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Background: The exclusion of donors with antibodies against the c-100 protein of the hepatitis C virus (HCV) has permitted a considerable reduction in post transfusional (PTH) non A non B hepatitis in those receiving transfusions. However, the risk has not been completely eliminated and there is evidence that some HCV carriers do not present detectable antibodies against protein c-100. In these cases a new diagnostic methodology, named polymerase chain reaction (PCR), permits the detection of the viral genome., Methods: One hundred fifty eight prospective transfusion recipients were studied. Nineteen (12%) developed non A non B PTH criteria. The presence of anti c-100 and the viral genome were investigated by PCR in 17 of the patients., Results: Nine of the 17 receptors (53%) with non A non B PTH presented antibodies against the HCV. In all patients and in two seronegative patients genomic sequences of HCV were detected by PCR., Conclusions: By a combination of genomic (PCR) and serological technique, 11 of the 17 transfusion recipients (64%) with non A non B PTH demonstrated evidence of HCV infection. In two cases the infection was seronegative. Although the HCV appeared to be the principal agent of the non A non B PTH in this study it could not be recognized in a third of the recipients who developed non A non B PTH.