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Case Report: Ocular examinations and optical coherence tomography (OCT) were performed in three patients with retinal phototoxicity lesions. Fluorescein angiography depicted a window defect. OCT exhibited hyporeflectivity at the outer foveal retina and fragmentation of the inner reflective layers, corresponding to the junction between the inner and outer photoreceptor segments., Discussion: Retinal damage after light exposure has a rapid onset and shows different patterns in OCT examination. OCT findings suggest that decreased visual acuity may be associated with full-thickness photoreceptors and retinal pigment epithelium (RPE) involvement. OCT is a useful tool for objective assessment of retinal pathology in phototoxicity cases where fundus changes may be minimal or absent.

Diabetes mellitus is a metabolic pathology whose evolution affects different organs, amongst them the eye. Diabetic microangiopathy affects the retina in an early and specific way. The appearance of retinopathy is directly related to the time of evolution of the disease and metabolic control. Diabetic microangiopathy in the retina shows specific alterations such as micro-aneurysms, soft or hard exudates, intra-retinal micro-haemorrhages, beaded veins and intraretinal microvascular anomalies. These alterations in the retinal microcirculation cause two physiopathological phenomena: capillary closure with the resulting ischaemia or extravasation of intravascular content to the stroma causing edema. In this chapter we set out the classification and treatments of diabetic retinopathy, excluding macular edema, according to the different multicentric studies present in the current bibliography.

Purpose/method: A case of vasoproliferative retinal tumor is described. The main differential diagnoses must be excluded and the therapeutic possibilities defined., Results/conclusions: Vasoproliferative retinal tumors are infrequent benign retinal lesions of gliovascular composition. The differential diagnoses needing consideration are a retinal hemangioma associated with von Hippel-Lindau disease, an amelanotic choroidal melanoma and an ocular metastasis from a tumor elsewhere. Treatment must be performed in those cases where the sight is threatened.

Purpose: To study the effect of transpupillary photocoagulation with a diode laser in the development of an experimental model of choroidal neovascularization (CNV) in the pigmented rat., Methods: Diode laser was applied in Long-Evans rats using a setting of 75 microm spot size, 0.05 seconds durations and 200 mW intensity. Follow up was performed by fundus photography and fluorescein angiography that was performed weekly. The animals were sacrificed 7, 14, 21, 30, 45, 52, 60 and 75 days after photocoagulations, the eyes were enucleated and studied by light microscopy., Results: Variation in burn intensity and diameter was common. During the experiment 42 of 93 burns (45%) showed fluorescein staining and late leakage. Neovascularization was confirmed with histopatology in all lesions that showed fluorescein leakage., Conclusions: Transpupillary diode laser may induce CNV in the pigmented rat. This model may be useful in the in vivo study of choroidal angiogenesis and its therapeutic modulation.