professionals working at primary schools in the municipality of Logatec. I was interested in how they evaluated their role in the integration of refugee children, how the school provided them with support and how they evaluated the success of the school in the process of integrating refugee children, and last but not least, how they described the experiences of immigrant children, their characteristics and cooperation with their parents. The thesis deals with the research of various activities that the schools in Logatec municipality used in the integration of refugee children from Ukraine, and in addition, I found out what experts suggest for easier and more effective integration of immigrant children. A qualitative research approach is used, and I used a semi-structured interview as a research tool. The sample includes 15 professionals from all three primary schools in the municipality of Logatec. The results show that professionals faced many challenges in the integration of Ukrainian children in schools, and these are mainly linked to guidelines at the system level. It is also important to note that many professionals perceived the integration of refugee children as an additional burden. In addition, the results showed us how the integration process was carried out and what concrete suggestions for more effective work in this area in the future are offered by the professionals.

Magistrsko delo zajema raziskavo in sistematičen pregled teme vojne v patristični literaturi, torej literaturi zgodnjih stoletij krščanstva do 5.stoletja. Išče prve omembe vojne v prvem stoletju, da razkrije, kako so se kristjani soočili s problemom vojne, ko je bil nauk še v povojih ter ugotavlja, da se na samem začetku o vojni niso kaj dosti spraševali. Prve omembe se pojavijo, ko o vojni govorijo kot o znamenju. Etična vprašanja o vojni se pojavijo šele v drugem stoletju, ko so vsi pisci izrazito pacifistično naravnani. Izkaže pa se, da vprašanje vojne ni bila med osrednjimi temami, ter da mnogi vojno vidijo v teološkem ali zgodovinskem, ne pa etičnem smislu, kar literaturo obogati. Pri mnogih je prisoten simbolični pomen »duhovnega vojskovanja«, kjer uporabljajo vojaške prispodobe za boju proti skušnjavi greha, kar vidijo kot tisto pravo »vojaško aktivnost kristjanov«. Veliko različnih interpretacij opisov vojskovanja v Stari zavezi prav tako odpira vpogled v to, kako so začetniki teologije še danes sporne odlomke Stare zaveze razumeli sami, in sicer izključno alegorično. Začenši s 4. stoletjem, ko kristjani dobijo tudi del politične oblasti, pa se vedno bolj odpirajo vprašanja o tem, kdaj je vojna dopustna in kdaj ne, kar eventualno privede do Avguštinovega nauka o pravični vojni, ki velja še danes. Na koncu se pregled ovrednoti, ugotovitve pa poveže med seboj. This master thesis is a research and systematic review of the theme of war in patristic literature, i.e. the literature of the early centuries of Christianity up to the 5th century. It searches for the first references to war in the first century to reveal how Christians confronted the problem of war when the doctrine was still in its infancy, and concludes that at the very beginning war was not much of an issue. The first references to war are when it is spoken of as a sign. Ethical questions about war do not arise until the second century, when all writers are explicitly pacifist. It turns out, however, that the question of war was not one of the central themes, and that many see war in theological, symbolic or historical terms rather than ethical ones, which enriches the literature. For many, there is a symbolic sense of "spiritual warfare", using military imagery to fight the temptation to sin, which they see as the real "military activity of Christians". The many different interpretations of the Old Testament's descriptions of warfare also offer insights into how the pioneers of theo-logy themselves understood the Old Testament's controversial passages, which are still controversial today, in a purely allegorical way. From the 4th century onwards, when Christians also gained a share of political power, the question of when war is permissible and when it is not is increasingly raised, eventually leading to Augustine's doctrine of just war, which is still valid today. Finally, the review is evaluated and the findings are linked to each other.

V obdobju od 1992 do 1995 je v nekdanji jugoslovanski republiki Bosni in Hercegovini potekala državljanska vojna in povzročila veliko človeških žrtev in materialne škode. Vojna je bila del razpada Jugoslavije procesa, ki se je z nekaj prekinitvami odvijal skoraj dve desetletji. Med seboj so se spopadli Srbi, Hrvati in Muslimani, ki predstavljajo tri glavne narode ter hkrati tudi tri glavne religije tega območja. Vendar je bila prav v BiH vojna najbolj uničujoča, nepregledna in zapletena ne le zaradi izrazito heterogene narodne in verske sestave te nekdanje jugoslovanske republike, temveč tudi zaradi vplivanja različnih tujih oziroma zunanjih dejavnikov. To je bila najprej EU, ki je vodilno vlogo kmalu prepustila Združenim narodom. Na konflikt so močno vplivale tudi močnejše države, ki so se zaradi reševanja krize povezovale v priložnostne skupine in oblikovale mirovne načrte, ter NATO. Naloga se osredotoča predvsem na proučevanje načina, smeri, oblik in intenzivnosti delovanja zunanjih dejavnikov, oriše potek dogajanja in ovrednoti vpliv zunanjih dejavnikov, oceni učinke oziroma posledice delovanja zunanjih dejavnikov, izpostavlja primere dobrih in slabih praks ter postavlja nekatere alternativne možnosti reševanja dolgotrajne in zapletene krize v BIH. In the period from 1992 to 1995, a civil war took place in the former Yugoslav Republic of Bosnia and Herzegovina and caused many human casualties as well as a lot of material damage. The war was part of the breakup of Yugoslavia, a process that with some interruptions lasted for almost two decades. Serbs, Croats, and Muslims, who simultaneously represent the three major nations and three principal religions of the area, clashed with each other. However, it was in B&H that the war was most destructive, opaque, and complicated not only because of the markedly heterogeneous national and religious composition of this former Yugoslav republic but also because of the influence of various foreign or external factors. The first was the EU, which soon relinquished its leading role to the United Nations. The conflict was also strongly influenced by powerful countries, which joined together in ad hoc groups and formulated peace plans for the sake of resolving the crisis, and NATO. The thesis mainly focuses on the study of the mode, direction, forms, and intensity of the action of external factors, outlines the course of events and evaluates the influence of external factors, assesses the effects or consequences of the activities of external factors, highlights examples of good and bad practices and sets some hypothetical alternative options for solving the long-term and complex crisis in Bosnia and Herzegovina.

Pričujoče diplomsko delo raziskuje podobo vojne in posameznika v njej tako v bolj konkretnem smislu (vojno, v kateri se posameznik znajde) kot tudi v metaforičnem (vojno, preneseno v posameznikovo duševnost) v kontekstu proze Vitomila Zupana. Vprašanje vojne je v Zupanovem pisanju močno povezano s širšim vprašanjem odnosa med družbo oz. organizacijo in posameznikom. Konkretna vojna je tako le eno od mnogih prizorišč, na katerih se kaže omenjeni odnos. Tako v vojni kot izven nje organizacija uporablja podobna orodja za nadzor in upravljanje s posameznikom. S temi orodji zaznamuje posameznika in ga sili v vedno večje boje znotraj sebe ter v vedno večje uničevanje. Marsikateri od Zupanovih protagonistov dokončnega miru ne najde in ne more najti, posledično pa je uničen. Prav s tem, ko protagonist propade kot posameznik, pa omogoči bralcu jasnejši uvid v vojno znotraj tega posameznika in v delovanje organizacije / družbe, ki je to vojno zanetila. The thesis analyses the image of war and the individual in the face of war both in a more tangible sense (the war in which the individual is involved) and in a metaphorical sense (the war transposed into the individual's psyche) in the prose of Vitomil Zupan. In both cases, the question of war in Zupan's writing has proved to be strongly related to the broader question of the relationship between society or its institution and the individual. The war itself is thus only one of many possible settings in which this relationship is reflected. The institution uses similar tools to control and manage the individual in times of war as well as peace. With these tools the individual is shaped by the institution and forced into ever greater personal struggles and destructiveness. Many of Zupan's protagonists do not and cannot find internal peace and are consequently destroyed. It is precisely by the protagonist's downfall as an individual, however, that Zupan gives the reader a clearer insight into the war within that individual and into the workings of the institution/society that ignited it.

Diplomska naloga oriše preobrazbo kmetijstva v letih 1941 – 1951, ki jo obravnava po treh obdobjih: predvojnim, medvojnim in povojnim obdobjem ter izpostavlja demografsko, socialno in prostorsko preobrazbo kmetijstva. Predvojno obdobje razvoja, ki je temeljil na mlečni živinoreji, pridelavi in predelavi mleka v vrhniški mlekarni, ki je bila ena izmed uspešnejših v Dravski banovini, je prekinila totalnost druge svetovne vojne. Ta je poleg vojnih dogodkov na kmetijstvo vplivala tudi kot usoden sistemski preobrat. Povojne spremembe gospodarskega in družbenega sistema so narekovale hitro industrializacijo, ki je zajela tudi Vrhniko z nadgradnjo obstoječih industrijskih obratov. Ta je vplivala na agrarno periferijo, kjer se je začelo tradicionalno kmetijstvo spreminjati ali opuščati. Na preobrazbo kmetijstva so vplivale splošne gospodarske in družbene spremembe, pa tudi lokalne izjeme, predvojno razvoj pa je ključno vplival še na stanje povojnega kmetijstva. Ključni procesi, ki so bili izraženi v tem času je bila naglo priseljevanje iz podeželskega dela občine na Vrhniko, zmanjševanje deleža kmečkega prebivalstva in sprememba rabe tal – večja pozidava, opuščanje kmetijske rabe in zaraščanje kmetijskih zemljišč. The diploma thesis outlines the transformation of agriculture in the years from 1941 to 1951. It addresses it in three periods: pre-war, inter-war and post-war period and highlights the demographic, social and spatial transformation of agriculture. The pre-war period of development, which was based on dairy farming, production and processing of milk at the Vrhnika dairy, which was one of the most successful in the Drava banovina, was interrupted by the totality of the Second World War. Beside events of the war, it also affected agriculture as a fatal systemic change. Post-war changes in the economic and social system dictated rapid industrialization, which also included Vrhnika with upgrading of existing industrial plants. This affected the agrarian periphery, where traditional agriculture began to change or was abandon. The transformation of agriculture was influenced by general economic and social changes, as well as local exceptions. Pre-war development also had a key impact on the state of post-war agriculture. The key processes that were expressed during this time were the rapid immigration from the rural part of the municipality to Vrhnika, the reduction of the country population and change in land usage – more building, abandonment of agricultural usage and forestation of agricultural land.

Ljubezen in literatura v romanih Carlosa Ruiza Zafóna Senca vetra in Draga Jančarja To noč sem jo videl. V diplomskem delu boma obravnavala romana Senca vetra (La sombra del viento, 2001) avtorja Carlosa Ruiza Zafóna in To noč sem jo videl (2010) avtorja Draga Jančarja. Najprej bom opisala zgodovinski kontekst dogajanja v Španiji in na Slovenskem v prvi polovici 20. stoletja. Nato bom predstavila oba avtorja, povzela vsebini obeh literanih del in podrobneje predstavila pomembnejše teme, kot so pomen književnosti, spominjanja, vplivov vojne, pomen svobode, umetnosti in položaja žensk. Dogajanje v obeh romanih precej zaznamuje (po)vojni čas, a je vendarle glavna vrednota, ki spleta najmočnejše niti in usmerja potek življenja, ljubezen. Primerjalno obravnavo obeh romanov bom na podlagi lastnega doživljanja zaključila z razmislekom. Kljub temu da se zgodbi odvijata v precej različnih okoljih, bom pokazala, da so dojemanja in odzivi ljudi v španskem in slovenskem prostoru, ki ju obravnavata romana, podobni. Vsi stremimo k mirnemu sobivanju s tistimi, ki jih imamo radi, zasledujoč sanje, ki lahko sencam navkljub zasijejo v vsej svoji svetlobi. Love and Literature in the Novels by Carlos Ruiz Zafón The Shadow of the Wind (La sombra del viento, 2001) and I Saw Her That Night (To noč sem jo videl, 2010) by Drago Jančar. The diploma thesis paper addresses the question on Carlos Ruiz Zafón's novel The Shadow of the Wind (La sombra del viento, 2001) and Drago Jančar's novel I Saw Her That Night (To noč sem jo videl, 2010). Firstly, I described the historical context of both of the novels in the first half of 20th century in Spain and in Slovenia. I also wrote short presentation of the authors, then summarized the content of both literary works, and presented the most significant topics, such as the importance of literature, memories, the consequences of war, freedom, art, and the position of women. The events in both novels are quite marked by the (post)war period, but the main value that weaves the strongest threads and directs the course of life is love. I finished the comparative research with my personal opinion and outline of the novels as I experienced them myself. Despite the fact that the stories take place in quite different historical spaces, it is shown that the perceptions and reactions of people in Spanish and Slovene space to which the novels refer, are similar. We all strive for peaceful coexistence with those we love, pursuing dreams that can shine in all their light despite the shadows.

Najbolj kruta značilnost vojne so vojna posilstva in spolne zlorabe. Po ocenah je bilo od 20.000 do 50.000 žensk in deklet iz Bosne in Hercegovine posiljenih med vojno. Razna poročila so ugotovila, da je prišlo do posilstva na vseh straneh konflikta, daleč največ žrtev je bilo muslimanskih žensk. Veliko žensk o zlorabah še vedno molči, saj to za sabo prinaša veliko stigmo in občutek krivde. Raziskave so pokazale, da sta tako vojna kot spolno nasilje najbolj uničujoča stresorja in vodita v največjo prevalenco posttravmatske stresne motnje. Preživeli spolnih zlorab in posilstev se ne soočajo samo s travmo zlorabe, temveč tudi z drugimi travmatičnimi dogodki in izkušnjami, ki so jih preživeli med vojno smrt bližnjih, velik strah, izguba doma, izgon. Lahko bi rekli, da je njihova travma večslojna. Kopičenje vseh teh travmatičnih izkušenj, vključno s spolnim nasiljem in posilstvom, vodi še v bolj izrazite simptome PTSM. Osrednjo tematiko magistrskega dela predstavlja osvetlitev doživljanja lastnega življenja posiljenih žensk med vojno na območju BiH. S pomočjo fenomenološko-psihološke metode smo v pol-strukturiranih intervjujih pridobili vpogled v doživljanje žensk in njihovih strategij preživetja v letih po spolni zlorabi. V raziskavi z glavnim raziskovalnim vprašanjem »Kakšno je sedaj vaše življenje in kaj so vaše strategije preživetja?« je sodelovalo sedem udeleženk. Analiza rezultatov je pokazala, da spolna zloraba med vojno pri nobeni od udeleženk ni predelana in da vse trpijo za posttravmatsko stresno motnjo. Temu botrujejo psihološke in fizične posledice posilstva, stigma, težave v intimno-partnerskih odnosih in finančna stiska. Veliko opolnomočenje za udeleženke naše raziskave je nevladna organizacija Snaga žene, ki jim pomaga na vseh področjih življenja. Rape and sexual abuse are among the cruelest features of war. It is estimated that between 20,000 and 50,000 girls and women from Bosnia and Herzegovina were raped during war. Various reports have found that rape occurred on all sides of the conflict, with by far the highest number of victims being Muslim women. Many women still remain silent about the abuse, as it carries a large stigma and guilt. Research has shown that both war and sexual violence are the most devastating stressors and lead to the highest prevalence of post-traumatic stress disorder. Survivors of sexual abuse and rape face not only the trauma of the abuse but also other traumatic events and experiences they have lived through during the war death of loved ones, great fear, loss of home, deportation one could say that their trauma is multi-layered. The accumulation of all these traumatic experiences, including sexual violence and rape, leads to even more pronounced symptoms of PTSD. The central theme of the master's thesis is to shed light on the experiences of raped women during the war in the B&H region. Using a phenomenological-psychological method, the author used semi-structured interviews to gain insight into women's experiences and survival strategies in the years following sexual abuse. In the study, with the main research question "What is your life like now and what are your survival strategies?" seven participants took part. Analysis of the results showed that none of the participants had processed the sexual abuse during war and that all of them suffered from post-traumatic stress disorder. This is due to the psychological and physical consequences of rape, stigma, difficulties in intimate-partner relationships and financial hardship. The NGO Snaga Wives, which helps women in all areas of their lives, offers great empowerment to the participants in our study.

Bosna in Hercegovina, kot ena izmed šestih republik, ki je sestavljala Socialistično federativno republiko Jugoslavijo, je po njenem razpadu imela željo po neodvisnosti in suverenosti, kar pa ni bilo tako enostavno uresničljivo. Razglasitev neodvisnosti je sprožil kruto in krvavo vojno, ki je terjala več deset tisoč smrtnih žrtev in več milijonov razseljenih. Po tragični vojni je Bosna in Hercegovina dobila nov politični sistem, vsiljen s strani mednarodne skupnosti v okviru Daytonskega mirovnega sporazuma. Konec vojne ni pomenil dejanskega miru in zedinjene države, ampak združitev treh narodov na skupnem prostoru, kjer se je ta politični sistem kaj hitro izkazal za izredno nefunkcionalnega, saj ni razrešil osrednjih napetosti in vzrokov državljanske vojne, temveč je te le še utrdil. Kompleksnost in neučinkovitost političnega sistema je državo privedla do številnih negativnih posledic na področju gospodarstva in socialne politike. Bosna in Hercegovina je zato danes država z enim najkompleksnejšim političnim sistemom na svetu, katera mora za svoj obstoj, napredek in učinkovitejše delovanje, pri svojih državljanih, vzpostaviti potrebo po skupnih interesih, ciljih in vrednotah. Bosnia and Herzegovina, as one of the six republics that made up the Socialist Federal Republic of Yugoslavia, had a desire for independence and sovereignty after its disintegration, which was not so easily achievable. The declaration of independence sparked a brutal and bloody war that claimed tens of thousands of deaths and millions of displaced people. After the tragic war, Bosnia and Herzegovina received a new political system imposed by the international community under the Dayton Peace Agreement. The end of the war did not mean real peace and a united state, but the unification of three nations in a common space, where this political system quickly proved as extremely dysfunctional, because it did not resolve the central tensions and causes of the civil war, but only consolidated them. The complexity and inefficiency of the political system has led the country to a number of negative consequences in the field of economy and social policy. Bosnia and Herzegovina is therefore today a country with one of the most complex political systems in the world, which must establish the need for common interests, goals and values for its citizens in order to exist, progress and function more effectively.

V začetnih vrsticah svoje naloge bom predstavila Platonovo teorijo ikone. Po tej teoriji je potrebno ločiti idejo samo od njenih podob, torej ločiti izvirnik od posnetka, model od simulakra. Posnetek – ikona je podoba, dobro utemeljen pretendent, za katerega jamči podobnost. Ta podobnost pa ni zunanja, torej ne gre za podobnost med eno in drugo stvarjo, pač pa za notranjo, duhovno podobnost med stvarjo in idejo. Ikona oz. posnetek je torej odraz nekega trenutka. Nikoli ni izvirnik, je pa posnetek nekega resničnega dogodka. V osrednjem delu naloge bom prikazala vsem poznane ikonične vojne fotografije. Preko dokazov, ki jim bom sledila, bom pokazala, da se nekatere od teh ne skladajo s Platonovo teorijo, saj niso posnetek resničnega dogodka. Te fotografije so bile zaigrane, uprizorjene za kamero, rekonstruirane. Kljub temu pa so te podobe postale ikone vojne fotografije, ker nas opozarjajo in opominjajo na grozote vojne, hkrati pa nam dvigujejo moralo z zgodbami o herojstvu in domoljubju. In the opening lines of my master's thesis, I will present Plato's theory of the icon. According to this theory, it is necessary to separate the thing itself from its images, that is, to separate the original from the image, the model from the simulacrum. An icon is an image, a well-founded pretender, for which it guarantees similarity. This similarity is not external, so it is not a similarity between one thing and another, but an internal, spiritual similarity between the thing and the Idea. Icon, therefore, is a reflection of a moment. It is never an original, but it is an image of a real event. In the center of the thesis I will present some of the most famous iconic war photographs. Through the evidence, I will show that some of these do not conform to Plato's theory as they are not images of a true event. These photos were staged for the camera or reconstructed. Nevertheless, these photos have become icons of war photography because they remind us of the horrors of war, while raising our morale with stories of heroism and patriotism.

Delo naslavlja vprašanje obstoja in mehanizmov transmisije vojne travme v slovenski družbi. V znanstveni stroki prevladuje mnenje, da transmisija travme obstaja, zaradi kompleksnosti problematike pa ni enotnega modela ali strinjanja o točno določenih mehanizmih transmisije. V uvodu naloge so predstavljeni mehanizmi transmisije travme, posledice travme in njene transmisije ter načini blaženja posledic, ki se pojavljajo tudi v rezultatih. Raziskava je izvedena s pomočjo kvalitativne metodologije s polstrukturiranimi intervjuji. V raziskavi so sodelovale štiri slovenske družine s člani različnih generacij. Intervjuvanca prve generacije dveh družin sta se bojev udeležila kot partizana, en intervjuvanec kot udeleženec na obeh sprtih straneh in en intervjuvanec kot domobranec. Podatki so bili analizirani s pomočjo poskusne teorije in programskega paketa RQDA. Rezultati nakazujejo, da se lahko travma prenaša z udeleženca vojne na potomce preko molka, družinskih zgodb, intuitivnih sporočil in drugih mehanizmov. Travmatiziranost vojnih veteranov se kaže v nočnih morah, pogostem spominjanju na travmatske dogodke in močnih čustvih, ki jih pri tem doživljajo. V družinah lahko pozitivne in negativne posledice vojne travme zaznamo na področju odnosa do zgodovine, odnosa do nekdanjih nasprotnikov in njihovih potomcev, odnosa do Cerkve in drugih področjih. Vsi udeleženci niso travmatizirani, prav tako je 75 let po koncu vojne zelo težko posamezno lastnost označiti kot izključno posledico vojne travme, zato je potrebno biti pri zaključevanju previden. The thesis tackles the question of the existence and the mechanisms of transmission of war-related trauma in the Slovenian society. In the scientific community, the predominant opinion is that the transmission of trauma does exist but due to the complexity of the problematics there is no uniform model or agreement regarding the specific transmission mechanisms. The introduction of the thesis includes the presentation of the mechanisms of transmission of trauma, the consequences of trauma and its transmission and the methods of mitigation of the consequences, all of which are considered important and appear in the results as well. The research was conducted with the use of the qualitative method with semi-structured interviews. It involved the participation of four Slovenian families consisting of members of different generations. The two first-generation interviewees, each representing one family, participated in the battles as partisans, one interviewee cooperated on both conflicting parties, whereas the fourth and final interviewee fought for the Slovenian Home Guard. The data was analysed based on experimental theory and with the help of the software package RQDA. The results implicate that trauma can be transmitted from a war participant to his descendants through silence, family stories, intuitive communication and other mechanisms. The trauma of military veterans manifests itself in nightmares and frequent recollections of traumatizing events accompanied with intense emotions. In families, the positive and the negative consequences of war-related trauma can be observed in the attitude towards history, former enemies and their descendants, the Church and other subjects. Not all participants of war were traumatised. Moreover, it is rather difficult to characterise a particular trait exclusively as a consequence of war-related trauma 75 years after the war ended. Therefore, any rash conclusions are ill-advised.

Vojna v Iraku se je začela 20. marca 2003, uradno pa se je končala 18. decembra 2011. ZDA, Avstralija, Poljska in Velika Britanija so ob podpori petinštiridesetih drugih držav brez predhodne odobritve Varnostnega sveta Združenih narodov izvedle vojaško invazijo na Irak, čemur so nasprotovale predvsem Rusija, Francija, Nemčija in večina arabskih držav. Šlo je za dlje časa trajajoč oborožen konflikt med mednarodnimi vojaškimi silami z ZDA na čelu in iraško vojsko, ter kasneje uporniškimi frakcijami v Iraku. ZDA je v iraški vojni poleg lastnih oboroženih sil najemala tudi pripadnike zasebnih vojaških podjetij, ki so se borili na strani mednarodne koalicije zavezniških sil. Zasebna vojaška podjetja so po svoji naravi pravne osebe, ki opravljajo vojaške in varnostne storitve. Zaradi spremembe ustroja vojsk v zahodnem svetu po hladni vojni se je v sodobne oborožene konflikte v vse večji meri vključeval zasebni sektor. Potreba po zasebnih vojaških podjetjih je bila najbolj razvidna med vojno v Iraku, kjer so bila uporabljena v obsegu, kakršnemu do takrat še nismo bili priča. ZDA se je kot največja svetovna sila močno zanašala na uporabo zasebnih vojaških podjetij, saj je v določenih letih vojne v Iraku število pripadnikov teh podjetij preseglo število pripadnikov oboroženih sil ZDA. Razloga za odvisnost ZDA od vojaških podjetij v času iraške vojne sta bila nezmožnost ameriških oboroženih sil, da opravijo vse potrebne vojaške naloge in zmanjševanje negativnega političnega vpliva vojne. Uporaba zasebnih vojaških podjetij je postala širši ameriški in mednarodni javnosti znana zaradi nekaterih medijsko odmevnih incidentov, v katerih so bili udeleženi pripadniki teh podjetij. Prav tako ZDA niso imele na voljo niti učinkovitega pravnega mehanizma niti politične volje, ki bi omogočala kazenski pregon pripadnikov zasebnih vojaških podjetij v primeru storitve kaznivega dejanja. Pregon kaznivih dejanj, ki so jih storili pripadniki zasebnih vojaških podjetij med vojno v Iraku, je bil zaradi pomanjkanja zakonske podlage težaven in v nekaterih primerih nemogoč. The war in Iraq began on March 20, 2003 and officially ended on December 18, 2011. The United States, Poland, Australia and Great Britain along with forty-five other countries launched a military invasion of Iraq without the prior approval of the United Nations Security Council. Russia, France, Germany and a majority of Arab states opposed the military invasion of Iraq. The Iraq War was a prolonged armed conflict between the international coalition of allied forces, led by the U.S., and the Iraqi Army, and later the rebel factions in Iraq. In addition to its own Armed Forces, the U.S. hired members of private military companies to fight in the Iraq War on the side of the international coalition of allied forces. Private military companies are, by their very nature, legal entities providing military and security services. The change in the composition of the post-Cold War armies in the Western world has increasingly involved the private sector in modern armed conflicts. This was very evident in the Iraq War, where private military companies were used to an extent we had never witnessed before. The United States, as the world's largest power, relied heavily on the use of private military companies. In some years of the Iraq War, the number of members of these companies exceeded that of the U.S. Armed Forces. The reason for the U.S. dependence on military companies during the Iraq War was the inability of the U.S. Armed Forces to carry out all the necessary military tasks and to reduce the negative political impact of the war. The use of private military companies has become widely known to the U.S. and international public because of some high-profile media incidents involving members of these companies. Nor did the US have the political will or an effective legal mechanism in place to prosecute members of private military companies if they committed a crime while performing their duty, or even if they committed a crime off duty. The prosecution of crimes committed by members of private military companies during the Iraq War was difficult and, in some cases, impossible due to a lack of legal basis.

Diplomsko delo skozi analiziranje desetih dni slovenske vojne za osamosvojitev med dnevi 27.6.1991 in 6.7.1991 skuša oceniti koliko je resnice v subjektivnosti medijev in do kakšne stopnje lahko mediji spreminjajo resnico skozi različne teorije, ki nadzirajo mišljenja prebivalcev neke države. To poskuša prikazati skozi hrvaške in srbske članke časopisov, ki se v kontekstu jugoslovanske vojne večkrat izpostavljata kot nasprotujoča si pola. Besedilo je strukturno razdeljeno na deset poglavij, vsako v svojem začetku predstavi obravnavane članke, nato pa analitično te članke povzame in jih karseda objektivno a kritično obravnava. Undergraduate thesis analyses the Slovenian Independence War, also known as the Ten-Day War since it lasted from 27.6.1991 to 6.7.1991. It attempts to show the presence of the subjectivity of the media and to what extent can the media change the truth through various theories that control the opinions of the inhabitants of a country. It tries to portray this through Croatian and Serbian newspaper articles, which are in the context of the Yugoslav Wars repeatedly presented as the opposite sides. The text is divided into ten chapters, each chapter presenting newspaper articles in its introduction, then analysing these articles and objecting to them critically and as objectively as possible

V magistrskem delu se bom ukvarjal predvsem z liriko ameriškega pesnika Roberta Frosta, ki je prežeta z vplivi narave in okolja na človeka. Z natančnim preučevanjem njegovih pesniških del bom v kontekst postavil ekološke in ekokritiške razprave. Z izjemo prvega poglavja, v katerem bom obravnaval zgodovinski okvir in razvoj ekokritiške filozofije, bo magistrska naloga večinoma vsebovala poglobljene analize izbranih Frostovih pesmi, ki bodo kot sestavni del vključene v ustrezna poglavja glede na njihovo tematiko. Osrednja tema drugega poglavja se nanaša na Frostovo uvedbo pastoralnega načina pisanja poezije s poudarkom na razpetosti med rustikalnostjo podeželja in sodobnim načinom življenja v mestnih naseljih. V tretjem poglavju se bom soočal s človekovim sobivanjem z naravo in njenimi ostrimi zakoni divjine, poleg tega pa bom zajel tudi tiho razmerje med človekom in živalskim kraljestvom, ter kako lahko ta bitja postanejo projekcije človeške zavesti. Zadnje, četrto poglavje obravnava več Frostovih pesmi, ki ponazarjajo fizične in psihološke boje človeštva med kolonializmom in v času vojn. Napredki v vojaški tehnologiji so pripomogli k dodatnemu uničevanju tako človeških življenj kot tudi naravnega okolja. In my master’s thesis, I predominantly focus on the lyrical composition of the American nature poet Robert Frost and the contextualisation of ecological and ecocritical deliberations through the use of his poetic work. Excluding chapter one, which discusses the historical framework and development of the ecocritical philosophy, the dissertation chiefly consists of close examinations of Frost’s selected poems while embedding them as constituent parts into the chapters pertinent to the treated subject matter. The central point of chapter two is Frost’s implementation of the pastoral mode and style in his poetry, drawing attention to the dichotomy between the rusticity of the countryside and the modernity of towns and cities. Chapter three considers the coexistence of mankind with the total indifference of the natural world, including man’s unspoken relationship with the animal kingdom, and how these creatures may become the projections of human consciousness. Finally, chapter four tackles several Frost’s poems which illustrate the physical and psychological struggles of humanity in colonial times and during the course of war. Furthermore, the advancement in military technology intensified the annihilation of human lives and well as the destruction of nature.

21. stoletje se smatra za eno najmirnejših obdobij v zgodovini človeštva, vendar je želja po bojevanju in osvojitvi, ki je že od začetka človeštva pomemben del človeške narave, še vedno močno prisotna. Ne preseneča torej dejstvo, da sta se Aleksandar Hemon in Josip Novakovich, dva pisatelja katerih dela smo analizirali v tem magistrskem delu, odločila pisati o vojni. Hemon, ki prihaja iz Bosne, in Novakovich, ki prihaja s Hrvaške, sta dva pisatelja, ki sta med vojno v devedesetih letih emigrirala v ZDA in Kanado. V svojih delih oba avtorja uporabljata ironijo in humor, da bi se oddaljila od grozot vojne na Balkanu v devedesetih letih, ki jih opisujeta na svojih straneh, ali zato, da bi bralcem omogočila kratkotrajni občutek olajšanja in jih poskušala spraviti v smeh ob najbolj neprimernih trenutkih. Prvi del tega magistrskega dela potemtakem obravnava koncept ironije in njene glavne značilnosti, medtem ko je drugi del posvečen analizi konkretnih primerov, ki smo jih zasledili v šestih izbranih delih teh avtorjev. Na ta način smo lahko naredili primerjali med avtorjema in zasledili nekaj skupnih motivov, kot so vojna in njene grozote, emigracija in občutek nepripadanja tujini ter ameriško posredovanje v vojni na Balkanu v devedesetih letih. The 21st century is said to be one of the most peaceful times in history, yet the desire to fight and conquer that has constituted a prominent part of human nature since the beginnings of humanity is still very much present. It is therefore not surprising that Aleksandar Hemon and Josip Novakovich, two writers whose works have been analysed in this Master's thesis, have chosen to write about war. Hemon and Novakovich are two writers that from Bosnia and Croatia, respectively, and have emigrated to the United States and Canada during the war in the Balkans in the 1990s. In their works, they use irony and humour as a sort of coping mechanism to distance themselves from the atrocities of the war they are describing or to provide the reader with a momentary sense of relief, daring them to laugh during the most inappropriate moments. The first part of this Master’s thesis is dedicated to the concept of irony and its principal characteristics, while the second part deals with the analysis of concrete examples found in six selected works written by these authors. In this way, a comparison was made between Hemon and Novakovich, which resulted in the identification of some common themes, such as war and the accompanying atrocities, emigration and feeling out of place in a new country, and American involvement in the war in the Balkans in the 1990s.

Diplomsko delo obravnava merjenje moči med Rusko federacijo, ki je po razpadu Sovjetske zveze prevzela mesto predstavnice Vzhoda, in Združenimi državami Amerike, ki so glavni protagonist Zahoda. Merjenje moči med tema dvema velesilama ima svoje posledice tudi v Evropi. V preteklosti je bilo območje Evrope razdeljeno zaradi politične pripadnosti eni ali drugi strani na dva pola. Zahodne zaveznice so se usmerile v tržno gospodarstvo in uvedle demokratični sistem, medtem ko so zaveznice Vzhoda uvedle komunistični režim in sledile enopartijskemu sistemu. Po razpadu Sovjetske zveze so evropske države prerastle bipolarno delitev ter se postopoma začele povezovati in združevati, najprej gospodarsko in politično, danes tudi varnostno in obrambno. Diplomsko delo analizira nekatere pretekle konflikte med omenjenima velesilama in opredeljuje njun vpliv v vojnah tretjih držav oziroma akterjev. Način posrednega sodelovanja je prikazan na primeru vojne v Siriji. Predstavljene so tudi negativne posledice sirskega kriznega žarišča, kot so migracije in terorizem, ter njihov vpliv na stabilnost Evrope, natančneje Evropske unije. V Evropi je migracijska kriza povzročila nevaren vzpon neonacionalizma in porast desničarskih političnih strank s protimigracijsko politiko. Prednostna naloga držav Evropske unije je boj proti naraščajočemu terorizmu, zagotavljanje varnosti evropskih državljanov in zaščita vrednot demokratičnih družb. Tekma za prevlado v svetu še zdaleč ni končana, njena igralca pa nista več le ZDA in Rusija kot svetovni velesili iz časa hladne vojne, temveč tudi druge vojaško močne države. The field of our research is the past measurement of power between the Soviet Union, which has been replaced by Russian federation as main representative of the East and the United States of America on the West. In the past, the region on Europe was divided into western and eastern countries because of its political affiliations. While the allies of the West turned to the market economy and democratic system, countries of the East had developed communism. After the collapse of the Soviet Union, European countries started to economically associate and are today also politically united. The work analyzes some of the past conflicts between the mentioned superpowers and defines their influence in the wars of the Third World. In comparison with the Syrian war, it is evident that both Russia and United States of America are indirectly interfering on the same way as they did in the past. Syrian conflict causes negative consequences as migrations and terrorism, which have an impact on the stability of the European Union. The migration crisis has caused a dangerous rise of neo-nationalism in Europe and the rise of right-wing political parties with anti-migration policies. The European Union countries priorities are the fight against rising terrorism, ensuring the safety of European citizens and protecting the values of democratic societies. The game of domination in the world is far from over and its actors are no more just US and Russia as the Great Cold War world powers but also other powerful countries.

V diplomskem delu je predstavljeno vprašanje na kakšen način deluje propaganda Islamske države, razlogi za njen obstoj in njeni cilji. V prvem delu naloge so prikazani ključni pojmi, kot sta propaganda in terorizem, spoznamo pa tudi medije in moč, ki jo imajo. Prav to pa so trije glavni sestavni deli Islamske države ali natančneje njenega propagandnega aparata. Predstavitvi osnovnih pojmov sledi zgodovinski pogled na območje današnje Sirije in prostor, na katerem deluje ali pa je pred časom delovala sama Islamska država. Skozi zgodovino spoznamo razloge in posledice, zaradi katerih so ljudje na tem območju še dandanes sprti in zaradi česar prihaja do nemirov. Temu sledi pregled razlogov za nastanek Islamske države, kakšna je ideja za nastankom in kam jo to vodi. V sklopu Islamske države je prikazan tudi njen propagandni aparat, ki ji omogoča nastopanje na modernem medijskem nivoju in njegovi cilji in prioritete. Spoznamo tudi njihov način lansiranja novic na Zahod. Za teoretičnim delom je prikaz bolj praktičnega pogleda na propagandni vpliv te države, skozi pogled slovenskih medijev. Spoznamo razlike med podajanjem informacij aktualnih medijev, njihove prioritete in cilje s katerimi vplivajo na svoje bralce. Cilj propagandnega aparata Islamske države je prikazovanje vseh muslimanov kot grožnje zahodnemu svetu in življenju kot ga poznamo. To lahko deluje tudi kot način, s katerim se novačijo novi člani. Skozi pregled slovenskih člankov bomo tako spoznali, do kakšne mere so naši mediji odporni na ta prefinjen način vplivanja na zahodne medije, ki ga prakticira Islamska država. In the thesis ''Islamic State propaganda’’ is presented question of how organised propaganda of Islamic State is, the reasons for its existence and its main goals. In the first part of thesis we discover some crucial terms, such as propaganda, terrorism and media. We find out how powerful those really are and how much influence on our life they have. Those three terms are the bedrock of Islamic State and especially of its propagandic instruments. Representation of crucial concepts is followed by historical overview of Syria and the territory over which Islamic State is spread or either has been over the years of its existence. Historical overview is followed by discoveries of the whole idea and reasons behind Islamic State. In this part of thesis, we also find discoveries about the propaganda apparatus that is being used by Islamic State and their long-term goals. This apparatus enables them to compete with Western media on wider scale throughout their unique technique of announcing news. After theoretical part of the thesis we distinguish differences between currently actual Slovenian media and their way of influencing their audience. Through critical comparison of literature, that shows different angles of the subject we will discover final findings. The main goal of Islamic propaganda is representation of all the Muslims as a threat to western world and its lifestyle. One of the goals of this propaganda is also recruiting new members that could potentially join their forces. Throughout view of Slovenian media reports, we will discuss threats of Islamic State policy and their way of interfering with western media reports and the way they are resistant to them.

Magistrsko delo se ukvarja s tematiko vojne in ljubezni v proznem opusu Draga Jančarja. Najprej so okvirno predstavljena dela, ki se izbrane tematike le dotikajo oziroma obravnavajo le posamezno temo. Podrobneje so obravnavani romani, v katerih je omenjena tematika v ospredju. Prvi roman, v katerem sta vojna in ljubezen glavni temi, je Katarina, pav in jezuit. V ospredju romana je ljubezenska zgodba dveh posameznikov, zaradi zla se par razide. Ostali obravnavani romani – Drevo brez imena, To noč sem jo videl ter In ljubezen tudi – sledijo podobnemu vzorcu. Nasprotje med ljubeznijo in vojno je tudi nasprotje med posameznikom in množico, med zasebnostjo in javnostjo, med ljudmi, ki so hoteli samo živeti, in med ljudmi, ki pod vplivom ideologije uničujejo ostale. Jančar je vedno na strani posameznika, zato so vojna in njene posledice prikazane negativno. A master's thesis represents themes of war and love in prose opus of Drago Jančar. Firstly it represents works which slightly express the themes. Then thesis discusses in details novels with those themes as mainly themes. The novel Katarina, the Peacock and the Jesuit is the first analyzed novel. It is about love between two people. Their story ends because of evilness. Other discussed novels – The Tree with no Name, I Saw Her That Night, And Love Itself – follow the example. The opposition between love and war is also the opposition between an individual and a crowd, privacy and publicity, between people who just want to live and those who in the name of ideology destroy others. Jančar stands on individual’s side, therefore are war and her consequences shown as negative.