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The purpose of this paper is to delve into the ethical aspects experienced by the healthcare team when they receive the directive to limit therapeutic effort or a do-not-resuscitate order. From an interpretative, qualitative paradigm with a content analysis approach, a process based on three phases was conducted: pre-analysis in which categories were identified, the projection of the analysis, and inductive analysis. During 2023, interviews were conducted in the clinical setting of a high-complexity hospital in Chile with 56 members of the healthcare teams from critical and emergency units, from which four categories emerged: a) the risk of violating patients' rights by using do-not-resuscitate orders and limiting therapeutic effort; b) the gap in the interpretation of the legal framework addressing the care and attention of patients at the end of life or with terminal illnesses by the healthcare team; c) ethical conflicts in end-of-life care; and d) efficient care versus holistic care in patients with terminal illness. There are significant gaps in bioethics training and aspects of a good death in healthcare teams facing the directive to limit therapeutic effort and not resuscitate. It is suggested to train personnel and work on a consensus guide to address the ethical aspects of a good death.

Introduction: The COVID-19 pandemic marked a milestone in the history of medicine worldwide. Together with the humanitarian drama it represented, the problems that arose are promoting lines of research in multiple fields. One of these fields is the aspects related to medical communication and end-of-life care. This paper reports the experiences and perceptions of relatives of patients who died during the pandemic with a psychospiritual support intervention in a public hospital in the Metropolitan Region, Chile, called "farewell"., Methods: A qualitative study was conducted with a phenomenological approach based on in-depth interviews. From this, categories were derived that allowed a systematization of the observation of the experiences., Results: Among the results, the impact of the circumstances and the communication provided by the medical team on grief should be highlighted. The use of the word "farewell" emerges as a useful, albeit ambiguous, communicative tool when it comes to adequately framing an end-of-life process., Conclusions: It is argued that the end of life is an area that requires physical and psychospiritual spaces, and adequate training at all levels to do justice to a highly relevant moment in the care of people.

An important aspect that requires special attention by researchers using qualitative methods is the construction of theoretical categories, or more specifically, the step between coding and categorization. One of the most structured methodological proposals used in health sciences is grounded theory. In this paper an analytical technique called "family categorization" is proposed. Its aim is to facilitate the steps of creating the initial categories, based on intra- and inter-family codes analysis., (Copyright © 2018 SESPAS. Publicado por Elsevier España, S.L.U. All rights reserved.)

In the editorial for our special issue call, we outlined our perspective of qualitative research and the need to address the teaching of qualitative methods to help foster more rigorous application of qualitative research in contemporary administration and management studies. Our call for tutorial papers in RAC (Revista de Administração Contemporânea) was the mechanism through which we aimed to promote awareness, understanding, and learning of how to properly and effectively apply qualitative research methods for administration and management researchers. This current editorial aims to position our special issues as well as present our thoughts on important and pressing issues related to qualitative research in contemporary administration and management studies. We believe these issues are critical to the future of qualitative research in our field. We will also present the papers that were accepted to the special issue and outline how each one promotes understanding of qualitative research methods.

Background: There are suggestions that, despite training efforts for Primary Health Care physicians, difficulties in making accurate diagnoses and timely treatments persist., Aim: To evaluate the impact of a new training model in Depressive disorders integrated with Mindful Practice, on the diagnostic and therapeutic skills of primary care general physicians., Material and Methods: A voluntary sample of 56 general physicians was studied. The design of this study was experimental and randomized, with two groups attending theoretical sessions followed by differing workshops that were carried out in a parallel fashion. The Quantitative phase of this study considered measuring the impact of training in physician's skills. The Qualitative phase included nine semi-structured interviews and Qualitative Content Analysis. This paper reports the results of the interviews., Results: As a consequence of training sessions, physicians learned that above the mental health problems, other issues such as self-efficacy and self-confidence are important for the management of depressive patients., Conclusions: This qualitative study shows that physicians are obtaining significant benefits from their training sessions.

Qualitative research has been a method used mainly in humanities and social sciences. This paper draws upon the definition of qualitative research, and various aspects related to it are discussed, including human behavior, awareness, dialogue, participation, the importance of everyday life, history, subjective reality and care and relationships with others. Additionally, the notion of health is primarily addressed from an approach that looks at the human being and their determinants of health. Reference is made to the prioritization of the quantitative method, of the biological approach from health, relating concepts such as primary health care, health promotion and public health. The paper also includes a reflection on the importance for health sciences to address the human being as the object of their knowledge, so that it is possible to understand their culture, customs, history, language and even their gestures, in order that the results of judicious research work have an echo in people, their family group and communities and to make it possible to recover common sense and achieve relevant research results.

Qualitative research has traditionally relied on specific methodologies for data collection, with interviews being the predominant and preferred approach. Vast quantities of information have been published regarding traditional mechanisms for collecting qualitative data, but few studies have addressed more unconventional mechanisms such as body mapping. This is a distinctive technique commonly used in health sciences. It offers a versatile alternative that encourages participant creativity, reflexivity, and protagonism. It was adapted for use in an educational study with the aim of eliciting participants' constructivist experiences and emotions related to a particular social phenomenon. It was used as part of a descriptive case study which employed two other triangulation techniques, namely semi-structured virtual interviews, and document collection. After the researchers’ reflective processes, it was concluded that body mapping represented an ideal means to facilitate the data collection process. The primary objective of the study, grounded in qualitative research, was to explore the perceptions of five primary English teachers in the Sarapiquí Regional Directorate of Education in Costa Rica regarding the return to in-person education amid the COVID-19 public health crisis. For the body mapping technique, three participants engaged in a face-to-face session, structured into seven phases: map outlining, reflections on distance education, reflections on combined education, reflections on in-person education, finalization of body maps, testimony giving, and concluding reflections on the technique. Although the focus was on in-person education (2022), the distance and combined modalities (2020-2021) were used to activate participants’ prior knowledge and to provide context for the study. This paper demonstrates the procedure followed in applying the body mapping technique for qualitative data collection in a study on the perspective and experiences of teachers, and highlights the valuable insights gained through its use.

This article addresses some questions regarding the exclusion of the subjectivity derived from the ideals of objectivity and neutrality that characterize the modern scientific parade gm. Several consequences of this exclusion with respect to health care and illness are considered. Five problem areas are discussed, emphasizing the contributions of qualitative inquiry for the recovery of the importance of the individual. These include health and disease as subjective experiences, the gap between the experts' perspective and that of the layman, as well as disagreements among health professionals and common people, both in the preventive and in the curative fields. They also include the omission of the patients' voice when dealing with their illness and the sterilization of subjective creativity to establish new avenues to health care. The paper concludes by pointing out that, despite the challenges involved, certain currents of qualitative research whose foundations are located in the most advanced area of current epistemological, ethical and aesthetic reflection, can help to open new routes towards richer alternatives for health care and illness in Latin American societies.

Purpose: recently, the strategy as practice approach has sought to overcome the micro/macro dichotomy existing in its literature, as well as to better integrate the dimensions of praxis, practice and practitioner. To fill this gap, the aim of the paper is to discuss potential methods to guide empirical studies of strategy as practice (SAP). Method: the paper proposes a method based on an extensive literature review. Phenomenology, grounded theory, ethnography, and narratives are discussed, and their components are presented in the context of strategy as practice studies. Results: the presented method articulates four approaches. Phenomenology is used to enhance the understanding of strategist experiences. Grounded theory is considered a method to develop theories about the studied phenomenon. Ethnography is used to contextualize the daily practices of strategists. Narratives are the path to access the stories of the strategists. Conclusion: the proposed method may be useful to overcome micro/macro dichotomy existing in strategy as practice literature and to integrate praxis, practice and practitioner dimensions.

The purpose of this editorial is to outline the perspective of the special issue call for qualitative research tutorial papers in Revista de Administração Contemporânea (RAC), as well as to frame the need for qualitative research and its value in the larger management research literature. In this regard, this editorial will provide commentary on the concept of qualitative research and how this differs from quantitative research, before moving on to a brief discussion of why qualitative methods provide avenues for answering questions and producing research which quantitative methods may be unable to do alone. We also wish to frame the value of viewing qualitative methods as a complementary approach to quantitative methods, rather than taking a binary approach that privileges only one method or approach. This editorial does not wish to further the ongoing paradigm wars that seem to perpetually plague academic research. Rather, we wish to draw attention to the use value of qualitative research while also acknowledging the value that alternative paradigms bring. In doing so, we wish to acknowledge the continued privilege that quantitative research has in our field, and attempt to highlight ways in which qualitative research can, at times, prove to be a most useful approach, and why it may also be a valuable and necessary complement to quantitative methods. Hence, our call for qualitative research tutorial papers, which we hope will provide managers and researchers with appropriate new tools and guidance with which to conduct such complementary forms of research, and to enrich our knowledge and understanding of management.

This paper presents the rationale for the choice of participants in qualitative research in contrast with that of probability sampling principles in epidemiological research. For a better understanding of the differences, concepts of nomothetic and ideographic generalizability, as well as those of transferability and reflexivity, are proposed, Fundamentals of the main types of sampling commonly used in qualitative research, and the meaning of the concept of saturation are mentioned. Finally, some reflections on the controversies that have arisen in recent years on various paradigmatic perspectives from which to conduct qualitative research, their possibilities of combination with epidemiological research, and some implications for the study of health issues are presented.

This paper explores some ethical dilemmas faced while doing fieldwork. Ethical norms are not enough to appraise the relationship between researchers and participants; a reflexivity practice is needed to understand the dilemmas aroused during this process. Here four issues faced during fieldwork are presented. The academic social time usually defines the schedule of fieldwork; hence, the researcher may decide to follow the academic schedule or to arrange a different schedule with informants. Researchers usually decide which part of their identity will be disclosed for introducing themselves to the informants; but may also decide to hide who really he/she is. Researchers may cope with the dilemma to disclose their private life to informants during the fieldwork. Researchers also may decide to behave according to academic cultural norms of reciprocity or according to the cultural norms of participants. Finally, a reflexivity movement should be developed in Iberoamerica to define an agenda on ethical issues and to develop decolonizing strategies to debate these ethical dilemmas.

Regarding the debate on the existence of two current focuses on health science research (qualitative and quantitative), the paper states the need for complementing the techniques which contribute to a better knowledge of populations and communities, and the need for offering effective solutions to different problems. The article analyses the usefulness of qualitative methods, describes the techniques and procedures more frequently used to guarantee the validity and reliability of research findings and ends bringing up the need for using qualitative and quantitative approaches. This way of working together or learning from each other will enrich research and interventions on public heath and health management fields. Qualitative methods are useful for sound understanding of a given issue that is being investigated or evaluated taking into account the point of view of the participants under research. Key techniques, listed from the most structured to the less structured are among others: structured interview, Delphi, nominal group, case study, semistructured interview, focal group, brainstorming, discussion group, in depth interview, life story and participant observation.

The most recent research in history education has highlighted the importance of the development of historical thinking as a basis for teaching the subject. With this in mind, this paper sets out to investigate students' perceptions of the use of counterfactual history as a learning tool, aimed at improving the acquisition of skills associated with historical thinking, as well as stimulating their motivation. For this purpose, a qualitative research and case analysis of a group of 16 students of 4th ESO has been chosen to explore the perceptions of the participants through a semi-structured questionnaire based on a content analysis. The results show the students' perceptions of alternative history in terms of content comprehension, competence development and increased motivation. In this sense, and despite the difficulties they may encounter, alternative history as a didactic tool can be a complementary practice of great interest for the understanding and learning of history.

Abstract This theoretical essay, based on González Rey’s Theory of Subjectivity, discusses research on psychotherapy grounded in Theory of Subjectivity, embracing the view that the singularity of psychotherapy - in relation to other practices - is its devotion to care. This paper aims to debate the specificities care imposes on research in Theory of Subjectivity based psychotherapy. The considerations woven represent innovations in this field, whose current view on psychotherapy interpret it as similar to other spaces in which research is also undertake. This article is based on authorial reflections related to Theory of Subjectivity current state. Thus, research in psychotherapy based on Theory of Subjectivity demands of the psychotherapist that he or she develops it as a tool of care, therefore depriving it from the position of main objective that it generally holds in Theory of Subjectivity. Some ethical issues connected to this thesis are also presented.

Abstract This paper is the result of the methodology design developed for a doctoral proposal. The paradigm of the dissertation is the inductive paradigm, and the methodology proposed is the study case. In this sense, this paper has the intention to demonstrate a possible methodology design for the study of complex social phenomena such as the humanistic management and its impacts on the common good. The proposal mentioned was presented and approved in Dec-2012.1 For achieving the purpose of this paper we first present a brief description of the social phenomena called “humanistic management”. We do this in order to put in context this paper and to demonstrate why the phenomenon subject of this paper can be considered as a complex social phenomenon and in this sense why it can be studied from an inductive approach. Then we present the design of the research, the justification for it, the way in which the sample will be selected, the methodology to be followed, how we assure trustworthiness in the research, and some of the tools to be used in the research process. At this point, it is necessary to mention that the objective of the doctoral thesis is to discover the impact that a humanistic management in a firm will have on its Stakeholders. The research is exploratory in nature, and in this sense and according to what is proposed by Yin (1994) and Eisenhardt (1989), the most appropriate method of investigation is the case study

Under what conditions will the public accept homeless-serving housing and social service facilities in their neighborhood? In this paper, we answer this question through a basic descriptive statistical analysis of a brief survey (respondent n=251) and a thematic analysis of seven focus groups with residents of San Diego, California (participant n=34). We find that although residents were not categorically opposed to such facilities, their support was contingent on a particular approach to addressing homelessness, often rooted in misperceptions of the causes of homelessness. Participants classified people experiencing homelessness (PEH) into “deserving” and “undeserving” groups based on these perceptions. Attitudes towards homeless-serving facilities were also shaped by a belief that what is needed most are services such as substance abuse treatment, mental health services, or job training; they focused less on the need to house people who are currently unsheltered. Study participants also took a paternalistic approach to policy design, focusing on rules and regulations to force PEH to make “good” decisions. Participants recognized homelessness as a pressing social problem and were willing to consider homeless-serving facilities in their community. However, their attitudes and beliefs limited which facilities they would support, and under what circumstances.

Resumen La investigación cualitativa es una estrategia metodológica de gran uso por las profesiones de la salud. La salud pública no es ajena a la aplicación de estos diseños. Objetivo: describir el método fenomenológico y sus técnicas desde la perspectiva hermenéutica de Heidegger. Metodología: se presenta un análisis de la fenomenología interpretativa de Martin Heidegger y la propuesta de diferentes técnicas de investigación cualitativa para la aplicación de este diseño metodológico cómo alternativa para Salud Pública. Resultados: se describe la epojé, intencionalidad, reducción, constitución, el proceso de análisis y la forma de presentación de resultados del diseño metodológico fenomenológico. Conclusión: la propuesta fenomenológica de este trabajo sugiere tomar una postura epistemológica a la luz de la hermenéutica de Heidegger./ Abstract Qualitative research is a very useful methodological strategy for health-related professions, and public health is no stranger to the implementations of these designs. Objective: to describe the phenomenological method and its techniques from the hermeneutic perspective of Heidegger. Methodology: this paper presents an analysis of Martin Heidegger's interpretive phenomenology and proposes various qualitative research techniques for applying this methodological design as an alternative for public health. Results: we describe the epoché, intentionality, reduction, constitution, the analysis process and the manner in which results are presented in a phenomenological study design. Conclusion: this paper's phenomenological proposal suggests taking an epistemological position in the light of Heidegger's hermeneutics .

Resumen En este artículo se plantea una reflexión sobre el acto de interpretar en la vida de los humanos y su papel en el ámbito de la investigación científica como actividad generadora de versiones orientadas por las teorías expertas. Se mencionan algunos de los cuestionamientos planteados a la perspectiva científica occidental moderna y las nuevas perspectivas epistemológicas que se abren desde las corrientes más críticas de la investigación cualitativa, en las cuales se reconoce la trascendencia del compromiso interpretativo del investigador al construir sus versiones sobre la realidad que estudia. Se presentan algunos ejemplos de los problemas que surgen en la investigación que tiene lugar en el campo de las ciencias de la salud, y para concluir, se ofrecen algunos apuntes sobre el ineludible compromiso del investigador en su condición de intérprete, con sus múltiples consecuencias sobre la construcción del conocimiento. Abstract This paper reflects on the human act of interpreting and its role in scientific research as an activity that generates theoretically oriented versions. It mentions some of the questioning directed toward the modern Western scientific views as well as the new epistemological perspectives that have been rising from the more critical trends of qualitative research. These acknowledge the transcendence of the researchers' interpretive commitment as they build their versions of the reality that they are studying. Likewise, the paper presents some instances of the problems that arise when conducting research in the field of health sciences. To conclude, some notes on the inescapable commitment of the researcher in his capacity of interpreter, and its multiple consequences on the construction of knowledge.

Solving complex problems can be challenging as they often involve multiple layers of related issues and factors. Observational research is a helpful tool for understanding healthcare's complex and contextually dependent problems; however, observations can be time-consuming and resource-intensive, particularly when including the analysis process. As a result, researchers may utilize other qualitative methods, such as interviews or focus groups. However choosing a strategy different than observations could miss subtleties of care that happen in practice. It is easy to underestimate the value of data gathered through firsthand observations of patient-provider and team interactions. One solution to making observations a more convenient method in healthcare research is collaborating in the analysis process. Research collaboration involves establishing an interprofessional research team with diverse backgrounds and professional perspectives. In this way, the group comprises individuals from various roles and different professional backgrounds to ensure exhaustive findings and improve the reliability and accuracy of the results. The diversity in the team represents the intricate dynamics in the complex system of care. Although there are guidelines for collaborative analysis in a traditional ethnographic study, there must be more focus on healthcare research. This paper explains the concepts and features of collaborative analysis in interprofessional research. This approach offers a systematic way to construct a code book, which can produce comprehensive and valuable insights into the complex dynamic of care.

The development of learners’communicative competence is the main goal in foreign language teaching. Numerous domestic and foreign researchers have noted that using poetic texts in foreign language teaching contributes to the development of four language skills: listening, reading, writing, and speaking. Our dissertation research focuses on the use of poetic texts in the Russian language teaching at secondary schools of the Czech Republic. This paper presents the results of a pilot study conducted in April – October 2021. The purpose of the study was to test the appropriateness of the data collection tools. The pilot study consisted of a semi-structured interview with a secondary school teacher who used poetic texts in his teaching practice, and a structured observation of his lessons. It was discovered that the chosen data collection tools were selected appropriately, as they lead to answering the main research question: how poetic texts are used to develop communicative competence in the Russian language teaching at Czech secondary schools. The interview with the chosen for the pilot study teacher and the observation of his lessons led to the conclusion that using poetic texts in Russian lessons helps to develop monologic and dialogic speaking skills, it also helps to develop listening and reading skills. It also helps to enlarge the learners’ vocabulary. The use of poetic texts gives an opportunity to work with various grammatical and phonetic phenomena in a creative way; it is also one of the ways to introduce the learners to the culture of Russia. The frequency of the inclusion of poetic texts in the lessons is influenced by the school curriculum, the chosen textbook, the characteristics of the class and motivation of the learners.

Objective: This article presents the process data research approach as an opportunity to improve management studies and to create a roadmap for beginners. Process research is a sidelined way to conduct qualitative studies. The fundamental concern of the process approach is to capture and apprehend the meanings attributed to organizational phenomena directly in the field of research, aiming to understand and answer the questions of ‘how’ and ‘why’ events change over time. Method: This study reviews selected recent research on innovation management that used process research criteria (temporal orientation, units of analysis, sample, data, analytical strategies, and conceptual products) as the backdrop. Main Results: The main result of this paper is the creation of a roadmap for applying the process research approach. Also, it highlights elements of improvement for management studies from the process data approach. Relevance / Originality: This study provides several examples of qualitative process research in innovation. The proposed roadmap helps increase the rigor and uses of this research approach. Theoretical / Methodological Contributions: We offer an academic discussion on process research’s role in improving (innovation) management studies.

No âmbito das discussões acerca das possibilidades metodológicas para pesquisas sobre gestão de pessoas, este artigo tem como objetivo apresentar a cartografia como alternativa ao uso dos métodos tradicionais, contribuindo assim para inovar a construção do conhecimento em administração. Ainda pouco explorada nessa área, a cartografia consiste no mapeamento de territórios psicossociais, acompanhando as linhas de força que os constituem. Atenta aos processos que compõem a subjetividade e que se passam entre os estados instituídos, busca abarcar a complexidade da vida, resistindo às tendências reducionistas de métodos simplificadores. Neste artigo descreve-se o percurso metodológico de uma pesquisa que busca não apenas apreender as conexões efetuadas em um blog coletivo ligado a uma política pública, mas também analisar as possibilidades de cooperação na produção do trabalho e de si, concebidas em um contexto de trabalho imaterial. A pesquisa apresentada está sendo desenvolvida na internet, que também se configura como um campo ainda em exploração, sobretudo se considerarmos a abordagem qualitativa. Quanto aos resultados apresentados neste artigo, eles não dizem respeito ao objetivo da pesquisa em andamento, mas às experimentações do método cartográfico tematizado. Diferente de divulgar resultados parciais da investigação inacabada, trata-se do exercício do próprio método: a construção das metas no percurso da investigação. A cartografia prima pela processualidade, o que permite tomar como valioso também o compartilhamento dessa experiência em seus diferentes momentos de produção. No final do artigo, a cartografia é indicada como alternativa aos métodos tradicionais de pesquisa, contribuindo dessa forma para a produção do conhecimento sobre o trabalho no cenário contemporâneo.In the domain of discussions on the methodological possibilities for people management research, this paper aims to introduce cartography as an alternative to the use of conventional methods, thus contributing to innovate in the construction of knowledge on administration. Still poorly explored in this field, cartography consists of mapping psychosocial territories, tracking the power lines which constitute them. Aware of the processes which make up subjectivity and take place between established statuses, it seeks to comprise the complexity of life, resisting to the reductionist trends of simplifying methods. In this paper, one describes the methodological path for a research aimed not only at understanding the connections made in a collective blog related to a public policy, but also at analyzing the possibilities for contributing to the production of work and the self, conceived in a context of immaterial work. The research presented is being carried out on the internet, which also constitutes a field that is currently being explored, particularly when one takes into account a qualitative approach. Regarding the results presented in this paper, they aren't related to the aim of the research in progress, but to experiments of the cartographic method described herein. Instead of announcing partial results of the unfinished investigation, it's the very practice of the method: setting of goals in the investigation path. Cartography is characterized by its procedural nature, something which allows one to regard sharing this experience, at its different production stages, as something valuable, too. At the end of the paper, cartography is indicated as an alternative to conventional research methods, thus contributing to the production of knowledge on work in the contemporary scenario.

OBJETIVO: Examinar críticamente la producción bibliográfica sobre la investigación cualitativa en salud (ICS) en México. MATERIAL Y MÉTODOS: Revisión de 128 trabajos publicados en la década del 2000 al 2009. Su búsqueda y recuperación se hizo mediante consulta de índices, buscadores y bases de datos, así como consultando a académicos. Se hizo análisis de frecuencias y de contenido. RESULTADOS: La producción en este campo se incrementa notoriamente en el periodo analizado, se difunde a nivel nacional e internacional y aparece mayoritariamente en revistas de salud pública y medicina social. Su consolidación, no obstante, dista de ser realidad dada su concentración institucional, territorial y temática, su dependencia de la teoría fundamentada, su olvido de temas sanitarios y actores importantes y su impacto marginal en el campo científico. CONCLUSIONES: La investigación cualitativa en salud logra avances en México pero enfrenta serios desafíos para consolidarse. Varias propuestas se presentan para fortalecerla.OBJECTIVE: This paper critically examines recent work on qualitative health research (QHR) in Mexico. MATERIAL AND METHODS: A review was conducted of 128 articles published between 2000 and 2009. A literature search was done drawing together a verse of indexes, search engine, data bases and citations, as well as interviewing researchers. A frequency and content analysis was carried out. RESULTS: QHR has expanded significantly, both nationally and internationally, and papers published in public health and social medicine journals. However, several factors impede its consolidation: the institutional, territorial and thematic concentration of studies, the dependency on grounded theory, the selective nature of the research topics and populations; and its marginal scientific impact. CONCLUSIONS: QHR has grown in México, but its consolidation faces serious challenges. Several proposals are discussed that could strengthen the field.

Qualitative research is a research strategy used to analyze the reality. When applied to consumer psychology, it allows a deeper knowledge about consumer’s behavior and associated emotions and motivations. Qualitative research goes beyond the description of buyers’ behavior and shows information about how and why that behavior is produced. The purpose of this paper is to demonstrate how qualitative research is relevant for the knowledge and the understanding of consumers’ behavior and how, through its techniques, it approaches the consumer’s socio-cultural reality and provides an interpretation of it. The present paper resumes the key aspects of qualitative research, mentioning its related antecedents of its contributions to the marketing and explaining the four most applied techniques in consumer psychology (interviews, focus group, ethnography and observation); moreover, it also studies the way to carry them out and gives some examples of some of the market issues which it can analyze. Finally, we take up again the qualitative data analysis as one of the most relevant topics because it produces important information for the decision making process related to the consumer. In addition, we explain the steps, strategies, types and technological tools to carry it out.

Objective: the paper introduces a framework for conducting interpretive research using deep learning algorithms that blur the boundaries between qualitative and quantitative approaches. The work evidences how research might benefit from an integrated approach that uses computational tools to overcome traditional limitations. Proposal: the increased availability and diversity of data raises the utility of algorithms as research tools for social scientists. Furthermore, tuning and using such computational artifacts may benefit from interpretive procedures. Such circumstances turn the traditional debate between quantitative and qualitative research on its head: the research strategy that likely yields the most assertiveness and rigor is the one that may require vigorous hermeneutic effort. Along these lines, neural word embeddings can be instrumental in allowing researchers to read the data closely before and after interpretation. Conclusions: to take advantage of the opportunity generated by these new algorithms, researchers may broaden their previous conceptions and adopt a participative point of view. In the coming decades, the interweaving of computational and interpretive methods has the potential to integrate rigorous social science research.

A tendência das publicações brasileiras em tuberculose referente ao período de foi analisada no período 1986 a 2006. Esta análise incluiu dissertações e teses registradas da Capes e artigos indexados na base de dados Medline e no SciELO. A seleção das publicações foi realizada por busca pela palavra "tuberculose" e instituições brasileiras a que se afiliavam os autores. A análise mostrou inicialmente publicações do tipo relatos de caso e revisões, e posteriormente artigos originais em ciência, tecnologia e inovação científica. Estas mudanças podem refletir o incremento das atividades de pesquisa nas instituições acadêmicas e novas atitudes relativas aos objetivos da pesquisa em tuberculose nos últimos anos. Embora muitas teses tenham utilizado metodologia qualitativa, poucos artigos nessa modalidade foram encontrados, possivelmente refletindo a orientação quantitativa das revistas. Discutem-se pesquisa quantitativa versus qualitativa e educação versus pesquisa, assim como políticas públicas e estratégias para incluir a pesquisa como instrumento de controle das doenças. Sugere-se a utilização da mesma metodologia para analisar as tendências da pesquisa em outras doenças negligenciadas.The trends of scientific articles about tuberculosis in Brazil published between 1986 and 2006 were analyzed. This analysis included Capes database-indexed dissertations and theses and papers indexed in Medline and SciELO. Papers containing the word "tuberculosis" and authors affiliated to Brazilian institutions were included in the assessment. The analysis showed initially case report and review publications, and later it shifted to original articles on science, technology and innovation. These changes may reflect the strengthening of scientific research activities and new attitudes regarding tuberculosis research objectives in academic institutions in recent years. Although many theses used qualitative methodology, few qualitative publications were found, possibly because of the quantitative orientation of many journals. Qualitative versus quantitative research and education versus research-oriented publications are discussed, together with public policies and strategies to include research as a tool to control diseases. The use of the same methodology is suggested to assess the trends in research on other neglected diseases.

By relating Bakhtin’s work and the theory of intertextuality to a discussion of the idea of subjectivity as an individual self (i.e. isolated and isolable from its context), this paper seeks to apply some of Bakhtin’s concepts to the reading –term that comprises a sense of everlasting interpretation and production- of the interviews we conducted to psychotherapists. Doing so helped us explore the way therapists’ subjectivity is constituted within institutional contexts that are instilled ideologically and passionately by manifold voices. In order to account for this process, we bring in the notion of located biography. Such a term denotes an underway-produced multiplicity. Therefore, through its utterance it synthesizes a collective experience. The paper concludes thinking of the potentiality for qualitative research of the approach developed.

The websites of destination marketing organizations are very frequently the first contact between the tourist and the destination. This paper analyses the search engine optimization of these websites and proposes an index of visibility for them at national level. The analysis is carried out in three differentiated geographical frameworks: the province of Alicante, the Valencian Community and the coastal destinations of the rest of the Spanish regions. The results show significant differences in the desktop version of the search engine optimization of the websites examined.

This study analyses the complexities of implementing trilingual education in the context of Kazakhstan. Trilingualism has been gaining both supporters and opponents among teachers, students and parents. The main objective of this paper is to identify the educational characteristics in the implementation process of trilingual policies in Kazakhstan by analysing the opinion of six Kazakh teachers from two different types of schools (NIS and general secondary schools) through online interviews. The qualitative analysis of the data follows a grounded theory scheme in order to establish the different categories, through which we carry out content analysis. Results show that trilingual education is necessary in Kazakhstan. Specific drawbacks are also identified (e.g. lack of qualified teaching staff or level of language competence of students). Our conclusions suggest that trilingual education is beneficial for the Kazakh system though the differences identified (NIS and general secondary) may jeopardise successful implementation.

This article presents a method for qualitative data analysis, which is called proxemic analysis. This method was based on a didactic method of structural analysis of narratives (Knecht & Knecht, 1992; Zirker, 1991). A proxemic analysis consists in working with data and indicating five categories in the text – actors, places, time, values, and expectations – and building them using elements, called entities. During the next stage, the researcher discovers the understanding of these categories by defining the relationships between entities. This analysis can be used on narrative texts regardless of the way in which they were obtained (unstructured interviews, diaries, memoirs, autobiographies, etc.). Interpreting the relationships between entities allows the researcher to formulate pedagogical implications, which they may use as a premise for constructing theories and/or activities. The example of the technique presented in this paper, from andragogical research, refers to the study of a life story obtained from a narrative interview.

Many scholars employing qualitative research methods would not doubt that there is a need for quality criteria in qualitative research. But current definitions of such criteria diverge. In this paper, we show why qualitative research is in need of quality criteria and why there is need to clarify empirically, which criteria are most probably useful. A quantitative study of qualitative determined research results is proposed to shed light on this matter. The guidelines for publication of qualitative research studies drafted by ELLIOTT, FISCHER and RENNIE (1999) provided us with a basis in such an endeavor. An exploration of 68 publications was able to show that writers of qualitative academic papers pay much attention to the description of the method and to the consideration of ethic issues. However, the discussions are frequently unilateral and the authors are rarely responsive to problems and decisions made as part of and in their work. Our results show that the number of criteria attained is correlated with the length of the publication. No relationship exists between the number of criteria attained and the type of publication (journal vs. collected edition). The results, the method, and the limitations of the present analysis are subjected to a critical examination and the possibilities for subsequent studies are shown. URN: urn:nbn:de:0114-fqs1002256

The primary objective of the present paper is to describe the use of qualitative methodologies in public mental health as practiced by the Faculty of Medicine at the National University Autonomous of Mexico. Starting from describing our teaching experiences with qualitative methodologies at the masters and doctoral levels, this paper also includes a series of reflections and concerns in relation to the difficulties instructors and students have when proposing qualitative approaches to the practice of public mental health and the topics students choose to study. From these reflections we conclude that one of the most important challenges is to develop high quality and rigorous qualitative research in order to establish it as a respected methodological approach in the study of public mental health. URN: urn:nbn:de:0114-fqs0801394

This paper aims at discussing some aspects of the use of focus groups as a research strategy. The discussion has grounds in the qualitative research experience carried out in order to explore the motorcycle couriers point-of-view about traffic accident risks in their daily work. The paper describes the process of information gathered from the two focus groups since the field preparation until the information analysis generated in the interaction group. Point out the exploratory potentials of focus groups, as well as the importance of careful planning of fieldwork for the full use of this potential

Abstract: The topics of endometriosis and pain imply far-reaching problems for women’s health. Using a qualitative research approach, this paper addresses the subjective experience and effects of pain, the methods for dealing with these issues, and the needs of affected women in Austria. Data were collected by problem-focused interviews conducted with ten women suffering from endometriosis, which were later transcribed and subjected to qualitative content analysis. Findings are therefore described using content-related categories. Results show that negative thoughts and feelings like fear, despair, and anger are associated with endometriosis and pain. Moreover, predominantly negative impacts and changes are found in various areas of life, such as the well-being and psyche of those affected, their attitude towards life in general, partnerships, social life, leisure time and work-life balance. In dealing with endometriosis and pain, both Western biomedicine and complementary medicine treatments are used. Support from one’s inner circle of friends and exchange and interaction with others affected by the disease are seen to be invaluable. Attending physicians as well as patients themselves and their private, social, and working environment should encourage open communication about endometriosis and the related pain.

In this paper I focus on a distinctive kind of sociological ethnography which is particularly, though not exclusively, adopted in applied research. It has been proposed that this branch of ethno­graphy be referred to as focused ethnography. Focused ethnography shall be delineated within the context of other common conceptions of what may be called conventional ethnography. However, rather than being opposed to it, focused ethno­graphy is rather complementary to conventional ethnography, particularly in fields that are charac­teristic of socially and functionally differentiated contemporary society. The paper outlines the back­ground as well as the major methodological features of focused ethnography, such as short-term field visits, data intensity and time intensity, so as to provide a background for future studies in this area. URN: urn:nbn:de:0114-fqs0503440

In this paper I examine my experience of submitting a research proposal to the Institutional Review Board of a university. In the United States of America Institutional Review Boards (IRBs) are federally mandated ethics committees that evaluate research proposals to ensure the rights of human subjects are protected by conducting a risk benefit analysis of proposed research, ensuring that informed consent and confidentiality protocols are applied appropriately, and that the selection of participants is just and equitable. While accepting the need for IRBs, I suggest that their documentation and practices privilege specific research practices. This paper seeks to highlight the emerging consistencies and contradictions of this documentation when applied to a research approach seeking to study an urban science classroom and argues that there needs to be an ongoing dialogue to examine and acknowledge these contradictions in their documentation. URN: urn:nbn:de:0114-fqs0501412

Objective: the paper proposes the methodological use of memes as a shortcut to explore consumer culture. Memes as cultural texts can reveal collective circulating ideologies that may not be accessed through regular interviews. Context: memes are cultural texts that convey easy-to-understand messages, gaining strength within social networks. Cultural texts playfully present the social context and beliefs of societies. We analyzed circulating memes during the COVID-19 pandemic about elderly consumers in Brazil to outline a methodological protocol. Method: we analyzed memes adopting the discourse model to conduct qualitative research of memes as a shortcut to cultural discourses. We collected memes during March and May 2020 using social media networks. They were classified following thematic analysis. Result: the proposal is a methodological procedure for analyzing memes as a cultural text. The process starts with the outline of a data collection protocol, followed by data analysis guidelines, illustrated by the context of elderly consumers. Conclusion: the analysis of memes as cultural texts contributed to understanding of consumer behavior through current cultural content, revealing contrasting ideologies that emerge from consumers, as covert value-systems, circulating alongside institutional mass-mediated ideologies.

In deciding on CAQDAS use in my research, I deliberate firstly the primacy of grounded theory as a methodology and secondly the primacy of coding as a method. In the first section of this paper, I weigh the extent to which my research draws and departs from the principles and practices of grounded theory (GT). In examining the impact of cultures and religions on women's human rights in Malaysia I have used for example hypothesis-guided criteria for sampling. This is strictly speaking not in the original sense a grounded theory approach. In the paper, I make transparent the extent to which GT has informed my work in enhancing the qualitative research and in highlighting the uses and limits of grounded theory, I pose the question to what extent have I de-mystified its paradigmatic status in CAQDAS and its homogenising effects. In the second section, I discuss the dominance of coding in qualitative data analysis and I argue that the pitfall of reifying coding as analyses can be avoided through a researcher's reflexivity and agency (self-determination) combined with a pragmatic view and the use of codes as a means and not as an end. I discuss whether CAQDAS use essentially facilitates the rigour of methodology and the transparency of method as for example manifested in one's audit trail, and whether this in turn constitute research that is more accountable, innovative and effective. URN: urn:nbn:de:0114-fqs0202107

This paper focuses on the interrelationship between the mechanical and conceptual aspects of qualitative data analysis. The first part of the paper outlines the support role a computer program, HyperQual2, plays in the mechanical analysis process. The second part of the paper argues that the most important aspect of analysis in any research endeavour is conceptual in nature. It provides a "snapshot" of the in-depth analysis of one interview protocol. The metaphor "snapshot" is apt because the intention is to capture the "essence" of the analysis process. Such a focused approach is one way of reporting and making transparent the qualitative research process. It can be used as a framework so that readers of the research are better able to judge the fidelity of the results of the final analysis. URN: urn:nbn:de:0114-fqs0202252