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There is no doubt whatsoever that the papers presented in this volume cover a very wide, even extensive range of topics. This is of course logical, given the multi-disciplinary nature of this scientifical project. Nevertheless, it is a pleasure to present no less than eight papers devoted to new results and ideas in fields as diverse as psychology, philosophy, political science and law, dealing with matters such as electoral behavior, globalization, the concept of democracy, the role of experts or the relevance of thinkers such as Plato and Hobbes for the current discussion on the EU constitution. DOWNLOAD THIS PAPER FROM SSRN: http://ssrn.com/abstract=1837316

The phenomenon of globalization has led to many globalized societies. Globalized societies are societies that have experienced and are influenced by the features of globalization. In globalization, time and space have shrunk and the world’s peoples and cultures are now more interlinked and interconnected through transportation and information communication technology which has led to the movement of human capital and transmission of ideas and cultures. Globalization has facilitated the meeting of different religions and cultures. In many societies today you now have people of different religions and cultures living/working side by side. Religious pluralism and multiculturalism are now ideological standpoints as they are now sets of beliefs of how society should be organized. This paper will hermeneutically examine these phenomena and the challenges that they present. Through analysis the paper argues that both religious pluralism and multiculturalism are facts of globalized societies not to be ignored. The paper concludes that religious pluralism and multiculturalism can be managed for harmony in society. These done globalized societies will experience more social harmony and concord.

This paper explores the effect of globalization on the translation industry and the demands it places on translators. The paper argues that translators are not only individuals with some knowledge of the source or target language, but they also often act as mediators between the discourse of the source culture and the discourse of the target audience. To be a successful translator, one has to possess the knowledge of both the general culture of the target audience, specialized knowledge within the domain of that particular text, and perfect knowledge of the target language, not to mention the ability to detect any particularities in the source text and language. The article argues for the imperative of equipping modern interpreters and translators with a set of extra-linguistic assets imposed by the modern economic structure of the world. The paper traces back the history of the English language as an example of the domineering linguistic power that has been solidified by socio-political and economic status leading up to considering it a globalized code. The outcome of this universal metamorphosis has reached such a point that it requires from people worldwide and namely in specific areas of trade to adapt to these exigencies. In this sense, global and business exchanges cannot be successfully realized without a strong probability of understanding the message issuing from the other. Hence the need to create interlinguistic agents that are able to minimize the existing nuances between people of the world primarily for universal economic reasons. Those people are supposed to reach beyond the linguistic requirements for the act of translation and to embrace the demands of the specific business field or area which in is in itself a part of competency within the boundaries of modern training impositions. The article contends as well for the need on the part of modern translators to embrace modern technological innovations that are supposed to be shielded to support the human trials to bring in concrete shape poles-apart nations. In a globalized world, technology invades all life domains where translation studies are no exception. The paper concludes by suggesting strategies for translators to position themselves as assets to their organization and to counteract the belief that anyone with language experience can translate.

This paper explores Bangladeshi English, a relative newcomer to the family of world Englishes. First, we chart the evolution of English in Bangladesh across several phases of development. These show that a number of political and ideological factors make the evolution of English in Bangladesh unique in that it wavers between the status of an exonormative foreign language (English in Bangladesh) and the development of a local variety (Bangladeshi English). From a linguistic perspective, recent studies agree that the current level of proficiency is very low, with a dearth of teachers and an absence of quality education. Second, we examine the degree of nativization of Present-day Bangladeshi English on the basis of (i) its postcolonial evolution and the more recent effects of globalization, following the most popular models of analysis (the Dynamic Model and the Extra- and Intra-Territorial Forces Model), and (ii) linguistic evidence obtained through the analysis of a selection of linguistic features associated with this variety, as represented in the GloWbE corpus.

The paper defends the notion that cosmopolitanism is an important starting point for addressing political identities, but one that needs to be rethought. The paper starts by exposing some political situations both in Europe and in North America where the debate on national identity is faced with the need for a renewed idea of cosmopolitanism, an idea that must be differentiated from similar notions such as cultural diversity or multiculturalism, but also from the idea of globalization. It shows in this sense that there is an important and often forgotten difference between cosmopolitanism and politics, an essential difference when thinking about the real situation in Europe. The paper explains how contemporary cosmopolitanism has its roots in the Stoic and Kantian ideals, ideals that are no longer serviceable and that need to be renewed to confront the new demands of the complexity of the world. The paper concludes defending a new cosmopolitanism (tending towards the line of Hans Jonas or Yves Charles Zarka) that should be respectful to politics (but without forgetting that cosmopolitanism should be prioritised over politics) and also with different national or supranational identities, since it in fact provides a meta-identity for man as a citizen of the world. Received: 02 July 2018 Accepted: 16 July 2018 Published online: 27 February 2019

State and international entities can have profound effects on the development of a country’s nursing profession. Through a global health governance lens, this paper explores the development of nursing in Brazil during the early twentieth century, and its intersections with national and international interests. Accordingly, we will show how state policies established an environment that fostered the institutionalization of nursing as a profession in Brazil and supported it as a means to increase the presence of females in nation building processes. The State focused on recruiting elite women for nursing, in part due to the Rockefeller Foundation’s involvement in the country. Nurses who worked for Rockefeller came from well-educated classes within US society with specific ideas about who should be a nurse and the roles of nurses in a healthcare system. These women served as the primary vehicles for interacting with Brazilian health authorities responsible for health system development. Their early efforts did not, however, ensure a system capable of producing nursing human resources at a rate that, in present day Brazil, could meet the health needs of the country. Findings from this paper offer new avenues for historians to explore the early roots of professional nursing through a global health governance lens, improve the understanding of the intersection between international politics and professionalization, and highlight how these factors may impact nursing human resources production in the long term.

This paper provides evidence of the impact of the Anglo-American culture on Spanish language and society. Societal phenomena such as globalization, migration and the media are observable in every area of Spanish people’s daily life. This study reveals the extent of the popularity of foreign given names, mostly English, in Spanish society. English given names seem to be currently associated with such values as high fashion and social prestige. Study of variables frequency, gender and age reveal that the choice of English first names is becoming very popular. A comparative analysis of English given names in the 1960s and in the 2010s in Spain is carried out. The dataset was collected from the Spanish Institute of Statistics (INE) and the results report that English first names occur quite frequently among people aged 25 years or younger and therefore represent a new tendency. The paper includes discussion of adaptations of some of the examined English names to Spanish.

Based on documentary research at the Torre do Tombo National Archives, and employing the perspective of glottopolitics and critical sociolinguistics, this paper analyzes the role of the Portuguese language as an element of national cohesion and internationalization through two major linguistic-politic events: the National Commission of Centennials (1938-1943) and the National Commission for the Commemorations of the Portuguese Discoveries (1986-2002). In contrast with other states, in which different nations and languages are under the same legal-political system, and in which the oppression of linguistic minorities became less accentuated as we approach the present, the Portuguese case works differently. In the context of globalization and transition to democracy, the value of Portuguese is seen to mobilize a type of re-nationalizing identity through processes of racialization of the colonized population and of symbolic detachment from Portuguese emigrated communities.

This paper aims to analyse some of the changes and social transformations occurred in recent years in the internal dynamics of the Felupe (or Joola-ajamaat), an agrarian society in the north-west of Guinea-Bissau. Well adapted to the environment, the Felupe have the necessary knowledge and techniques that allowed them to maintain food security and social cohesion for centuries. This society currently faces sudden changes of parameters such as climate changes, world market prices instability or reduction in labour availability. Based on literature review and field work carried out during 2009 and 2012, this paper identifies the strategies adopted by this society to respond to the constraints inherent to the dynamics of globalization.

The present paper discusses the hypothesis of a new understanding of the traditional and academic paths in the history of science and technology, trying to introduce a multi-sited and multi-centred approach that overtakes the prevalent current narrations. The hypothesis is discussed considering a relevant case study connected with issues in higher education, scientific and technological competencies and global markets. The paper presents the controversies that emerge within a high level training program provided by a multinational corporation operating in the area of energy production, and targeted to local middle eastern operators. The training program in advanced technology and related applicative competences remains framed inside a market oriented strategy, and it responds to logic of asymmetric power typical of a post colonial scenario. The higher education program becomes a pretext to hide persistent cultural and gender prejudices and to enforce existing or newly established relations of subalternity. The presented case study offers also the possibility of discussing an example of re-appropriation and re-signification in the historic and scientific tradition of the West, providing a basis for challenging the hypothesis outlined above.

The papers included in this collection are part of concerted project to develop a political economy of law in the contemporary global system. Over the past two decades, scholars have noted the expanding role of law, legal institutions, and legal agents that have been part of the process of “globalization,” and have employed a number of frameworks to make sense of this process of legalization. A central theme of our project is that none of these frameworks has provided an adequate political economic analysis of the creation, diffusion, and use of law, and we present an alternative approach to advance the understanding of the turn to law across the many dimensions and sectors of the global system. The papers advance the analysis behind this approach and explore the various ways in which law matters in a variety of areas, including global finance, corporate governance, copyright, diplomacy, and the provision of security. Their goal is to advance our understanding of how law intersects with the mobilization of power in the construction of the contemporary political economy. Los trabajos incluidos en esta colección son parte de un proyecto conjunto para desarrollar una economía política de la ley en el sistema mundial contemporáneo. En las últimas dos décadas, los expertos han señalado el creciente papel de la ley, las instituciones legales, y los agentes judiciales que han sido parte del proceso de "globalización", y han empleado una serie de marcos para dar sentido a este proceso de legalización. Un tema central de nuestro proyecto es que ninguno de estos marcos ha proporcionado un adecuado análisis económico político de la creación, difusión y uso de la ley, y se presenta un enfoque alternativo para avanzar en la comprensión de la vuelta a la ley a través de las muchas dimensiones y sectores del sistema global. Los trabajos avanzan el análisis de este enfoque y exploran las diversas formas en que la ley importa en una variedad de áreas, incluyendo las finanzas globales, el gobierno corporativo, derechos de autor, la diplomacia y la prestación de la seguridad. Su objetivo es avanzar en nuestra comprensión de cómo la ley se cruza con la movilización de la energía en la construcción de la economía política contemporánea.

Objective/Context: The year 2021 marked the 50th anniversary of the Regional Indigenous Council of Cauca (CRIC), the first organization established in Colombia to fight for territorial and identity rights of Indigenous Peoples. From a historical perspective and proposing an approach related to the concept of resistance, this paper focuses on how this latter has been expressed through this indigenous movement since its inception. Methodology: The information and reflections presented here are based on a corpus of bibliographical and documentary sources, as well as on a follow-up of the political mobilizations of indigenous peoples in situ, in the media, digital social networks, official minutes, and other statements. Conclusions: The analysis reveals the persistence of indigenous resistance and an expansion of the project that accompanies it, from a struggle for land and territory to efforts carried out along with other actors and social organizations to create a “better world.” Originality: The originality of the article consists of an analysis of the political dimensions of the resistance of Indigenous Peoples, which are still little known. In addition, it offers a novel approach to stress the intersection of (sub) national and global dynamics in which the demands of Indigenous Peoples and issues related to Colombia’s society and the whole world converge.

This paper argues that comparative education researchers – and education researchers generally – should pay more attention to how they conceptualize the Context(s) of schools and education systems. The construction of «the research context» is caught up in the mobilization of norms, power relations, regulative principles, technologies and strategies. Ascriptions of Context can operate as externally imposed categories that enclose, disable, and deny access to resources, opportunities, agency, and subject positions. In like measure, inscriptions of Context can sometimes enable, increase access and generally privilege particular cultural groups or particular social settings. This paper offers methodological strategies for analytically approaching the problem of Context in educational research. We propose that challenge is to understand how Context is part of an interweaving process with an object/objects within an assemblage that is ever changing. The «entangled analysis» approach (Sobe, forthcoming) advanced here attends to the constructed and constructing quality of Context. And it necessarily brings the researcher into the problematic, as she too is continually within the power/knowledge relations that make Contexts meaningful and consequential. We are argue that «contextualizing» a study should not be merely a preparatory activity but should carry across the entirety of a research project. Rather than beginning with standardized Contextual categories researchers should seek to understand the confluence of practices and objects that are coming together as well as constantly flowing and changing.

In this article, we discuss some problems involving the traditional media and the human rights nowadays. Adopting a critical, historical and dialectical approach, the paper makes an intersection between the traditional mass media and the DH in order to discuss issues on both subjects and pointing out possible alternatives. In order to carry out the study, the theories of Roland Barthes (1971), Joaquín Herrera Flores (2005) and Douglas Kellner (2001) are taken into consideration. It is important to stress that the intention of this paper is not to generalize results from our bibliographical research, but to detect tendencies and discern trends about the topic under discussion.Este artigo traz reflexões sobre algumas problemáticas envolvendo a mídia tradicional e a questão dos Direitos Humanos na atualidade. Adotando uma postura crítica, histórica e dialética, o trabalho faz uma intersecção entre os veículos de comunicação de massa tradicionais e os Direitos Humanos, com o propósito de problematizar questões sobre ambos e apontar possíveis saídas. Para tanto, dentre outros autores, foram utilizados os pressupostos desenvolvidos por Roland Barthes (1971), Joaquín Herrera Flores (2005) e Douglas Kellner (2001). Salienta-se que não se pretende generalizar resultados a partir de uma pesquisa bibliográfica, mas, sim, detectar tendências e vislumbrar possibilidades a respeito da temática em pauta.

Este artigo examina, primeiro, a transformação da lavoura para a agricultura, como resultado do advento do capitalismo industrial, e de sua posição dominante na escala mundial desde o século XIX; e uma segunda mudança, a partir da década de 1970, ocasionada pelo advento e pelos rumos da globalização contemporânea. O artigo, então, passa a defender que o debate sobre a (derradeira?) 'morte do campesinato', na era da globalização, é equivocado e anacrônico, e que a teoria de que 'os pequenos agricultores' são pequenos produtores de mercadorias - inseridos no capitalismo e, portanto, sujeitos a suas tendências de diferenciação de classe - oferece uma abordagem mais aceitável para as questões agrárias de hoje.The paper first suggests a shift from farming to agriculture generated by the advent of industrial capitalism, and its dominance on a world scale from the nineteenth century, and a second shift from the 1970s with the advent and trajectories of contemporary globalization. The paper then argues that debate of the (final?) 'death of the peasantry' in the era of globalization is misconceived and anachronistic, and that the theorization of 'small farmers' as petty commodity producers within capitalism, and subject to its tendency to class differentiation, provides a more satisfactory approach to agrarian questions today.

A resurgence of interest in the Philippine gongs and drum tradition called kulintang took place in the United States from the late twentieth century. It is performed in its traditional style but has also seen several transformations. This study examines the popularity of the kulintang among Filipino American academics, artists, and the youth. It seeks to answer questions about the authenticity of traditions, as they are transported into an unfamiliar territory and given new forms of dynamism by individuals or groups for their own immediate needs to locate their identities. The concepts of authenticity and the traditional are becoming more and more slippery in this globalized age. When situated within the phenomena of transnational movements of people and swift exchanges between cultural practices, it becomes impossible to adhere to a fixed definition of what are authentic and traditional without essentializing the culture bearers or “ethnic artists.” This paper takes into account the present transnational and global conditions in answering the questions of “what is authentic” and “what is traditional” in music. It acknowledges the inevitability of redefining these concepts as personal needs change in historical and cultural contexts, and how individual choices for creativity and self-identification are limited and affected by transnational flows. The paper calls for a pluralistic view of the kulintang tradition, as it is bounded by the authenticity of its new bearers.

Emerging literature in Critical Menstrual Studies seeks to contextualize and decentralize the modern Western experience of the menstrual cycle, by paying closer attention to its various historical and cultural specificities (especially in the Global South). This paper extends the discussion by focusing on Soviet and post-Soviet Russia. The post-Soviet case is distinctive because, despite the USSR being a ‘developed’ country by international standards, Soviet menstruators relied on do-it-yourself substitutes and improvisational bodily techniques instead of industrially produced disposable tampons and sanitary pads. However, the seismic shifts in Russian politics, the economy, society, and culture that accompanied the collapse of the Soviet Union and the emergence of a new capitalist economy also resulted in profound changes in the politics of menstruation.Drawing on the transcripts of recorded interviews with 80 participants, we enquire into the connections to and discrepancies between socialist ideology, scientific expertise, popular knowledge, and personal experiences of menstruation in the Soviet Union and post-Soviet Russia. In tracing the evolution from cloths and chunks of cotton to sanitary pads and tampons, we remain attentive to the materiality of menstruation, but also approach the topic in terms of the history of the body: going beyond medical discourses of menstruation, we explore menstrual lived experience on a more visceral level.

The changes in the world scenario undergone since the 1970s, due to the rapid technological development and progressive impacts of social, cultural and climate change, require a re-reading of the processes derived from the 1972 UNESCO Convention. The evolution of technologies applied to Cultural Heritage has significantly improved, in terms of accuracy and reliability, but has not always been generated an awareness of the value meaning of the asset. The contribution addresses the issue with an analysis of the general anthropological transformations to verify what role the Cultural Heritage values will continue to play in technologically globalized world of the 21st century. This paper intends to introduce a series of urgent reflections in order to stimulate and increase the necessary interdisciplinary and intercultural debate between the various stakeholders on the theme of safeguarding. of Cultural Heritage as a driving force for civil progress.

RESUMOO estudo da Contabilidade Internacional cresce em importância em razão de suas ramificações mundiais nas práticas dos negócios. A Contabilidade Internacional está inexoravelmente ligada ao movimento de globalização que atinge todas as economias. Na verdade, a disponibilidade de informação contábil constitui um dado integral e indispensável para a existência e aceleração desse movimento. Este artigo fornece um passo em direção à análise de tais crenças e seu impacto na Contabilidade Internacional através da investigação histórica da literatura acadêmica nessa área, como exemplificado por dois periódicos: Advances in International Accounting e Journal of Accounting Education and Research. O projeto inteiro envolveu a interpretação hermenêutica dos documentos em uma tentativa de analisar as tendências na pesquisa da Contabilidade Internacional presentes em periódicos científicos de contabilidade no período de 1987 e 1996 através da lente do pós-colonialismo. Entretanto, em virtude da restrição de espaço, esse artigo concentra-se na predominância e na liderança do tema globalização nessa literatura e no seu impacto na pesquisa. Essa parte do artigo fornece a descrição dos métodos empregados na seleção dos periódicos, o período de tempo relevante, os artigos que constituíram o conjunto de dados e os procedimentos seguidos na construção dos temas qualitativos.ABSTRACTThe study of international accounting is increasing in importance because of its ramifications upon business practices world-wide. International accounting is inextricably linked to the globalization movement that is sweeping all economies. Indeed, the availability of accounting information constitutes an integral and indispensable input to the existence and acceleration of this movement. This paper provides a step toward the examination of such beliefs and their impact on international accounting through a historical investigation of the academic literature in this field as exemplified by two journals: Advances in International Accounting and the International Journal of Accounting Education and Research. The wider project involved a hermeneutic interpretation of documents in an attempt to analyze trends in international accounting research appearing in academic accounting journals from 1987 to 1996 through the lens of postcolonialism. However, due to space constraints this paper focuses on the predominance and the championing of the globalization theme in this literature and its impact on research. This section of the paper provides a description of the methods employed in selecting the journals, the relevant time period, the articles constituting the data set, and the procedure followed in constructing the qualitative themes.RESUMENEl estudio de la Contabilidad Internacional crece en importancia en razón de sus ramificaciones mundiales en la práctica de los negocios. La Contabilidad Internacional está inexorablemente unida al movimiento de globalización que afecta a todas las economías. En realidad la disponibilidad de información contable constituye un dato integral e indispensable para la existencia y aceleración de este movimiento. Este artículo proporciona un avance en dirección al análisis de estas convicciones y de su impacto en la Contabilidad Internacional por medio de la investigación histórica de la literatura académica en esa área, como lo demuestran dos periódicos: Advances in International Accounting y Journal of Accounting Education and Research. El proyecto completo comprendió la interpretación hermenéutica de los documentos en una tentativa de analizar las tendencias en la investigación de la Contabilidad Internacional presentes en periódicos científicos de contabilidad en el período de 1987 y 1996 a través de la lente del postcolonialismo. No obstante, en virtud de la restricción de espacio, ese artículo se concentra en la predominancia y en el liderazgo del tema globalización en esa literatura y su impacto en la investigación. Esa parte del artículo suministra la descripción de los métodos utilizados en la selección de los periódicos, en el período de tiempo relevante, en los artículos que constituyeron el conjunto de datos y en los procedimientos seguidos para construir los temas cualitativos.

The term cosmopolitanism both expresses an attitude towards our present time and provides certain keys to analyse it. This article aims to better understand the revival of cosmopolitanism since the end of the twentieth century by confronting conceptual developments in the social and political theory of modernity with the historical experiences of interpreting and institutionalizing modernity. At the heart of the matter are views about the prevailing social bonds between human beings and their implication for building and maintaining political institutions. The common view of modernity as marked by trends towards individualization and instrumental rationalization is redefined as one interpretation of modernity among others; and the current situation is regarded as a struggle over world-interpretations rather the imposition of linear trends towards globalization and individualization, a view that was dominant at the same time as cosmopolitan thinking revived.

In this paper, we argue that in order to bind Teach For All’s universal/izing statement of problems and solutions to the specificities and the special conditions of member programs’ local contexts, what is needed is a shared set of discursive practices, a way of bringing together the commonalities found in each country while separating the noise of particular politics and histories. That common set of discursive practices is shaped around the notion of data. This paper is structured as follows: First, we contextualize Teach for All by (briefly) juxtaposing the universal and specific elements of the network, including the organization’s mission, target population, its recruits (and recruiting tactics), vision, and its production of a particular kind of teacher. Then, we present the two competing, yet complementary, logics of data that are at play in Teach for All – the use of data itself and the notion of data speak – along with their underlying assumptions. We conclude by questioning the logics of this set of discursive practices, and outline our skepticism regarding how data is mobilized to produce particular subjectivities and objects.

El artículo presenta una interpretación de los factores que explican el surgimiento de los clusters y aglomeraciones de empresas, y de los mecanismos a través de los que se desarrollan y se transforman. La discusión se plantea desde la perspectiva del desarrollo económico. Se argumenta que la organización espacial de la producción es un fenómeno asociado con la dinámica económica de las ciudades y de las regiones y con las estrategias de de organización y de localización de las empresas, y se sostiene que las fuerzas del desarrollo como la difusión de las innovaciones, el desarrollo urbano y el cambio institucional son factores que condicionan las decisiones estratégicas de la empresas, y por lo tanto, la organización espacial de la producciónThe paper presents an interpretation of the factors that make the clusters and agglomerations of firms emerge, and the mechanisms through which they develop and change. This question is discussed from the perspective of economic development. The paper argues that the spatial organization of production is a phenomenon associated with the economic dynamic of cities and regions and with the organization and location strategies of firms. It maintains that the development forces (diffusion of innovation, urban development and institutional change) are factors that condition the firm’s strategic decisions and so, the spatial organization of production

The main goal of this paper is to identify the new patterns that tourism will assume due to demographic changes experienced by the Mexican and other societies during the next three decades. Through a Qualitative Approach, the primary source of information was obtained by comparative assessments of academic and periodical data enriched by the conduction of personal interviews with decision-makers involved in Tourism both in Mexico and in the United States. The document points out that the main factors that will undoubtedly change tourist activity are, in addition to the process of population aging, the conditions of inequality generated by the globalization model, and the effects of the COVID -19 pandemic. The results suggest that tourism will face the challenge of reinventing itself, turning towards the local-regional and toward the elder segment of the population leaving behind the massive ingredients that tourism prioritized during the rise of the globalization model.

In this paper, originally presented at an event held by the National Institutes of Health (NIH) in the United States, the author analyzes the repercussions of globalization on various health aspects: the spread of infectious and parasitic diseases, bioterrorism, and new behavioral patterns in health, among others. He goes on to examine the positive and negative effects of international agreements on health, particularly in the trade area, including the TRIPS Agreement on medicines in the area of public health. The paper concludes that the resumption of cooperation among nations is the best way to achieve world progress in public health.No presente texto, originalmente apresentado em evento promovido pelos National Institutes of Health, dos Estados Unidos, o autor analisa as repercussões da globalização sobre a saúde em diversos aspectos: a disseminação das doenças infecto-parasitárias, o bioterrorismo, os novos padrões comportamentais em saúde, entre outros. Examina ainda os efeitos positivos e negativos dos acordos entre nações sobre a saúde, particularmente na área do comércio, incluindo o Acordo Trips, sobre os medicamentos na área da saúde pública. Conclui que a retomada da cooperação entre as nações é o melhor caminho para o avanço mundial da saúde pública.

In this paper, originally presented at an event held by the National Institutes of Health (NIH) in the United States, the author analyzes the repercussions of globalization on various health aspects: the spread of infectious and parasitic diseases, bioterrorism, and new behavioral patterns in health, among others. He goes on to examine the positive and negative effects of international agreements on health, particularly in the trade area, including the TRIPS Agreement on medicines in the area of public health. The paper concludes that the resumption of cooperation among nations is the best way to achieve world progress in public health.

The study addresses the directions and priorities of scientific research into the peculiarities of the religious identity of Russian citizens and how it has changed over the past decades. The paper identifies and characterizes the objects of scholarly interest in the study of the formation of the religious identity of Russians. A set of factors affecting religious identity are disclosed, including religious-value norms and attitudes that form in interethnic families. Special emphasis is placed on the importance of taking into account modern trends in the development of religious identity in contemporary Russians in order to determine its prospects in the context of globalization and the development of the market for religious services. The novelty of the study lies in a reconsideration of the conceptual foundations of religious identity development in Russia in the 2000s.

Over the past three decades the income distribution of various advanced countries and especially of Anglo-Saxon countries has become much more un-even than in earlier decades. Several theories have been advanced to explain this change. This paper focuses on the role played by changes that took place in the “architecture” of the income taxes. The changes were promoted by theo-retical arguments and empirical studies, presented by some leading econo-mists, that argued that lower income taxes, especially on individuals at the top of the income distribution, would generate significant beneficial results. The paper challenges some of these arguments and concludes that the lowering of tax rates on high incomes was a major reason for increasing income inequality

O título do artigo refere-se a três conjuntos de questões fundamentais e controvertidas, não resolvidas entre os cientistas sociais, para não falar dos cidadãos sociais. Duas delas são basicamente conceituais e teóricas, a outra é, ao mesmo tempo, conceitual e empírica. Em primeiro lugar, o que é globalização? De que forma devemos conceitualizá-la? Em segundo, que tipos de desigualdade podem ser identificados e quais são os mais pertinentes? E, em terceiro lugar, que tipos de processos geram a desigualdade global que estamos observando e vivenciando? Não podemos esperar encontrar uma resposta direta para qualquer dessas perguntas, já que nenhuma delas a tem. Os objetivos deste artigo são o de contribuir para o esclarecimento das alternativas, bem com de eventuais implicações para a sua adoção, propor uma determinada abordagem conceitual-analítica e apresentar argumentos empíricos para uma abordagem multifacetada sobre a geração de desigualdade no mundo. A globalização e a desigualdade são duas encruzilhadas das ciências sociais e da filosofia social, abordadas aqui pelo autor a partir de sua formação como sociólogo e cientista político.This paper refers to three sets of fundamental issues which are still controversial and unsettled among social scientists. Two are basically conceptual or theoretical, one is both conceptual and empirical. First, what is globalization? How should it be conceptualized? Second, what kinds of inequality can be distinguished, and what are the most pertinent? Third, what kinds of processes produce the global outcomes of inequality that we are observing and experiencing? None of the three questions above has, and can be expected to get one straight answer. The aims of this paper are to conribute to a clarification of alternatives and their implications, to argue a certain conceptual-analytical viewpoint, and to provide some empirical arguments for a multi-faceted approach to the production of inequality in the world. Globalization and inequality are two crossroads of the social sciences and of social philosophy. This writer is reaching them from a background as a sociologist and as a political scientist.

En el presente artículo se reflexiona sobre un espacio periférico y mediterráneo, el estado neuquino, y las estrategias diseñadas para su inserción nacional-internacional ante los desafíos del nuevo milenio. Hasta finales de los años 1980, Neuquén era partícipe de una dinámica de desarrollo particular, basada en la fuerte incidencia del estado provincial y con enclaves productivos sostenidos por las empresas públicas nacionales que explotaban sus recursos. Este modelo entra en crisis a comienzos de los años 1990, fundamentalmente con la política de la privatización y las limitaciones de la instancia local para dar respuestas a las demandas emergentes de un territorio afectado por la crisis. En este contexto, se analizan los intentos de modificación del perfil productivo de la provincia, en el marco de la división política del partido en el gobierno y el debate en torno a la viabilidad del tradicional modelo hidrocarburífero.In the present paper we consider the State of Neuquén, a space at once peripheral and landlocked, and the strategies devised for its national and international inclusion as it faces the challenges of the new millennium. Until the late 1980s, Neuquén was an active participant in development; its particular developmental dynamic was based on the action of the state at the provincial level and marked by productive enclaves maintained by the state-run companies that exploited its resources. At the beginning of the 1990s this model suffered a crisis brought on fundamentally by the policy of privatization and by the local government’s limited ability to respond to the demands emerging from a territory in crisis. In this context, our paper analyzes the attempts at modification of the region’s productive profile, within the frame of the governing party’s internal political divisions and the debate over the viability of the traditional model of development based on hydrocarbons

This paper finds strong support for a Phillips curve that becomes nonlinear when inflation is “low”—which our baseline model defines as less than 3 percent. The nonlinear curve is steep when output is above potential (slack is negative) but flat when output is below potential (slack is positive) so that further increases in economic slack have little effect on inflation. This finding is consistent with evidence of downward nominal wage and price rigidity. When inflation is high, the Phillips curve is linear and relatively steep. These results are robust to placing the threshold between the high and low inflation regimes at 2, 3, or 4 percent inflation or for a threshold based on country-specific medians of inflation. In this nonlinear model, international factors play a large role in explaining headline inflation (albeit less so for core inflation), a role that has been increasing since the global financial crisis. These results provide evidence of channels which could boost inflation in the future, even if they were dormant before the Covid pandemic.

During the last couple of decades, the countries of the world have become increasingly interconnected into a single capitalist economic system. Globalization processes have facilitated the flow of goods and services. They have also led to new forms of exclusion, inequality and “culture conflict”. This paper elaborates on the nexus between transnational organized crime networks, fundamental Islamic movements and terrorist groups in the Balkan region, and argues that these movements for social, political and economic change are bi-products of globalization. After the fall of the Soviet Union, criminal-political formations expanded drastically in the newly emerging Balkan democracies. The weak government structures, the deteriorating domestic economy and the vulnerable government institutions made the Balkan region a safe haven for war profiteers, career criminals and fundamental Islamists. This paper gives a detailed overview of the origin, nature and expansion of several politicized illicit markets in the Balkans. It further elaborates on the birth of fundamental Islamic movements after communism. The complex interrelation between globalization, wars, organized crime and fundamental Islam is at the forefront of this paper.

The aim of this paper is to study Moroccan music festivals against the existing theories on globalization, while coming up with new concepts aimed at overcoming the problems often facing experts in popular culture and media studies who feel that globalization thesis lapses into fatal gestures of leveling, reductionism, and totalitarianism, especially when it tries to account for current discussions related to the circulation of artifacts and cultural texts. The general consensus has it that modern technologies have hugely altered the meaning and revolutionized the traditional functions attached to art and cultural industries. The grotesque circulation of western cultural artifacts is justifiably judged to be many times agonizing for theorists in cultural studies, linguistics and political science, etc who want to be sure that the unequal transmissions of products across the world will not harm local cultural, linguistic and economic capital of the less dominant other. Moroccan music festivals for instance are seen to be increasingly governed by a complex whirlpool of the far-too-melodramatic implications of today’s world global connections. In view of this, this paper, which borrows from data collected during between 2010 and 2011, will examine cultural industries, music festivals in general and the Essaouira festival in particular, in relation to world flows, while holding the argument that the appropriation of western artifacts locally has always been part of a not-so-novel process of mobility of what we call world cultural nomadictates (nomadic dictates). The paper gives a detailed definition of this concept and develops other new concepts (e.g. recurents, exclusives) related to the «glocal» face of culture and art in Morocco in an attempt to find an escape route outside the impasses of the globalization/cultural imperialism theses surrounding the study of cultural industries. To drive this idea home, we will open up the discussion at hand onto existing controversies around notions of place, authenticity, urbanism, tourism and consumption.

It goes without saying that literary translators participate actively in the creative process of authors. They read the original work and try to understand the author’s perspective, so that they are able to communicate the message to those readers who do not understand the source text language. Therefore, translators act as mediators, that constantly struggle to surmount linguistic, stylistic or cultural difficulties, by using effective strategies. With regard to the retranslation theory, subsequent translations of the same literary work are susceptible to supplement previous versions, and to capture more of the original work. However, some researchers blame translation practices used nowadays of ‘too much’ invisibility, up to the point that the role of mediation is nullified. Therefore, this paper seeks to understand how the strategies of translation evolve over time, and what the predisposition of translators’ attitudes is nowadays. In order to obtain some conclusive answers to our questions, this research is based on a quantitative and qualitative analysis of three Romanian renditions of one of the stories in James Joyce’s Dubliners— “A little cloud”. The advantage of this study is that even though there is a fifty-one-year gap between the first Romanian version and the second, the last two translators belong to the same period of time and have similar education backgrounds, knowledge and skill in the field of specialty.

As a public good, the environment has traditionally been handled by public authorities. However, withglobalization conventional state environmental authority is transformed, relocated and deterritorialized.New non-state environmental authorities emerge. This paper conceptualizes the shifts in and relocation ofenvironmental authority structures and illustrates this with examples from the fields of certification andlabeling and environmental partnerships. While relocation does take place, new environmental authoritystructures are often mixes of state and non-state authorities. The paper finally assesses these developments,reflecting on the conventional criticism of the poor environmental and democratic potentials ofsuch new non-state environmental authorities.

Abstract: This paper examines the unique relationship between shamans and the special psychoactive plants valued in their cultures. The use of Peyote (Lophophora williamsii) in Huichol Indian culture of Mexico, and coca (Erythroxyum coca var. coca) in the indigenous cultures of San Pedro de Atacama in northern Chile and the Aymaras of the La Paz region of Bolivia are the focus of this discussion. This paper discusses the central roles the shamans and these plants play in traditional beliefs and practices as well as therapeutic aspects of these plants and the ways that they have come to symbolize Indian identity in a time of globalization.

Nowadays, when the mighty of the earth advance at the speed of a meteor with the sole objective of commodifying for their own benefit –under a winner-takes-all logic–; when, in need of inequality (they are nourished by asymmetric interdependence), they deepen the gap opened in the world and increasingly distance its two halves –hunger and feast–; when they sow their own thinking all over the planet and label the alien thinking as being low intensity or zero thought; when they steal the most precious thing in every human’s life, that is the word; when, in summary, the globalization of the market annihilates us, this paper addresses the phenomenon, locates its milestones –inequality and distance between men, eviction of thought, theft of logos– and through them it builds ways of return, ways of ascension: the rescue of the word (a beautiful word, that is, a word of one’s own), the complex thought and the proximity and equality of all human beings.