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This paper tries to understand and analyse the legal difficulties of relationship between mainstream media and self-communication of mass in order to actually role of identity of professional journalism. This paper studies of journalists’ professional roles as principal avenue to understand journalism’s identity and place in society. The difference can cause conflicts regarding the effects of freedom of expression, the dangers of fake news. The objective of this article is to identify the structure the fake news debate, focused on legal problems regarding the relationship between fundamental freedom of expression and concept and notion of truth as limit of freedom.

This paper describes a research-based art project that seeks to identify several strategies used to delay industry regulation and manipulate public opinion during the 1980s and compare them to the strategies used by online advertising platforms such as Google and Facebook which are facing regulation today. This paper will show how these strategies have been woven into the story of a game called What remains, a darkly humorous, authentic Nintendo Entertainment System (NES) game aiming to create an experience of fighting misinformation, showing the player ways to push back and regain agency by joining forces with others and actively questioning the nature of different news media. Throughout the nineteen eighties, several strategies were tried and tested to manipulate public opinion in order to avoid regulation that was threatening industries such as oil and tobacco. Three strategies will be discussed with examples from the 1980s as well as from today’s Tech Industry, which is facing potential regulation after the 2016 US elections and the Brexit referendum made it clear that there was a massive lack of accountability on the part of online advertising platforms. The November 2017 congressional hearings of Facebook, Twitter and Google, as well as the hearings of Marc Zuckerberg in the US and the EU in early 2018 are the main sources of information analyzed. This paper describes an art project that shows some of the most successful pre-internet disinformation campaigns and highlights how the online advertisement industry is utilizing them to stave off regulations threatening their business model, even if their business model is threatening democracy.

Abstract This paper introduces a bibliometric review of the scientific literature on social media and journalism published by journals indexed by Journal Citation Reports until 2017 (n=213). Besides descriptive measurements, it provides a co-citation and co-word analysis. A quantitative content analysis complements the bibliometric approach. Thus, the paper offers a conceptual and structural analysis of the field of study. Results show that the number of articles on the topic is growing steadily since 2014. United States, Australia and England stand as the most productive countries. Studies are based mostly on data from Europe and North America. Three conceptual clusters are identified: audience participation, user generated content and the influence of social media on journalistic professional values and practices. Most of the studies did not consider specific services but focused on the general concept of “social media”. Twitter was the most analyzed platform until recent years, when scholarly attention changed towards Facebook. Research has preferred focusing on political information in detriment of other branches of journalism. The most employed methods are content analysis and in-depth interviews. Further use of surveys and social network analysis, as well as stronger focus on visual studies, is suggested.

In the advent of societal issues surrounding minority groups, this paper investigates a significant such example in history (1992 Los Angeles Riots) to better understand how mainstream news media covered the story with regard to issues pertaining to key minority groups (blacks, Koreans). Utilizing theoretical frameworks such as media framing and the public sphere (Habermas, 1989), this paper examined how the Los Angeles Times framed issues regarding those minority communities before, during, and after the 1992 LA riots. Furthermore, the study analyzed audience discourse (letters to the editor) in the same time period to examine how the frames in news coverage compares with audience framing. Findings suggested that in the months after the riots, LAT significantly altered its coverage in a way that corresponded with the framing by its readers. Findings were then discussed in light of mass communication’s relationship with society, especially for minority representation and framing

Criticism in journalism has become a core accountability instrument, especially in recent years, thanks to the Internet and Web 2.0 technology. This paper presents part of an international study of journalism ethics, focusing on Spanish journalists relationship with criticism. The paper analyzes how they express, receive and value criticism, comparing their opinions to those of journalists in the international sample. An online survey was administered to 123 Spanish journalists, from an international sample composed of 1762 professionals. Most Spanish journalists responded that they express criticism “occasionally” or “frequently”, as did their international colleagues. They especially do so through direct communication with colleagues (42.1%), even if with a lower frequency compared to the overall sample, or through online blog comments (38.8%), with a higher frequency compared to the rest of the participants. On the other hand, Spanish journalists claim to have received criticism from their supervisors (90%) and colleagues (86.6%), like the overall sample does. But they report having received a greater number of complaints than the overall sample from regulatory and self-regulatory bodies (e.g.: ombudsman 21.8%), from users/citizens (63.9%), and from the public though social media (52.9%). Finally, Spanish journalists consider the criticism they receive as less fair than does the overall sample, although they rate criticism from audience members as less unfair. The paper suggests that Spanish journalists do not employ peer criticism to the same degree as their international colleagues, but they do strongly associate the idea of transparency and accountability with their audience.

This paper focuses on recent developments in the right and ability of journalists to protect their sources’ anonymity in the United Kingdom, particularly in light of the Snowden revelations of June 2013, and the significance of collaboration between the global online media organization Wikileaks and mainstream news organisations. It explores two key difficulties faced by journalists: the notion of a qualified professional privilege and the unknown extent of covert requests by public authorities for disclosure involving communications data and metadata. In doing so, it comments upon the opening filled by Wikileaks, which protects its sources’ anonymity through high data security and encryption. This paper’s findings tend to show that the covert practice of blanket mass digital surveillance of individual communications including journalists’ is undermining source protection and the rise of Wikileaks as an alternative model is challenging the traditional role of journalists as mediators and gatekeepers in the digital era.

The purpose of this paper is to contribute to the analysis of cyberjournalistic documents by proposing a taxonomy to structure web-genre corpora. It takes into account the peculiarities of this field, the new genres, their hybridization and complexness. In this sense, the taxonomy presented in this paper does not match a single theoretical framework, but it tries to gather the guidelines of various works intended to study online journalism and its genres. This theoretical flexibility is needed to set up a proposal good enough to suit the current needs of the area. The paper also describes the main axes of the taxonomy, defines its communication unit and remarks the values and limitations of such a work. Its result is a highly structured and document-oriented database, a tool that will enable users to understand the current trends, to create new hybrids, and to detect the changes that happen within this field that is widening the horizons of the usage of language.

This paper presents a research on commemorative issues published by three centenarian newspapers of Rio de Janeiro on special dates of their existence. These special editions reveal how the longest lasting newspapers in the former federal capital inserted themselves in the temporal frameworks of different eras as vectors of progress. Despite the fact that progress can be understood as an idea which gave rise to a series of doctrines in previous centuries, especially in the mentality of the local elite, it is considered in this paper to be a certain perception of rupture with the past and giving direction for the future. This research attempts to analyze these commemorative narratives, showing how they articulate multiple temporalities, that is, socially shared notions of time. However, in a hegemonic way, the narratives of these centenarian newspapers lead to the future, configuring a demand for a radical rupture between past and future.

This paper discusses the complex interactions between television and politics and the representation of social events on TV news programs. It is possible to confi rm from the coverage of the testimony of Deputy Roberto Jeff erson given to the Ethics Committee of the Brazil’s Chamber of Deputies how the Jornal da Band, the Jornal da Record and the Jornal Nacional newscasts built their reports about the reaffi rmation of the deputy’s denunciations and their repercussions. It is observed that each edition of the news programs is a daily version of social reality. While considering television news as an informative genre with unique characteristics and as the most striking information product of our times, this paper suggests that there is a hierarchy of values in the media discourses. Concepts and identities are built through the use of language and narrative techniques. We have identifi ed the responsibility of journalists and researchers in their role of opinion makers and/or articulators of the way Brazil and the world is seen.

ABSTRACT – The recent rise of right-wing populism has given new momentum to the discussion about the meaning of populism around the world and the covid-19 pandemic added yet another layer to the issue. Considering the growing circulation of the term “populism” in public discourse, as well as the volatility of its meaning, this paper seeks to identify the different constructions of meaning around this phenomenon by Brazilian media during the covid-19 pandemic. Through quantitative and qualitative analysis, in which we used the perspective of media framings, we examine 170 articles from 17 Brazilian media outlets published between March 1st and October 1st, 2020. The results allow us to conclude that there are circumstantial meanings of populism that were incorporated during the pandemic, especially related to an antiscientific approach. RESUMO – A recente ascensão do populismo de direita tem dado um novo impulso à discussão sobre o significado do populismo em todo o mundo e a pandemia da covid-19 acrescentou uma camada complementar à questão. Considerando a crescente circulação do termo “populismo” no discurso público, bem como a volatilidade de seu significado, este artigo busca identificar as diferentes construções de sentido em torno deste fenômeno nos meios de comunicação brasileiros durante a pandemia da covid-19. Por meio de análises quantitativas e qualitativas, nas quais mobilizamos a perspectiva dos enquadramentos midiáticos, examinamos 170 artigos de 17 veículos de comunicação brasileiros publicados entre 1º de março e 1º de outubro de 2020. Os resultados permitem concluir que há sentidos circunstanciais do populismo que são incorporados durante a pandemia, especialmente relacionados a uma abordagem anticientífica RESUMEN – El reciente aumento del populismo de derecha ha dado un nuevo impulso a la discusión sobre el significado del populismo en todo el mundo y la pandemia de covid-19 agregó una capa más al problema. Considerando la creciente circulación del término “populismo” en el discurso público, así como la volatilidad de su significado, este trabajo busca identificar las diferentes construcciones de significado en torno al fenómeno por los medios brasileños durante la pandemia de covid-19. A través de un análisis cuantitativo y cualitativo, en el que utilizamos la perspectiva de los encuadres mediáticos, examinamos 170 artículos de 17 medios brasileños publicados entre el 1 de marzo y el 1 de octubre de 2020. Los resultados brindan elementos que nos permiten concluir que durante la pandemia se incorporaron significados circunstanciales del populismo, especialmente relacionados con un enfoque anticientífico.

In the middle of the 19th century, national and international information gathered in the newspapers of the Canary Islands reached both the Archipelago together with the goods imported from the outside. The submarine telegraphic cable that linked the Islands with Cádiz was not installed successfully until 1883. According to this context, this paper will analyze the formats, the sources, the contents and the spread of that foreign information in the society of the Canary Islands. With this research objective, we had examined the 98 issues that, from October 1852, to October 1853, were edited by El Porvenir de Canarias, the first private newspaper of the eastern zone of the Archipelago.

Drawing on the perspectives of ethnography and discourse analysis, this paper first gives an overview of the emerging body of research bringing together the epistemologies and the methods of these two perspectives. It then presents a novel analytical framework for computer-assisted ethnographic discourse analysis. The paper outlines how close analysis of discursive practices—in this case journalistic writing practices—can provide insights into struggles over meaning and hegemony in contemporary knowledge work. The case study explores the production of a financial news story about the supply of gas to French consumers, and the way the practices in question subtly write Russia as a threat. URN: http://nbn-resolving.de/urn:nbn:de:0114-fqs1101183

Our objective in this paper is to present and discuss the complexification of the process of platformization of journalism by Facebook, triggered by the implementation of the Facebook Journalism Project (FJP), in January 2017. Since then, the platform has been associating itself with new and varied actors, expanding its fronts and positioning itself as a coordinator of activities related to journalistic institutions. At the same time, it continued to offer itself as an infrastructure for the development of journalistic products and businesses. Based on the Platform Studies and methodologically inspired by the Cartography of Controversies, we present the FJP and public demonstrations by journalists, researchers and other actors involved in its implementation. The diversification of partnerships, the inclusion of pedagogical actions, the renegotiation of prescriptive and normative dimensions that guide journalistic institutions, and the consolidation of the platform as an infrastructure are the main issues discussed at the conclusions. Nosso objetivo neste artigo é apresentar e discutir a complexificação do processo de plataformização do jornalismo pelo Facebook, a partir da implementação do Facebook Journalism Project (FJP), em janeiro de 2017. Desde então, a plataforma vem se associando a novos e variados atores, ampliando suas frentes de atuação e se posicionando como uma coordenadora de atividades relacionadas às instituições jornalísticas. Ao mesmo tempo, continuou a se oferecer como infraestrutura para o desenvolvimento dos produtos e negócios jornalísticos. Ancorados nos Estudos de Plataforma e inspirados metodologicamente na Cartografia das Controvérsias, apresentamos o FJP e manifestações públicas de jornalistas, pesquisadores e outros atores interessados em sua implementação. A diversificação das parcerias, a inclusão de ações pedagógicas, a renegociação das dimensões prescritivas e normativas que orientam as instituições jornalísticas, e a consolidação da plataforma como infraestrutura são algumas das questões discutidas ao final do artigo. Nuestro objetivo en este trabajo es presentar y discutir la complejización del proceso de plataformización de periodismo por parte de Facebook, a partir de la implementación del Facebook Journalism Project (FJP), en enero de 2017. Desde entonces, la plataforma se ha ido asociando con nuevos y variados actores, ampliando sus frentes y posicionándose como coordinadora de actividades relacionadas con las instituciones periodísticas. Al mismo tiempo, continuó ofreciéndose como infraestructura para el desarrollo de productos y negocios periodísticos. Basados en los Estudios de Plataforma e inspirados metodológicamente en la Cartografía de Controversias, presentamos el FJP y demostraciones públicas de periodistas, investigadores y otros actores interesados en su implementación. La diversificación de las alianzas, la inclusión de acciones pedagógicas, la renegociación de las dimensiones prescriptivas y normativas que orientan las instituciones periodísticas, y la consolidación de la plataforma como infraestructura son algunos de los temas discutidos al final del artículo.

This article aims to understand the transformations caused by new informational ecosystems in contemporary journalism. This analysis is performed based on news accessed through personal digital assistants embedded in smart speakers. As a methodological procedure, it adopts a multiple case study, defining the vocal transactors of Google (Nest Home/Google Assistant) and Amazon (Echo/Alexa) as its object. Therefore, this paper notes that the inclusion of algorithmic routines and the extension of news content to intelligent voice interfaces requires adaptation for the personalization of information, an ecosystem that is feedback by traditional vehicles, journalists, and people who interact with the artifacts. O presente artigo tem como objetivo compreender as transformações causadas por novos ecossistemas informacionais no jornalismo contemporâneo. Essa análise é realizada a partir de notícias acessadas através de assistentes pessoais digitais embarcados em alto-falantes inteligentes. Como procedimento metodológico, adota o estudo de caso múltiplo, definindo como objeto os transatores vocais da Google (Nest Home/Google Assistant) e da Amazon (Echo/Alexa). Observa, portanto, que a inclusão de rotinas algorítmicas e a extensão de conteúdo noticioso para interfaces de voz inteligentes demanda adaptação para a personalização das informações, ecossistema que é retroalimentado por veículos tradicionais, jornalistas e pessoas que interagem com os artefatos. Este artículo tiene como objetivo comprender las transformaciones causadas por los nuevos ecosistemas informativos en el periodismo contemporáneo. Este análisis se realiza en función de las noticias a las que se accede a través de asistentes digitales personales integrados en altavoces inteligentes. Como procedimiento metodológico, adopta un estudio de caso múltiple, definiendo los transactores vocales de Google (Nest Home/Google Assistant) y Amazon (Echo/Alexa) como su objeto. Señala, por lo tanto, que la inclusión de rutinas algorítmicas y la extensión del contenido de noticias a interfaces de voz inteligentes requiere adaptación para la personalización de la información, un ecosistema que es retroalimentado por vehículos tradicionales, periodistas y personas que interactúan con los artefactos.

The book "Cross-Linkings"—edited by ENGLERT, LANGE, SCHMITT and STÜLB—is a compilation of 30 papers which were presented by their authors at three successive annual meetings of the German speaking media librarians: 1997 (Berlin), 1998 (Würzburg) and 1999 (Salzburg, Austria). The main focus of the compilation is on the Internet revolution and changing ways of dealing with information and data, especially text-articles, photos, sound and films. These documents are stored extensively by private and public media companies in press archives as well as in picture and TV libraries. In the past archive administration used to be centralized—unique staff was responsible for key-wording, storing and searching the material. Journalists had to rely mainly on librarians to carry out in-house searches. Then, the development of the Internet gave more power to the user: the search and the use of media documents were decentralized and became much easier. Now journalists (and ordinary users as well) are able to do the job for themselves. The book "Cross-linkings" discusses the transition to an Internet and user-driven information society from the viewpoint of the librarians. It is made clear that during the years 1995-2000 that traditionally self-reliant archives had to become open to the world. The following trends are identified as vital: digitalization, integration (multimedia), internationalization, and user-empowerment. What is to become of the people working in archives and libraries and what about technical requirements and new cost-saving strategies for media companies? The reorganization of archives (because of digital integration), regulation and laws on reproduction (because of digital dematerialization) and the need for archives for working together (because of globalization) were examined and discussed at the above mentioned meetings. Unfortunately the compilation is not very systematic. The book has some deficiencies: a) the papers were obviously not very well prepared for publication, b) there is no bibliography, c) there is no index, d) some articles indulge in lengthy discussions about the society of media librarians (Verein zur Fortbildung der Medienarchivare und -dokumentare), and e) the contents of many articles is now out of date. In the end, this book may be a "document" in itself (in a time of fast transition), but not a good source for students or lectures. URN: urn:nbn:de:0114-fqs0403161

[es] Este artículo analiza la hibridación del periodismo televisivo con el ciberperiodismo, estudiando la participación de la audiencia mediante el uso de aplicaciones. Para esto, investiga a los afiliados de Rede Globo de Televisão y realiza entrevistas con periodistas de televisión. El material tiene como método la revisión y mapeo de la literatura y se basa en el concepto de Campo, Bourdieu (1983, 1989). Se concluye que el campo de las noticias de televisión para atraer más al público permitió la hibridación y la “entrada” del público de una manera más expresiva pero enmascarada. El tamiz aún es del periodista. Él es quien califica y es él quien decide quién participará en la televisión deseada. [en] This paper analyzes the hybridization of television journalism with cyberjournalism, studying audience participation through the use of applications. For this, it investigates the affiliates of Rede Globo de Televisão and conducts inter view with television journalists. The material has as method literature review and mapping and is based on the concept of Campo, Bourdieu (1983, 1989). It is concluded that the television news field to at tract the audience more allowed the hybridization and the “entrance” of the audience in a more expressive way but in a masked way. The sieve is still from the journalist. He is the one who qualifies and it is he who decides who will or will not participate in the desired television.

This paper investigates the press in the state of Pernambuco and its silencing of the Occupy Estelita movement by analyzing journalistic coverage on the occupation of the José Estelita pier. An examination was conducted between May and June of 2014 on how the voices for the Occupy Estelita movement were silenced in the journalistic coverage from the three main journals in Pernambuco: Folha de Pernambuco, Diario de Pernambuco and Jornal do Commercio. At a time when traditional media are experiencing a crisis in their business model and information is increasingly horizontal, we reflect on the silencing of the Occupy Estelita movement in the Pernambuco press. Este artigo se propõe a investigar o silenciamento da imprensa pernambucana no caso do Movimento Ocupe Estelita, a partir da análise da cobertura jornalística realizada durante a ocupação do terreno do Cais José Estelita. Entre maio e junho de 2014, diagnosticou-se como a voz do Movimento Ocupe Estelita foi silenciada na cobertura jornalística dos três principais jornais pernambucanos: Folha de Pernambuco, Diario de Pernambuco e Jornal do Commercio. Em um momento em que os meios tradicionais de comunicação vivem uma crise de modelo do negócio e no qual a informação é cada vez mais horizontal, avalia-se aqui os reflexos do silenciamento do tema Ocupe Estelita na pauta da imprensa pernambucana. Este trabajo propone investigar lo silenciamiento realizado por la prensa del estado de Pernambuco en el que se refiere a el caso del Movimento Ocupe Estelita, tomando como referencia el análisis de la cobertura periodística realizada durante la ocupación del terreno del Cais José Estelita. Entre mayo y junio de 2014, fue realizado un diagnóstico de cómo la voz de Movimento Ocupe Estelita fue silenciada en la cobertura periodística de los tres principales periódicos de Pernambuco: Folha de Pernambuco, Diario de Pernambuco y Jornal do Commercio. En un momento en que los medios tradicionales experimentan una crisis de modelo de negocio y en que la información es más horizontal, evaluamos los reflejos de lo silenciamiento del caso Ocupe Estelita en la prensa de Pernambuco.

This paper aims at reassessing through quantitative content analysis the role of the factors “personification” and “prominence” in the foreign reporting, using the news coverage of Latin America in the German quality press as a case study. The corpus comprises 3.831 news articles published between January 2000 and December 2014 in market-leading media outlets: the dailies Süddeutsche Zeitung (SZ), the Frankfurter Allgemeine Zeitung (FAZ), the alternative tageszeitung (taz) and, additionally, the weekly Der Spiegel, the most relevant political magazine in the country. The factors have similar importance among the publications, although the FAZ shows the less personified and the most elitist coverage, while Der Spiegel exhibits the most vigorous intensity of personification. Besides, under the analysed types of individuals, the press tends to depict celebrities and politicians, mostly from the executive, in a more personified way. Lastly, countries against the Washington consensus and with a high degree of political coverage are more inclined to present the substantial intensity of both factors. O objetivo desse artigo é reavaliar, por meio da análise quantitativa de conteúdo, o papel dos fatores “personificação” e “proeminência” nas coberturas internacionais, utilizando como estudo de caso a cobertura noticiosa da América Latina na imprensa de qualidade alemã. O corpus engloba 3.831 artigos publicados entre janeiro de 2000 e dezembro de 2014 em periódicos líderes de mercado: o Süddeutsche Zeitung (SZ), o Frankfurter Allgemeine Zeitung (FAZ), o alternativo tageszeitung (taz) e, adicionalmente, o semanário Der Spiegel, a revista política mais relevante da Alemanha. Os fatores têm pesos semelhante entre as publicações, embora o FAZ tenha uma cobertura menos personificada e mais elitista, enquanto a Der Spiegel possui uma intensidade de personificação mais marcante. Além disso, em relação aos tipos de indivíduos analisados, a imprensa tende a retratar celebridades e políticos, principalmente do executivo, de uma maneira mais personificada. Por fim, os países contra o consenso de Washington e/ou com um alto grau de cobertura política estão mais inclinados a apresentar uma maior intensidade de ambos os fatores. El objetivo de este trabajo es reevaluar, a través del análisis cuantitativo de contenido, el papel de los factores “personificación” y “prominencia” en la cobertura internacional, utilizando como caso de estudio la cobertura de noticias de América Latina en la prensa alemana de calidad. El corpus comprende 3.831 artículos publicados entre enero de 2000 y diciembre de 2014 en los principales periódicos: Süddeutsche Zeitung (SZ), Frankfurter Allgemeine Zeitung (FAZ), el tageszeitung (taz) alternativo y, además, el semanario Der Spiegel, La revista política más relevante de Alemania. Los factores tienen pesos similares en todas las publicaciones, aunque FAZ tiene una cobertura menos personificada y más elitista, mientras que Der Spiegel tiene una intensidad de personificación más marcada. Además, en relación con los tipos de individuos analizados, la prensa tiende a retratar a las celebridades y los políticos, especialmente el ejecutivo, de una manera más personificada. Finalmente, los países en contra del consenso de Washington y / o con un alto grado de cobertura política son más propensos a tener una mayor intensidad de ambos factores.

This paper investigates the impact of artificial intelligence (AI) on journalism and disinformation. To achieve this, methodological design begins with a review of the scientific literature that is complemented by the analysis of three interrelated perspectives: journalistic, economic and ethical. The results reveal disinformation to be a polysemic phenomenon, complicating the design of public policies to counter it. AI’s emergence presents an opportunity to contribute to this and develop the concept of citizenship along three lines: 1) improving the state of professional journalism; 2) managing privacy; and 3) an ethical approach to technological development, which helps make informative decision-making conscious and free from biases.

This paper analyzes how three of Brazil’s largest national newspapers (Folha de S. Paulo, O Estado de S. Paulo, O Globo) addressed tweets from the President of Brazil, Jair Bolsonaro, in the first four months of his government. The methodology consists of a qualitative content analysis of the news motivated by the president’s publications on Twitter, as well as the messages themselves, in order to identify the framing adopted by said newspapers and whether that framing fits the approach of Bolsonaro. Moreover, the study uses descriptive statistics (Chi-square test) to identify links between the following pairs of variables: issues and frames, months and issues, months and frames. The data is composed of 351 news pieces collected from these media’s websites. The results show that conflict and moral were the issues that media covered the most concerning Bolsonaro’s tweets, and the newspapers used news and interpretive frames equally. O artigo analisa como os tweets do presidente Jair Bolsonaro que pautaram três dos maiores jornais de circulação nacional no Brasil (Folha de S. Paulo, O Estado de S. Paulo, O Globo), nos quatro primeiros meses de governo, foram abordados pelo jornalismo. A metodologia consiste na análise de conteúdo qualitativa das notícias motivadas pelas publicações do presidente na referida rede, assim como dessas próprias mensagens, a fim de identificar o enquadramento que os jornais adotaram e se ele condizia com a abordagem de Bolsonaro. A pesquisa lança mão de estatística descritiva (Qui-quadrado) para identificar associações entre os seguintes pares de variáveis: temas e frames, temas e meses, meses e frames. Foram analisadas 351 notícias, coletadas dos webportais dos referidos jornais. Pode-se afirmar que conflito e moral foram os temas dos tweets que mais receberam atenção dos jornais, que utilizaram equilibradamente frames noticiosos e interpretativos na abordagem das mensagens analisadas. El artículo analiza cómo los tweets del presidente de Brasil, Jair Bolsonaro, que se presentaron en tres de los periódicos nacionales más grandes de Brasil (Folha de S. Paulo, O Estado de S. Paulo y O Globo), en los primeros cuatro meses de gobierno, fueron cubiertos por el periodismo. La metodología consiste en un análisis de contenido cualitativo de las noticias motivadas por las publicaciones del presidente en Twitter, y estos propios mensajes, para identificar el marco que adoptaron los periódicos y si se ajusta al enfoque de Bolsonaro. La investigación utiliza estadísticas descriptivas (Chi-cuadrado) para identificar asociaciones entre “temas y marcos”, “temas y meses”, “meses y marcos”. Se analizaron 351 artículos de noticias, que se recopilaron de los sitios web de estos medios. Conflicto y moral fueron los temas de los tweets que recibieron la mayor atención de los periódicos, que utilizaron equilibradamente los marcos noticiosos y interpretativos en el enfoque de los mensajes.

This paper evaluates if Morin-Chartier’s content analysis, when adapted to Portuguese, can successfully be applied to texts on health and diet published in a Brazilian newspaper. This is a cross-section study. The texts were collected from the Brazilian newspaper O Dia between January 2014 and July 2015. Texts written on the subject of health and diet were analyzed, and specific software was used to evaluate how often they appeared in various categories. The method demonstrably categorizes and classifies different subjects within a single text, and thus helping to minimize any errors. A total of 1.668 information units were extracted from a collection of 341 journalistic texts. These information units focused on the effects foods have on the body and recommendations for which foods to consume. Most of these foods were in natura but there were some ultra-processed as well. The texts are taken from the Brazilian press, and the sources, when identified, are specialists on the subject. The texts are written with the intent to promote health. A pesquisa avalia a aplicabilidade do método canadense de análise de conteúdo de Morin-Chartier em textos sobre saúde e alimentação, apresentados pelo jornal popular brasileiro O Dia, entre janeiro de 2014 e julho de 2015. A análise se baseia no registro das unidades da informação na imprensa que tratam sobre o tema alimentação, e avaliação de sua frequência em diferentes categorias com produção e uso de software específico. O método possibilitou que diferentes assuntos no mesmo texto fossem categorizados e classificados distintamente, minimizando falhas. Dos 341 textos jornalísticos coletados, extraiu-se 1.668 unidades da informação, observando enfoque em recomendações e efeitos dos alimentos, com maior presença dos in natura em detrimento dos ultraprocessados. A origem dos textos é nacional e as fontes, quando identificadas, são especializadas, em sua maioria. O engajamento dos textos é favorável à saúde. La investigación adapta al português y evalua la aplicabilidade de um método canadiense de análisis de contenido de Morin Chartier, en textos sobre salud y alimentación presentados por um periódico popular brasileño, O Dia, entre enero de 2014 y julio de 2015. La análisis es basada en el registro de las unidades de información que hablan del tema alimentación, e evaluación de su frecuencia de diferentes categorías con producción y uso de software específico. La metodología posibilita que diferentes temas en un mesmo texto sean categorizados y clasificados distintamente, minimizando fallas. De los 341 artículos, se observó 1.668 unidades de la información, observando el foco en las recomendaciones y efectos de los alimentos, com más frecuencia de los alimentos naturales. La origen de los textos es brasileña, y las fuentes identificadas son en gran parte, especializadas; el engajamento de los textos es favorable a la salud.

According to diverse reports and studies, islamophobia has become a social threat in the European context. Also, several investigations indicate that Muslim women are the main victims of this type of hostility (gender islamophobia), and stress that the media shows a stereotyped image of Muslim women. This paper aims to the study, from the theory of framing, the media image of Muslim women in the Spanish press. The study focuses on the news related to the controversy arising in 2016 by the prohibition of the burkini in some regions in Europe, and the subsequent reopening of the debate on the prohibition of the integral veil in Germany. For this purpose, a quantitative content analysis has been applied to 152 news items published regarding this issue by the five newspapers with the largest circulation in Spain (El País, El Mundo, La Vanguardia, El Periódico and ABC). The analysis consists on an exploratory study to identify the news frames following the scale of Semetko and Valkenburg (2000). In addition, an original methodological design has been applied to study the specific frames regarding Muslim women. The results indicate that, in most cases, the media representation of Muslim women focuses on the “victim” and “threat” frames, even though the “victim” frame appears to a greater extent.

This paper seeks to situate historically the production of what is now called “fake news” and points out the misconception of establishing a dividing line in which the traditional press would be the sole source for reliable information, even though it was and still is the origin of much untrue or biased information. It criticizes the methods of the fact-checking agencies, which end up selling a false idea of objectivity. But above all, it points out the need to deepen the discussion about credibility at a time when reference information standards are challenged and beliefs seem to be allowed to prevail over the evidences. If arguments are useless in face of convictions, and if journalism is more than never necessary, the way to recover its role would have to be sought outside the rational field, in order to deactivate the affections that lead to the formation of bubbles refractory to all criticism. Este artigo procura situar historicamente a produção do que hoje se chama “fake news” e assinala o equívoco de se estabelecer uma linha divisória na qual a imprensa tradicional seria a exclusiva fonte para a informação confiável, mesmo porque ela própria foi e continua a ser a origem de muita informação inverídica ou deturpada. Critica os métodos das agências de checagem, que acabam por vender uma falsa ideia de objetividade. Mas, principalmente, aponta a necessidade de um aprofundamento da discussão sobre credibilidade, em um tempo em que os padrões da informação de referência são contestados e as crenças parecem autorizadas a prevalecer sobre as evidências. Se os argumentos são inúteis diante das convicções, e se apesar disso o jornalismo é mais do que nunca necessário, a saída para recuperar o seu papel precisaria ser buscada fora do campo racional para depois recuperá-lo, de modo a desativar os afetos que levam à formação das bolhas refratárias a qualquer crítica. Este artículo busca situar históricamente la producción de lo que hoy se llama “fake news” y señala el equívoco de establecer una línea divisoria en la que la prensa tradicional sería la única fuente para la información confiable, incluso porque ella misma fué y sigue siendo el origen de mucha información falsa o engañosa. Critica los métodos de las agencias de chequeo, que acaban por vender una errónea idea de objetividad. Pero, principalmente, apunta la necesidad de una profundización de la discusión sobre credibilidad, en un tiempo en que los parámetros de la información de referencia son contestados y las creencias parecen autorizadas a prevalecer sobre las evidencias. Si los argumentos son inútiles ante las convicciones, y si a pesar de ello el periodismo sigue siendo necesario, la salida para recuperar su papel necesitaría ser buscada fuera del campo racional, para desactivar los afectos que llevan a la formación de las burbujas refractarias a cualquier crítica.

Technological advancements have created a media ecosystem in which traditional journalism sees its existence strongly threatened by the emergence of new players. Social networks have created a competitive environment that, whether due to its dispersion or its capillarity, has relegated the mainstream media to a secondary role in the media ecosystem. Ironically, the technologies that threaten traditional journalism are also those that can save it; provided they are used correctly. Journalism, weakened by the economic crisis and with increasingly smaller newsrooms, has artificial intelligence as an opportunity to recover a certain centrality in the media ecosystem. This paper studies AIDA, a project from the Brazilian television network Globo. This project looked to automation as a way to avoid errors and ambiguities in the news. The study of the AIDA case, complemented by interviews, presents the challenges to achieve the automatization of news regarding electoral polls.

For this paper we collected and analyzed manipulated content intended to go viral on Facebook and thus influence public opinion during the pre-election period in Brazil. Posts from 10 Facebook pages were collected over the course of 2017 from Brazilian organizations known to have produced false or manipulated news; we selected a total of 50 of the most-shared posts from those pages. The results showed that the posts receiving the most shares have three characteristics in common: content format, language strategy and information source. Impact phrases, public figures commenting on political facts out of context, and the sensationalist approach were all resources identified in texts, videos and photographs; formats which are commonly used for propagation purposes. Neste trabalho coletamos e analisamos conteúdos manipulados com o objetivo de se tornarem virais no Facebook e, dessa forma, influenciarem a opinião pública durante o período pré-eleitoral no Brasil. Ao longo de 2017, foram recolhidos os posts de 10 páginas do Facebook de organizações brasileiras conotadas com a produção de notícias falsas ou manipuladas, tendo sido selecionadas 50 publicações que correspondem às mais partilhas em cada uma das páginas. Os resultados permitem verificar que os posts com mais compartilhamento têm algumas características comuns em três quesitos: formato de conteúdo, estratégia de linguagem e fonte de informação. Foram também identificados em textos, vídeos e fotografias, formatos habitualmente usados com esta finalidade de propagação, o recurso à frases de impacto, a utilização descontextualizada de figuras públicas comentando fatos políticos e a abordagem sensacionalista. En este documento recopilamos y analizamos contenido manipulado para volverse viral en Facebook y así influir en la opinión pública durante el período preelectoral en Brasil. A lo largo de 2017, se recogieron 10 publicaciones de páginas de Facebook de organizaciones brasileñas relacionadas con la producción de noticias falsas o manipuladas, y se seleccionaron 50 publicaciones que corresponden a la mayor cantidad de publicaciones compartidas en cada página. Los resultados permiten verificar que las publicaciones que comparten más tienen algunas características comunes en tres aspectos: formato de contenido, estrategia de lenguaje y fuente de información. También se identificó en textos, videos y fotografías, formatos comúnmente utilizados para este propósito de propagación, el uso de oraciones de impacto, el uso descontextualizado de figuras públicas que comentan hechos políticos y el enfoque sensacionalista.

The article aims to discuss text-based newsgames as a multimodal artifact, having in mind the goal to systematize their expressive processing and rhetorical strategies as possible tropes for journalistic processes and practices. For that, we have adapted some of the main layers/elements of the GeM Model (Genre and Multimodality), proposed by Bateman (2008, 2014), to analyze a Brazilian text-based newsgame called “A Teia”, having in mind its material regularities and semiotic modes. The game portrays the reality of a woman who has to decide what to do upon situations of continuous domestic violence and abuse carried out by her partner. In the design of trajectory of “A Teia”, the player follows a rhetorical cluster made of a non-linear sequence, according to an event/circumstance upon which the player has to decide, and so on. Another goal of the paper is to contribute for the assessment on how procedural rhetoric of digital text-based newsgames touches crucial aspect of journalistic practices, functions and values.

The objective of this paper is to reflect on the challenges in Communication during the pandemic of the new coronavirus in Brazil, providing data on the increase of Internet access during the period of social isolation, the misinformation spread in message exchange applications and the possible impact of these phenomena - together with the information mismatch between the Federal Government and State administrations - in the spread of the disease that killed more than 190 thousand Brazilians until December 2020. In addition, it’s also discussed that the Official Communication of the Brazilian Government, which changed the way of disclosing the number of deaths and cured during a pandemic; and the importance of traditional journalism to keep the population informed during the period.

This paper focuses on the journalism workshops held in Ussita (Italy) during the 2019’s winter. The workshops were aimed at children and they involved local kids from 5 to 10 years old. This project was a part of the data collection for the doctoral research program “Growing up informed”. The method involved participants observation, field recording, written and drawn material. Ussita is one of the towns wrecked by the earthquakes of 2016. We chose this place because the research program focuses also on media education as a mean to develop territorial awareness. Territorial awareness may be crucial after an earthquake, for it is one of the features that create resilience. The main teaching activity was about explaining to children how to make interviews, matching a previous format we studied in 2018. They made interviews in different locations and situations. They were able to meet a photographer, a biologist (Ussita is part of a National Park), a member of a local association. The children also visited several old people in their emergency homes to interview them. We organized a follow up in April in which they had to interview some local adults about a traditional festival that was about to be held. The group managed to interview these people, even if the context was slightly different, showing they remembered what they have learned. The results show how children managed to tackle a variety of local topic (nature, history, problems, opportunity) by interviewing people and how the activity affected their local awareness in this sensitive moment.

El presente artículo tiene como propósito analizar el conocimiento y la transformación de la realidad en el periodismo de García Márquez. En su obra este autor asocia el hecho histórico con la imaginación. Logra una integración con la búsqueda permanente de la verdad, la composición y creación literaria, a las cuales les abona su alto grado de sensibilidad. La especificidad más notable de sus análisis sobre algunos de los problemas de la sociedad latinoamericana radica en su interés por transformar la realidad de las víctimas, en especial aquellas que experimentaban formas crueles del comportamiento humano. Palabras clave: periodismo; García Márquez; transformación de la realidad. The purpose of this paper is to analyze the knowledge and transformation of reality in García Márquez’s journalism. In his work he associates the historical fact with the imagination. He achieves an integration with the permanent search for truth, composition and literary creation, to which its high degree of sensitivity is added. The most remarkable specificity of his analysis of some of the problems of Latin American society lies in his interest in transforming the reality of the victims, especially those who experienced cruel forms of human behavior. Keywords: journalism; García Márquez; transformation of reality

The paper intends to analyze how “alternative arrangements to media corporations” name their work activities in relation to journalism and express certain ethos in their presentation texts (official websites) – taken here as a corpus of analysis. Considering a set of initiatives of this nature in São Paulo, it seeks to identify the different places of enunciation of these arrangements, as well as the disputes of meaning engendered in these spaces. It defines operational criteria to visualize the presence/absence of identification marks (with journalism) and of differentiation (in relation to the meaning of journalism enunciated by the subjects), from the construction of two categories of analysis, classified as “markers of journalistic praxis” and “journalism qualifiers”. O artigo pretende analisar como “arranjos econômicos alternativos às corporações de mídia” nomeiam suas atividades de trabalho em relação ao jornalismo e manifestam determinados ethos em seus textos de apresentação (sites oficiais) – tomados, aqui, como corpus de análise. Considerando um conjunto de iniciativas desta natureza em São Paulo, procura identificar os diferentes lugares de enunciação destes arranjos, bem como as disputas de sentido engendradas nestes espaços. Define critérios operacionais para visualizar a presença/ausência de marcas enunciativas de identificação (com o jornalismo) e de diferenciação (em relação ao sentido de jornalismo enunciado pelos sujeitos), a partir da construção de duas categorias de análise, classificadas como “marcadores de práxis jornalísticas” e “qualificadores de jornalismo”. El artículo pretende analizar cómo “arreglos económicos alternativos a las corporaciones de medios” nombra sus actividades de trabajo en relación al periodismo y manifiestan determinados ethos en sus textos de presentación (sitios oficiales) – tomados aquí como corpus de análisis. Considerando un conjunto de iniciativas de esta naturaleza en São Paulo, busca identificar los diferentes lugares de enunciación de estos arreglos, así como las disputas de sentido engendradas en estos espacios. Define criterios operacionales para visualizar la presencia/ausencia de marcas enunciativas de identificación (con el periodismo) y de diferenciación (en relación al sentido de periodismo enunciado por los sujetos) a partir de la construcción de dos categorías de análisis, clasificadas como “marcadores de praxis periodística” y “calificadores de periodismo”

Journalistic genres in China have acquired distinctive characteristics and have shaped original sub-genres that are unique to the local journalistic tradition. While many studies analyzing their characteristics have been written in Chinese, works on the subject in other languages are still scarce. This contribution aims to fill this void by presenting the two main genres in which written journalistic production can be understood, i.e., “news” and “views”, as well as their sub-genres, and showing how they are interpreted in Chinese media studies. The analysis is based on a corpus of recent academic publications that represent the current Chinese scholarly interpretations of local genres of journalism. In doing so, the paper also offers insights on recent theoretical reflections about the functions of journalistic writing in the People’s Republic of China.

In this paper we will present partial results from a study on how journalistic production treats violence against women. It questions the discourses circulating around this subject for each outbreak of violence. We intend to grasp the role of journalism in a culture that claims to defend women yet also criminalizes the victims of abuse. This investigative perspective draws on theoretical and methodological approaches of discourse such as those from works by Dominique Maingueneau, Patrick Charaudeau and Eni Orlandi, among others. We found that Journalistic production fails to clarify facts used in reports on violence against women, thereby upholding old prejudices. No presente artigo, trazemos parte dos resultados de pesquisa sobre o tratamento dado, pela produção jornalística, à violência contra as mulheres. A pesquisa dirige interrogações aos discursos que circulam sobre o assunto a cada eclosão de brutalidade. Pretende apreender o papel do jornalismo em uma cultura onde é possível sair em defesa do respeito às mulheres e, ao mesmo tempo, criminalizar a vítima pelos abusos sofridos. Essa perspectiva de investigação demanda referenciais teóricos e metodológicos sobre discursos, como, entre outros, os de Dominique Maingueneau, Patrick Charaudeau e Eni Orlandi Constatou-se que a produção jornalística é pouco cuidadosa quanto à depuração dos fatos relatados em matérias sobre os casos de abuso das mulheres, assim corroborando antigos preconceitos. En el presente artículo, presentamos parte de los resultados de investigación sobre el tratamiento dado, por la producción periodística, a la violencia contra las mujeres. Ella dirige interrogantes a los discursos que circulan sobre el asunto a cada eclosión de brutalidad. Se pretende aprehender el papel del periodismo en una cultura donde es posible salir en defensa del respeto a las mujeres y al mismo tiempo criminalizar a la víctima por los abusos sufridos. Tal perspectiva de investigación demanda los referenciales teóricos y metodológicos escogidos, a saber, los de los discursos por la óptica de Dominique Maingueneau, Patrick Charaudeau y Eni Orlandi. Como conclusión central, se constató que la producción periodística es poco cuidadosa en cuanto a la depuración de los hechos relatados en materias sobre casos de abusos de mujeres, de forma a respaldar viejos preconceptos.

This paper analyzes a large amount of data and concludes that Beatriz Manrique de Lara Alberro, Marchioness of García del Postigo, was author of the newspaper La Pensadora Gaditana and translator of the Voltaire’s tragedy Zaïre, published as Combates de amor y ley. In the first case, under the pseudonym of «Beatriz Cienfuegos», composed by her own name and an anagram from the name of her daughter; in the second, under another pseudonym formed by the names of her husband and one of her sons, «Juan Francisco del Postigo», transformed into the anagram «Fernando Jugaccis Pilotos».

The media landscape has drastically changed during the past decade with the emergence of new models and platforms allowing citizens to become amateur journalists and news publishers. Alongside traditional players, newcomers and do-it-yourself initiatives emerged in the market with the help of platforms that seek to connect with a potential audience and offer alternative funding means, such as crowdfunding. Success cases and innovative examples abound in the literature, often on a case-based analysis, showing the potential of this funding model to support local projects and investigative journalism. It is the aim of this paper to descriptively unveil the characteristics of such crowdfunding calls via a content analysis using the Kickstarter website, as this is generally a representative case of the reward-based crowdfunding model worldwide. This study contributes to discuss not only the features of calls but, furthermore, to which extent crowdfunding seems to bring about novel ways of creating and sharing content.

Modern journalism emerged in the XIX century based on truth and reality. The rise of Romanticism in that century proposed an approach against the Enlightenment and its pillars: objectivity, positivism and realism. Unlike it, Romanticism claimed subjectivity and the self as the more authentic reality. Thus, it took beauty out of the base of aesthetics and put in its place communication and expression. With the arrival of Postmodernism, the notions of reality and truth have been in crisis too and so it proposes a moral and epistemological relativism. This view has been a permanent attack on journalism. This paper vindicates reality and truth, and so journalism as one of the main institutions based on those concepts, besides science. Therefore, journalism can be seen as the most necessary and genuine aesthetic in the current digital era because it takes and melts objectivity and realism from Illustration, communication and subjectivity from Romanticism, and impact from Postmodernism. In current network societies, journalism has rehabilitated a new narrative and is increasingly more based on stories than on news. That is creating a genuine literature of reality, which gathers both the ethic and the aesthetic project of the Enlightenment, Romanticism and Postmodernism.

This paper presents the results of a survey conducted by the civil association Medianálisis from 2015 to 2017. Printed newspapers, radio, television and Internet are part of the sample analysis. The field research had to overcome many difficulties, and the most critical one was the lack of reliable and consolidated information regarding the number of journalists professionally employed in media outlets in Venezuela. This study leads to an overview of the current scenario and the context concerning the professional practice of journalism in Venezuela. Este artigo apresenta os resultados de uma pesquisa realizada pela associação civil Medianálisis entre 2015 e 2017. Jornais impressos, rádio, televisão e internet fazem parte da análise da amostra. A pesquisa de campo teve que superar muitas dificuldades, e a mais crítica foi a falta de informações confiáveis e consolidadas sobre o número de jornalistas profissionalmente empregados em meios de comunicação na Venezuela. Este estudo leva a uma visão geral do cenário atual e do contexto referente à prática profissional do jornalismo na Venezuela. Para este artículo tomamos como referencia los resultados de la encuesta desarrollada por la asociación civil Medianálisis en los años 2015, 2016 y 2017 en Venezuela. Los medios de comunicación considerados para la constitución de esta muestra fueron de diarios impresos, radio, televisión y web. La investigación de campo durante estos años ha debido sortear diversas dificultades, pero hay una de fondo: la ausencia de información consolidada y confiable sobre el número de periodistas que laboran profesionalmente en los medios de comunicación. La intención última del estudio conduce a una visualización descriptiva de los escenarios y contexto vigentes en el ejercicio profesional del periodismo en Venezuela.

This paper is the result of an ethnographic study conducted on one of the most important Spanish newspapers, the La Vanguardia in its digital version, the lavanguardia.com, and on diariodepernambuco.com, the digital version of the oldest circulation newspaper in Latin America, the Diario de Pernambuco, in Recife (PE). This article aims to analyze how the relationship between journalists and what we call the potent audience has caused complex changes to the way journalism is conducted, affecting both the professionals and the news production. It also reflects on new roles taken on by journalists who now perform both journalistic and marketing assignments, which has changed the routine in newsrooms and raised important questions about what the values are that guide journalists in selection processes, news gathering and editing in a post-social media world. O trabalho é fruto de uma pesquisa de cunho etnográfico em um dos mais importantes diários espanhóis, o La Vanguardia em sua versão digital, lavanguardia.com, e no diariodepernambuco.com, versão digital do jornal mais antigo em circulação da América Latina, o Diario de Pernambuco, sediado no Recife (PE). O artigo busca analisar como a relação entre jornalistas e o que denominamos audiência potente tem provocado complexas alterações no mundo do trabalho do jornalismo, afetando o profissional e a produção noticiosa. Também se propõe a refletir sobre novas funções assumidas pelos jornalistas que reúnem atribuições do campo jornalístico e do marketing, mudando a rotina nas redações e levando a questionamentos importantes sobre quais são os valores que norteiam os jornalistas nos processos de seleção, apuração e edição pós redes sociais. El trabajo es fruto de una investigación de cuño etnográfico realizada en uno de los más importantes diarios españoles, el La Vanguardia en su versión digital, el lavanguardia.com, y en el diariodepernambuco.com, versión digital del periódico más antiguo en circulación de América Latina, el Diario de Pernambuco, con sede en Recife (PE). El artículo busca analizar cómo la relación entre periodistas y lo que denominamos Audiencia Potente ha provocado complejas alteraciones en el mundo del trabajo del periodismo, afectando al profesional y la producción noticiosa. También se propone reflexionar sobre nuevas funciones asumidas por los periodistas que reúnen atribuciones del campo periodístico y del marketing, cambiando la rutina en las redacciones y llevando a cuestionamientos importantes sobre cuáles son los valores que orientan a los periodistas en los procesos de selección, recopilación y edición post-redes sociales.

With drone journalism it is possible to obtain aerial images in situations that are difficult to cover, with perspective, speed, mobility, greater safety for journalists, and at a lower cost. In this paper, an attempt is made to analyse the opportunities offered by the use of drones for news production in Spain, where an emerging industry has been detected. This is followed by a debate on the circumstances and causes behind their slow incorporation into newsroom routines, such as the cost of investing in a technology with a short lifetime due to its constant evolution and high accident rates, the technical and administrative complexity involved, the lack of specialized journalists, and restrictive laws which, until only recently, limited filming to rural areas.

In 2001, Iara Bernardi, then Representative of the Labor Party (Partido dos Trabalhadores) in São Paulo, proposed Bill 122, known as the “anti-homophobia law”, with the goal of including discrimination against sexual orientation or gender identity as identified in the criminal code (in particular, Law 7716 from 1989, also known as the Racism Law). This paper presents some of the conclusions I reached while doing my PhD research investigating the journalistic coverage of Bill 122 between 2001 and 2015; the year it was filed away. This investigation was conducted based on the methodological tools from the Membership Categorization Analysis (MCA). The result of the analysis brought four analytical patterns to light, which encompass the categorizations of membership used in journalistic discourses during that period for issues such as LGBT, Bill 122 itself, homosexuality and Brazilian institutions, in which, Brazil, the Congress and the State are categorized. For the purposes of the analysis, we applied the term “conservative” to the categorizations of Congress. Em 2001, a então deputada Iara Bernardi (PT-SP) propôs, na Câmara dos Deputados, o Projeto de Lei da Câmara 122 (PLC 122), conhecido como “lei anti-homofobia”, com o objetivo de ampliar a Lei do Crime Racial (7716⁄89) para incluir a discriminação por orientação sexual ou identidade de gênero. Este artigo apresenta um recorte das conclusões de minha tese de doutorado, que investigou a cobertura jornalística sobre o PLC 122, entre 2001 e 2015, quando o Projeto foi arquivado, com base na Análise de Categorização de Pertencimento (Membership Categorization Analysis). Em primeiro lugar, o artigo apresenta um panorama dos quatro padrões analíticos evidenciados pelo estudo, que englobam as categorizações de pertencimento utilizadas no âmbito dos discursos jornalísticos no período, acerca dos sujeitos LGBT, do projeto de lei em si, da prática homossexual e das instituições brasileiras, em que o Brasil, o Congresso Nacional e o Estado são categorizados. Para o exercício de análise, nos debruçamos sobre as categorizações do Congresso enquanto “conservador”. En 2001, Iara Bernardi, diputada de Partido de los Trabajadores en São Paulo, propuso el Proyecto de Ley de la Cámara 122 (PLC 122), conocido como "ley anti-homofobia", con el objetivo de incluir la discriminación por orientación sexual o identidad de género en el Código Penal, específicamente la Ley 7716, de 1989, conocida como Ley de Racismo). Este artículo presenta un recorte de las conclusiones de mi tesis doctoral, que tuvo como objetivo investigar la cobertura periodística sobre el PLC 122, entre 2001 y 2015, cuando el proyecto fue archivado, con base en la Análisis de Pertenencia Categorial (Membership Categorization Analysis). En primer lugar, el artículo presenta un panorama de los cuatro patrones analíticos evidenciados por el estudio, que engloban las categorizaciones de pertenencia utilizadas en el ámbito de los discursos periodísticos en el período, acerca de los sujetos LGBT, del proyecto de ley en sí, de la práctica homosexual y de las instituciones brasileñas, en que Brasil, el Congreso Nacional y el Estado son categorizados. Para el ejercicio de análisis, nos ocupamos de las categorizaciones del Congreso como "conservador".

In a theoretical reflection, the aim of this paper is primarily to discuss alterity in journalism. We believe that journalism plays a fundamental role in the construction of knowledge on similarities and differences between human beings, stressing social diversity as one of its purposes. We associate the concept of otherness, understood as a singular mode of existence of the “other”, with the purpose of journalism and with actions of empathy, sympathy and compassion. Based on a phenomenological perspective, we discuss the importance of the meeting between the "self" and the "other", as well as the ability of journalists to perceive and narrate on the aspects that shape the identities of human beings. Moreover, we discuss otherness in journalistic narratives, approaching the relation between the lifeworld and the world of text, taking into consideration the elements of perception, mimesis, textuality and interpretation. Este artigo tem caráter teórico e visa discutir a alteridade no jornalismo. Consideramos que o jornalismo tem um papel fundamental na construção do conhecimento sobre as semelhanças e as diferenças entre os seres humanos, sendo a apresentação da diversidade social uma de suas finalidades. Propomos associar o conceito de outridade, compreendida como o modo de existência do “outro” em sua singularidade, a essa finalidade do jornalismo e a ações de empatia, simpatia e compaixão. Adotamos uma perspectiva fenomenológica, indicando a relevância da experiência do encontro entre o “eu” e o “outro” e a capacidade de o jornalista perceber e narrar os aspectos que configuram as múltiplas identidades dos seres. Tratamos ainda da outridade na narrativa jornalística, abordando a relação entre o mundo da vida e o mundo do texto e discutindo os princípios da percepção, da ação mimética, da textualidade e da interpretação. Este artículo de carácter teórico analiza la alteridad en el periodismo. Creemos que el periodismo tiene un papel fundamental en la construcción de los saberes acerca de las similitudes y diferencias entre los seres humanos, una vez que la presentación de la diversidad social és uno de sus propósitos. Combinamos el concepto de otredad, que se entiende como el modo de existencia del "otro" en su singularidad, con la finalidad del periodismo. Adoptamos un punto de vista fenomenológico, lo que indica la importancia de la experiencia del encuentro entre "yo" y "otro" y la capacidad del periodista para percibir y narrar características de las múltiples identidades de los seres. También trabajamos con la otredad en la narrativa periodista, presentando la relación entre el mundo de la vida y el mundo del texto, así tratando de los principios de la percepción, de la acción mimética, de la textualidad y de la interpretación.

[es] En este trabajo nos proponemos reconstruir la posición que el diario adoptó frente a las medidas que instrumentó el gobierno peronista en relación con el papel prensa, desde una perspectiva histórica se analizará de qué manera esa opinión publicada irá expresando las conflictivas relaciones con el poder político nacional. Desde sus editoriales La Capital ejercerá una enérgica y constante defensa de los derechos de la oposición, al considerar que esos derechos estaban siendo avasallados. Asimismo, se analizará la postura de otro medio gráfico de la ciudad el diario La Tribuna que ofrece un tratamiento diferente del tema y que permite poner en relieve el posicionamiento de ambos medios. Estudiar el vínculo de la prensa con la esfera política nos permite detectar momentos de gran conflictividad en un tiempo histórico donde el proceso de transformación impulsado por el primer peronismo estuvo signado por el antagonismo y la polarización. El diario La Capital, desde el campo opositor, asumirá un rol activo como un actor, portador de ideología. [en] In this paper we propose to reconstruct the position that the newspaper adopted against the measures implemented the Peronist government regarding newsprint, from a historical perspective will analyze how the rating given will express the conflicting relations with national political power. Since its editorial The Capital will exercise a strong and constant defense of the rights of the opposition, considering that these rights were being overwhelmed. Also, the position of other graphic middle of the city the newspaper La Tribuna that offers a different treatment of the subject and allows to highlight the positioning of both media will be discussed Studying the link of the press with the political sphere allows us to detect moments of great conflict in a historical period where the transformation process driven by the first Peronism was marked by antagonism and polarization. The newspaper La Capital, from the opposition camp, assume an active role as an actor, bearer of ideology