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INTRODUCION: La enfermedad aterosclerótica es una enorme carga para la salud en todo el mundo, y su prevención está basada en gran medida en el control de los factores de riesgo tradicionales, a pesar de la eficacia limitada en la prevención de eventos cardiovascular (ECV). La mejoría en la estratificación del riesgo se puede lograr a través de la detección de progresión del área total de la placa (TPA) medida por ecografía carotidea, la cual ha demostrado duplicación del riesgo basal en estos pacientes en un intervalo de 1 año. Nuestra hipótesis es que el control de la presión arterial y el colesterol LDL sérico en valores objetivo (según guías clínicas actuales) son insuficientes para reducir la progresión de la aterosclerosis en personas sin eventos previos, con alto riesgo cardiovascular. METODOS Y RESULTADOS: Estudio observacional prospectivo de 742 participantes con alto riesgo cardiovascular en un programa de prevención primaria cardiovascular. Se determinaron dos mediciones de ultrasonido de TPA para cada participante durante al menos un año. Incluimos en el análisis 57 participantes que mantuvieron una presión arterial por debajo de 130/80 mmHg y un colesterol sérico de lipoproteínas de baja densidad (LDL-C) por debajo de 100 mg/dl durante todo un año. Los participantes con progresión de la placa de TPA definida como aumento sobre el basal mayor de 5 mm2 se compararon con aquellos con cambios de TPA de 5 mm2 o menos (grupo sin progresión) mediante análisis de regresión logística multivariable. Después de una media de estadía en programa de casi 8 años, con Presión Arterial de 120.4 + 9/68.6 + 8 mmHg y LDL colesterol de 81 + 25 mg/dl, identificamos progresión de TPA en 22 de 57 (39%) participantes. No detectándose diferencias para ninguna covariable al comparar progresión versus no progresión. CONCLUSIÓN: La progresión de TPA ocurre hasta en el 39% de los individuos a pesar de mantener la presión arterial por debajo de 130/80 y el LDL-C sérico por debajo de 100 mg/dl. La evaluación de TPA puede ayudar a resolver las limitaciones de las pautas establecidas para la prevención de eventos de ECV en personas de alto riesgo.

review on: Elizabeth Walgenbach, Excommunication and Outlawry in the Legal World of Medieval Iceland (The Northern World 92), Leiden/Boston: Brill 2021, XII + 178 S., ISBN 978-90-04-46091-1

review on: Mechthild Isenmann, Strategien, Mittel und Wege der inner- und zwischenfamiliären Konfliktlösung oberdeutscher Handelshäuser im 15. und ›langen‹ 16. Jahrhundert (VSWG-Beiheft 249), Stuttgart: Franz Steiner Verlag 2020, 450 S., ISBN 978-3-515-12574-1

Ron Harris, Going the Distance. Eurasian Trade and the Rise of the Business Corporation, 1400–1700. Princeton/Oxford: Princeton Uni- versity Press 2020, XIII + 465 S., ISBN 978-0-691-15077-2

We certainly live in a world today determined by globalism, however we might want to define it. But it would be erroneous to assume that earlier centuries, and not even pre-modernity, were entirely ignorant about foreign worlds and did not have any interest in reaching out to, or in approaching foreign countries, peoples, and cultures either peacefully or militarily. The first part of this paper examines some of the misconceptions and then outlines many features that justify us in using the term ‘globalism’ already at that early stage, maybe free of much of the modern baggage brought upon by the colonialist attitude pursued by early modern Europeans. To illustrate the claim more specifically, this then leads over to a detailed examination of one of the many versions of the Alexander narratives in the Middle Ages, specifically of Priest Lambrecht’s Middle High German Alexanderlied. Although Alexander is presented as a conqueror of the Persian empire and the Indian kingdom, apart from many other countries, there is still a strong narrative strategy to open the perspective toward the East and to make it to an integrative part of the global worldview of the western European audiences. This and many other Alexander versions contribute in their own intriguing way to the process of “worldmaking,” as Nelson Goodman (1978) had called it. Although historic-fictional in his approach, Lambrecht facilitated in a path-breaking way, drawing on many classical sources, of course, the establishment of a global vision, at least in the mind of his medieval audiences.

Sheilagh Ogilvie, The European Guilds. An Economic Analysis, Princeton/Oxford: Princeton University Press 2019, XVI + 645 S., ISBN 978-0-691-13754-4

Phillip Hellwege (Hg.), A Comparative History of Insurance Law in Europe. A Research Agenda (Comparative Studies in the History of Insurance Law – Studien zur vergleichenden Geschichte des Versicherungsrechts (HIL) 1), Berlin: Duncker & Humblot 2018, 253 S., ISBN 978-3-428-15499-9; Ders. (Hg.), The Past, Present, and Future of Tontines. A Seventeenth Century Financial Product and the Development of Life Insurance (Comparative Studies in the History of Insurance Law – Studien zur vergleichenden Geschichte des Versicherungsrechts (HIL) 2), Berlin: Duncker & Humblot 2018, 413 S., ISBN 978-3-428-15615-3; Ders. (Hg.), A History of Tontines in Germany. From a multi-purpose financial product to a single-purpose pension product (Comparative Studies in the History of Insurance Law – Studien zur vergleichenden Geschichte des Versicherungsrechts (HIL) 3), Berlin: Duncker & Humblot 2018, 190 S., ISBN 978-3-428-15616-0

One of the most successful missionary organization, the Jesuits, also operated in northern Mexico in the area today identified as the Sonoran Desert, comprising the Mexican state of Sonora and the US state of Arizona. By the early eighteenth century increasingly German-speaking missionaries arrived and worked hard in the wide network of missions originally established by the pioneer Padre Eusebio Kino (d. 1711) to spread God's words. They also worked intensively on studying that territory and produced numerous written records about their experiences, their research, and the conditions of that world. They were expelled in 1767 and banned globally in 1783, but until then they achieved greatest success with the native population. Their missionary accounts prove to be highly exiting historical, anthropological, religious, and scientific documents most important for missionary history.

Introduction: An adequate quantity and quality of complementary feeding is essential during the first 2 years of life. The objective of this study was to assess dietary intakes and feeding practices in children aged 6-23 months in a town in the Northeast region of Argentina., Population and Methods: Descriptive, crosssectional study (second semester of 2019). Intakes from 24-hour dietary recall interviews conducted among caregivers of children aged 6-23 months were assessed. Data were compared to dietary reference intakes. Feeding practices were assessed as per the World Health Organization's indicators., Results: A total of 138 children aged 6-23 months were assessed. The mean adequacy ratio of energy and vitamins A, D, and E was below 100% for all ages, whereas the protein adequacy for children aged 7-12 and 13-23 months was 142.8% and 168.1%, respectively. A remarkable number of cases had energy and vitamin A intakes below the estimated average requirement. In relation to feeding practice indicators, 50.8% of infants received a minimum acceptable diet., Conclusions: There is a high prevalence of an inadequate level of energy and critical nutrient intake during complementary feeding of the children aged 6-23 months included in the study. Nutritional interventions that promote feeding practices to improve micronutrient intake would be highly important for children's current and future health., Competing Interests: None., (Sociedad Argentina de Pediatría.)

Objective: To associate the intake of flavonoids and carotenoids with the breast milk level of superoxide anion, as an oxidative stress marker., Materials and Methods: 100 women from Cordoba (Argentina), who breastfed within the first postpartum 6 months, were studied during the 2013-2015 period, by evaluating their sanitary data, food intake and anion level in milk with multiple logistic regression., Results: The intake of flavonoids, provitamin A carotenoids and non-provitamin carotenoids was 72 (61) mg/d, 1813 (1 657) µg/d y 5427 (3 664) µg/d, respectively. The anion was associated with the intake of flavanols (OR=1.081; CI95 1.001-1.167) y flavanones (OR=1.025; CI95 1.001-1.048). This effect was not seen with other flavonoids and carotenoids., Conclusions: Intake of flavanols and flavanones increases milk oxidation risk, which is relevant to develop diet recommendations.

Biomedical potential of polyphenols lies in their ability to modulate redox balance and the mechanisms involved in the development of chronic noncommunicable diseases., Objective: The aim of this study was to determine the concentration of total polyphenols in different murine organs by assaying analytical techniques of Folin Ciocalteu (FC) and Fast Blue BB (FBBB)., Method: Balb/c female mice (n≥3) received for 15 days 100 mg/kg/d of extract of Lantana grisebachii (LG), Aspidosperma quebracho-blanco (AQB) or Ilex paraguariensis (IP) and control group (treated with water without extract). Polyphenolic concentrations were measured in telencephalon, diencephalon, midbrain, brainstem, cerebellum, spleen, thymus and cardiopulmonary tissue by FC and FBBB methods. Results were compared by ANOVA followed by Tukey test (p<0.05)., Results: FBBB method reported higher detections than FC (4.5 fold in telencephalon, 8.4 in midbrain, 5 in brainstem, 7.2 in spleen, 68.5 in thymus and 4 in cardiopulmonary tissue). Regarding the treatments, the group that received AQB showed to have increased polyphenolic bioavailability in brainstem (p<0.02). With FBBB, a decrease on thymic polyphenol content after treatment with IP was detected (p<0.005). In cerebellum of the groups treated with IP and telencephalon of the control group showed significant differences when these were analyzed with FC (p<0.05, p<0.0035 respectively)., Conclusions: FBBB method showed higher estimations of polyphenolic bioavailability than FC, and this could be related to higher specificity of the technique to react with phenolic compounds.

Bacteremia continues to be one of the main causes of morbidity and mortality in adult patients despite the existence of numerous antimicrobial agents and an increase in support measures. The aim of this study was to analyze the cases of community and hospital-acquired bacteremia, by evaluating the prevalence of species, risk factors, source of infection and antimicrobial susceptibility of the microorganisms involved. From January 2000 to December 2004, 129 cases of bacteremia due to enterobacteria were detected in 45 outpatients (35%) and 84 inpatients (65%). The most common risk factors were neoplasia (33.3%) and diabetes (12.4%); being urinary (29.5%) and abdominal (13.9%) the most frequently found sources of infection. E. coli was the most common enterobacteria isolated in both populations, followed by Klebsiella spp. (21.7%), and Enterobacter spp. (12.4%). Klebsiella spp. bacteremia was most common in ICU patients and, together with Enterobacter spp., constituted the most antibiotic-resistant microorganisms.

Susceptibility to fluconazole and amphotericin B in 84 clinical isolates of Candida was determined by a macrodilution method (NCCLS). Amphotericin B was very active (CMI < 1.25 microg/ml) against C. tropicalis and C. parapsilosis. Less than 5% of C. albicans and/or C. glabrata isolates presented low susceptibility to the drug (CMI 80 > 2.50 microg/ml). Fluconazole was less active against C. glabrata and C. krusei (CMI 80 > 100 microg/ml). The susceptibility profile for fluconazole indicated the importance to the treatment of identification to species level.