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Complex interventions are needed to effectively tackle non-communicable diseases. However, complex interventions can contain a mix of effective and ineffective actions. Process evaluation (PE) in public health research is of great value as it could clarify the mechanisms and contextual factors associ­ated with variation in the outcomes, better identify effective components, and inform adaptation of the intervention. The aim of this paper is to demonstrate the value of PE through five case studies that span the research cycle. The interven­tions include using digital health, salt reduction strategies, use of fixed dose combinations, and task shifting. Insights of the methods used, and the implications of the PE findings to the project, were discussed. PE of complex interventions can refute or confirm the hypothesized mechanisms of action, thereby enabling intervention refinement, and identifying implementation strategies that can address local contextual needs, so as to improve service delivery and public health outcomes.

ABSTRACT Background: Tretinoin and 5-fluorouracil are indicated for treatment of various skin disorders and actinic keratosis respectively. Objective: Present study was focused to design liposomes containing 5- fluorouracil and tretinoin. Design was further optimized by 32 full factorial design. Methods: Liposomes were prepared by ethanol injection method and evaluated by Transmission Electron Microscopy, percentage entrapment efficiency, zeta potential and in vitro drug release. Optimized formulation was subjected to histopathological and stability studies at 4ºC, 25ºC and 60ºC temperatures. Results: No drug crystals were visible in transmission electron microscopy, regardless of the preparation technique or the loaded drug. Formulation F9 showed maximum drug entrapment of 72.86% and 69.70% for 5-fluorouraciland tretinoin respectively. When phospholipid concentration was increased from 40 to 60 mg/ml, encapsulation efficiencies of formulation increased. Zeta potential and particle size were maintained within range of -19.14 to -25.61 and 100 to 200 nm respectively which facilitated good stability and penetration of liposomes. Dissolution profiles of formulations F1 to F6 showed high amount of drug release (30.6 to 67.42%) at 2 h. Liposomes were not stable at high temperature but formulations were most stable when stored at lower temperature i.e. 4oC. Conclusion: So, in liposomes both 5-fluorouracil and tretinoin were successfully incorporated and it can be further used for formulation development.

The objective of this paper is to explain how necessity-based women entrepreneurs in emerging markets tend to incline more towards survivability, ignoring aspects of growth. While, opportunity-based women entrepreneurs emphasize more on growth, often overlooking survivability. The existing literature has failed to perceive both together, merging opportunity and necessity-based women entrepreneurs in the context of business growth. We aim to address this gap, through the paper and touch upon concepts of enterprise survivability and scalability wherein we discuss a third bracket of entrepreneurship that emerges out of viewing both necessity and opportunity constructs together. The findings suggest that while the motivation behind women pursing necessity and opportunity entrepreneurship may be different in developing regions of the world like Latin America, Sub-Saharan Africa and East and South Asia, their end points happen to be the same. Both opportunity and necessity-based women entrepreneurs, irrespective of their motivations to start their businesses, struggle with aspects of business growth. Hence, to exploit the potential of women-led ventures, it is significant that we focus on achieving business growth and simultaneously sustain enterprises. While the paper highlights a descriptive research analysis, it also supplements the existing literature on growth drivers for necessity-based entrepreneurs and explores variations in the entrepreneurial process within opportunity and necessity entrepreneurship. This paper provides an insight into how women entrepreneurs can cater to enhancing human development indicators which will have an indirect impact on pushing sustainable development goals in a forward direction.