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Este artículo reflexiona etnográficamente sobre cómo se aborda y concibe la vulnerabilidad material en las prácticas de sostenimiento comunitario de arquitecturas en conflicto. Nos apoyaremos en las teorías de mantenimiento, cuidado y reparación, para complementarlas/matizarlas a través de los aprendizajes cultivados durante el proceso de respuesta ante la quema de una biblioteca comunitaria en la periferia sur de Bogotá. Las prácticas colectivas de sostenimiento desplegadas para hacerse cargo del devenir de la arquitectura amenazada nos ayudan a traer al frente (I) ecologías de prácticas y de agencia distribuida; (II) temporalidades alternativas y futuros no previstos; y (III) respuestas creativas y generadoras ante el daño o el conflicto; así como también (IV) métodos tentativos y (V) métodos de “apertura” (o des-cajanegrización). A través de una etnografía del proceso de desmontaje problematizaremos los ecosistemas sociomateriales necesarios para sostener vidas ante un “mundo roto”.

In the study of 19th-century Latin American photography, the photographic capture of war and military operations has implicitly been equated with the eye of national states, understanding that photographers would want to show a positive portrayal of the military forces. However, war photography as a language of state power was not the point of departure. In most of the earlier examples of war photography, it was private photographers who first ventured into military conflicts almost as soon as the new visual technology was made available. They saw war as both an important historical event and a commercial opportunity. Experiencing with a technology that forced them to produce images of war stripped of battle action while trying to capitalize on the diverse interests in these conflicts, most photographers offered a rendering of war of ambiguous political meanings. In this essay, I argue that the photographs of the War of the Pacific taken by the studio Díaz & Spencer are one of the first examples of the successful use of war photography for nation-building purposes, that is, as national propaganda. Photographers had the challenge to create impressive, apologetic and heroic captures of the military forces, and Díaz & Spencer succeeded in creating a visual narrative congruent with Chilean official discourses, consolidating, rather than challenging, the Chilean state view of the war. Equally important, this allignment of political views was accomplished on account of Díaz and Spencer’s initiative—not that of Chilean state officials.

Resumen Con esta investigación pretendemos estudiar la formación de territorios fronterizos en tanto que límites físicos y simbólicos de las ciudades a través del análisis de un caso concreto: La Cañada Real Galiana, que ejemplifica el límite este-sur de la ciudad de Madrid, pero también el límite de lo urbano y lo civilizado con un espacio sin ley ni orden. Para ello, tomaremos en cuenta diferentes escalas, considerándolas como perspectivas de análisis: escala legal y morfo-tipológica, escala mediática y la escala del discurso encarnado. Analizar la articulación de estas tres dimensiones nos permitirá comprender cómo se conforman políticas públicas, planes urbanos o imaginarios colectivos, desvelando la Cañada Real como un objeto múltiple, complejo y controvertido. Palabras clave Ciudad informal, imaginarios colectivos, estigmatización territorial, desigualdad urbana Abstract The aim of this research is to explore the formation of city border areas in terms of physical and symbolic boundaries through the specific case study of La Cañada Real Galiana. This territory exemplifies both the south-east limit of the city of Madrid and the frontiers between civilised urbanisation and a space with no law and order. In order to do so, this research analyses three different fields: legal and morphotypological issues, media representation, and discourse. Analysing the articulation of these three aspects permit the evaluation of how public politics, urban designs and the collective imaginary are conformed. Through this process, La Cañada Real is revealed as a multiple, complex and controversial object. Keywords Informal city, collective imaginary, territorial stigmatization, urban inequality

Este artículo presenta los datos arqueológicos recuperados en las excavaciones del poblado castreño de El Castru, en Vigaña (Balmonte de Miranda, Asturias) realizadas en 2012 y 2013. Dicho yacimiento constituye un buen ejemplo de los pequeños castros de la Edad del Hierro en las montañas del área occidental cantábrica. Por ello, el análisis de las informaciones obtenidas y su contextualización a escala regional ofrecen interesantes aportaciones al debate sobre las formas de poblamiento y subsistencia adoptadas por las comunidades del I milenio a.C. en el Noroeste ibérico.

El presente artículo explora la cobertura visual del periódico ilustrado Correo del Domingo en sus primeros años de funcionamiento (1864-1866), particularmente con relación a las noticias de la Guerra de la Triple Alianza (1865-1870). Siendo el semanario una de las primeras publicaciones en la región en incursionar en tácticas de periodismo visual, la primera parte del ensayo analiza los límites difusos entre las litografías de carácter informativo y periodístico, y aquéllas de carácter puramente ficcional. La segunda parte del artículo estudia cómo el periódico utiliza este carácter maleable de la imagen litográfica para sortear los problemas del reportaje visual de una guerra que no se condecía con el discurso oficialista de corte heroico y patriótico que el periódico apoyaba.

Introduction: Congenital afibrinogenemia is a very rare autosomal recessive disorder of the coagulation. The lack of fibrinogen makes the blood inclotting and patients suffer from bleeding at a minimal trauma. It is usually noticed within the first few days of life because of the umbilical cord bleeding. Intracerebral hematoma is infrequent., Case Description: 46-year-old woman who suffers from congenital afibrinogenemia and has five episodes of intracerebral bleeding, all of them in the posterior circulation. As a complication, she also presents an epilepticus status and the therapy with concentrated fibrinogen caused pulmonary thromboembolism., Conclusions: After analysing the cases described in literature, there are evidences that the majority of the intracerebral hematoma are located in the posterior circulation. A few patients developed major thomboemolisms following infusion with concentrated fibrinogen and there are only isolated descriptions of beneficial prophylactic effects. So, it is would necessary studies more extensive research to achieve effectiveness in the prevention of the bleeding.

Avascular osteonecrosis (AON) has increased in the last few years in patients infected with the human immunodeficiency virus type-1 (HIV-1). The most commonly affected bone is the femoral head and neck. Frequently these bilateral and clinical findings include moderate to severe pain and functional impotence of the affected joints. The etiology is multifactorial and highly active antiretroviral therapy (HAART) with protease inhibitors (PI) is probably related to its development. In the evolution, a total hip replacement may be needed. We present an hemophilic patient with AIDS, who developed a bilateral AON of the femoral head and neck during HAART.

Thrombocytopenia is an important and common hematological abnormality in patients with HIV-1/HCV coinfection. Splenomegaly is a frequent finding in these patients and usually causes hypersplenism and thrombocytopenia. We analyzed the clinical results of a minimal invasive treatment (splenic artery embolization) for thrombocytopenia secondary to hypersplenism and refractory to other therapies in two hemophiliac patients, HIV seropositive and with cirrhosis due to chronic HCV infection. The results suggest that splenic artery embolization is a safe, relatively atraumatic and effective method for the treatment of splenomegaly and hypersplenism in selected patients with HIV-1/HCV coinfection.

Purpose: To analyze the prevalence of choroidal metastases in patients with breast and lung cancer and report their clinical, ophtalmological and angiographic features., Material and Method: 88 patients who in 1997 had been diagnosed of breast cancer (60 cases) and lung cancer (28) by the oncology unit in the University Hospital of Elche, underwent a thorough ophtalmological examination in search for choroidal metastases. Eighty six patients were newly diagnosed of cancer; the remaining two patients, in a complete remission status, relapsed during this period., Results: Total prevalence of choroidal metastases in the sample was 4.54% (4 cases). Prevalence in lung cancer was 7.14% (2 cases) compared to 3.33% (2 cases) in breast cancer. Choroidal involvement was found in the following stages: 2 out of 7 patients (28.5%) in stage IV with disseminated breast cancer and 2 out of 9 patients (22.22%) in stage IV with disseminated lung cancer., Conclusions: Approximately one fourth of the patients showing disseminated breast and lung cancer (stage IV) showed metastases in the choroid. It appears from this study, that younger patients suffering from lung cancer are at greater risk of choroidal involvement (Arch Soc Esp Oftalmol 2002; 77: 23-28).

As HIV seropositive patients with undetectable CSF viral load have a lower likelihood of developing neurologic disease, the determination of CSF viral load levels may be useful to evaluate the efficacy of HAART. We compared plasma viral load levels with HIV-1 RNA CSF levels in 18 hemophilic patients without neurocognitive involvement under HAART. We detected a significant correlation between plasma viral load levels and CSF viral load levels. Fourteen patients with undetectable plasma viral load had undetectable RNA HIV-1 CSF levels as well. Four patients with detectable plasma viral load had detectable HIV-RNA in CSF, but the latter were significantly lower. Viral load is usually lower in non-blood fluids and HAART decreases the viral load in CSF as well as in blood.

Intermediate and highly malignant non-Hodgkin and primary central nervous system lymphomas are marker diseases for AIDS. Cavum and oropharynx involvement by these tumors is uncommon. Although there are few cases reported in the literature, these may be primary localizations of the tumor. We present a hemophilic HIV+ patient with non-Hodgkin lymphoma of the cavum. The histologic diagnosis was high-grade, pleomorphic, centroblastic lymphoma. The patient was treated with chemotherapy plus intrathecal chemotherapy and highly active antiretroviral therapy (HAART). His evolution has been excellent. One year after diagnosis, the patient is asymptomatic with no evidence of residual tumor, and responding well to HAART.

Introduction and Objectives: Since physiological pacing systems have become available, a debate has raged about the merits of atrial versus ventricular pacing in the sick sinus syndrome. The goal of this retrospective report was to study the long term incidence and the independent predictors for atrial fibrillation and stroke in 153 paced patients with sick sinus syndrome, adjusting for differences in baseline clinical variables with multivariate analysis., Method and Results: From 1980 to 1994, we implanted 32 dualchamber, 33 atrial, and 88 ventricular pacemakers to treat patients with sick sinus syndrome. After a maximum follow-up of 177 months (median 30 months for paroxismal atrial fibrillation, 45 months for chronic atrial fibrillation and 43,5 months for stroke) the actuarial incidence of paroximal atrial fibrillation was 7.8% at 1 year, 29% at 5 years and 42% at 10 years. The actuarial incidence of chronic atrial fibrillation was 1.3% at 1 year, 9.8% at 5 years and 22% at 10 years. Independent predictors for paroxismal AF from Cox's model was history of atrial tachyarrhythmias (p < 0.0001), chronic obstructive pulmonary disease (p = 0,006) and age (> 70 years-old) (p = 0.035). Only a history of atrial tachyarrhythmias before pacemaker implant was an independent predictor for chronic atrial fibrillation (p < 0.0001). The odd ratio for paroxismal atrial fibrillation in patients with previous atrial tachyarrhythmias and chronic atrial fibrillation were 6 (2.8-12) and 4 (1.6-9.7) (95% confiance limits). Actuarial incidence of stroke was 3% at 1 year, 10% at 5 years and 14% at 10 years. Independent predictors for stroke were history of peripheral vascular disease (p = 0.033) and hypertensive cardiomyopathy (p = 0.015). Development of paroxysmal and chronic atrial fibrillation during the follow-up were higher in patients with stroke (p < 0.001 and p < 0.05)., Conclusions: Development of atrial fibrillation and stroke in paced patients with sick sinus syndrome are strongly determined by clinical variables. Preimplant paroxysmal atrial tachyarrhythmias is the most important predictor for atrial fibrillation in the follow-up.

Background: It is clear that permanent cardiac pacing in patients with sick sinus syndrome is effective. In spite of a normal pacemaker function, syncope may occur. Causes often remain unknown. The objective of this study was to review our current experience with these patients to identify predictors and etiologies of these symptoms., Method and Results: We studied 153 patients who received atrial, ventricular and dual-chamber pacemakers for sick sinus syndrome. During a median follow-up of 57.6 months (1-177 months), actuarial incidence of syncope or near syncope was 4.5% at 1 year, 9% at 5 years and 13% at 10 years. Causes were related with autonomic insufficiency (45%), pacemaker/lead malfunction (30%), pacemaker syndrome (10%) and conduction disturbances in patients with AAI pacemakers (10%). In only one patient (5%) syncope remained unexplained. Preimplant predictors for syncope were gender (male) and age (< 70 years old)., Conclusions: 1) Syncopes in paced patients with sick sinus syndrome have multiple etiologies and may be multifactorial; 2) Autonomic dysfunction and "oversensing" in troubleshooting of implanted cardiac pacemakers could provide an explanation for recurrent syndrome in over 70% of these patients; 3) A better evaluation of neurogenic syncope may be necessary before pacemakers are implanted, to prevent recurrent syncope.

Objectives: An analysis is made of the automatic beat-by-beat measurement of QT and other intervals related to ventricular repolarization. The variability pattern of these intervals is investigated in normal subjects at rest, along with their relation to RR cycle variability., Material and Methods: The electrocardiographic signals (LII) from 11 normal subjects (mean age 31 +/- 10 years) were recorded over 5 min and processed by applying specific algorithms to determine beat-by-beat the RR, QT, RT, QTm and RTm intervals (Tm = peak of T wave). An analysis was made of the variability of these intervals in the time (standard deviation, variation coefficient, difference between maximum and minimum values) and frequency domains (spectral analysis applying the Fourier transform)., Results: The differences between the automatic measurements and those performed by two observers (n = 110) were respectively -1.3 +/- 6.4 and -3.7 +/- 6.5 ms for QT, - 1.0 +/- 1.4 and -1.0 +/- 2.3 ms for QTm, -0.3 +/- 1.4 and -0.2 +/- 1.8 ms for RTm, and 0.7 +/- 6.5 and -2.8 +/- 10.3 ms for RT. The QT and RT intervals exhibited greater variability (SD = 6 +/- 1 ms) than QTm and RTm (SD = 3 +/- 1 ms, p < 0.0001). These differences persisted on comparing the corresponding variation coefficients. The differences between the maximum and minimum measurements were 45 +/- 24 ms for QT and RT, the values being significantly less in the case of QTm (21 +/- 26 ms, p < 0.05) and RTm (20 +/- 27 ms, p < 0.05). In the frequency domain, the high- (HF) and low-frequency (LF) band energies were low in the series formed by the ventricular repolarization intervals, and the LF band normalized amplitude was significantly lower than in the RR series. There were no significant differences in the frequencies of the maximum values of the LF and HF bands of the RR series with respect to the QT series. The correlations between the RR intervals and the subsequent repolarization intervals obtained in each subject were not significant in 7 of the 11 subjects studied., Conclusions: The automatic beat-by-beat determination of the ventricular repolarization intervals is precise, particularly when considering the intervals defined by the T wave peak. Repolarization variability during the sinus rhythm at rest is small, and is not linearly related to modifications of the previous RR interval. Neurovegetative and humoral influences are postulated to explain QT variations. The neurovegetative and humoral influences that regulate cardiac cycle and ventricular repolarization variability at rest, are found to be quantitatively different.

Background: The aim of the present controlled study was to assess the effect of subcutaneous administration of desmopressin acetate (DDAVP) on the yield of Factor VIII (FVIII) and von Willebrand Factor (vWF) obtained in cryoprecipitates after plasmapheresis collection., Subjects and Methods: Fifteen plasma donors underwent twice plasmapheresis collections using an "Autophereses C. model A-201" and cryoprecipitates were prepared using standard methods. In every subject of study one of the procedure was performed 35 min after subcutaneous administration of DDAVP (0.3 micrograms/kg), obtained from a highly concentrated preparation of the drug (40 micrograms/ml). Prior to the other apheresis procedure no chemicals were administered. Evaluation of FVIII and vWF levels was performed in peripheral blood samples obtained at different time points and cryoprecipitates product samples., Results: Administration of DDAVP led to two-fold increase the yield of FVIII and vWF immediately before the performance of plasmapheresis. DDAVP stimulation resulted in an increase in the yield of FVIII and vWF in cryoprecipitates, compared with levels in the absence of the drug (703 +/- 53 and 768 +/- 51 U versus 227 +/- 12 and 362 +/- 20 U, respectively). No adverse effects but flushing were observed after DDAVP administration., Conclusions: Subcutaneous administration of DDAVP prior to plasma collection is a safe method to improve drastically the content of FVIII and vWF in cryoprecipitates. This procedure should be considered as an useful tool to help in providing self-sufficiency of plasma.

We show the results of a retrospective study designed to assess the features of transient job disability (TJD) episodes of workers from two groups (clerks and nurses) from an urban health basic zone with 24,536 inhabitants, out of which 6,009 were active workers registered in social security databases. Population pyramid and job distribution in active workers were obtained from a random sample including 5% of the active population, out of which 17% were clerks and 5.54% nurses. There were 1098 TJD episodes in 1990; 32.4% of them involved clerks and 8.3% nurses. The mean length of episodes was 28.2 days in nurses and 27.8 days among clerks, compared to 32.4 days in the active population. These differences remained (p < 0.001) even after excluding TJD episodes of pregnant women, in whose case the mean length of episodes involving male or female workers was the same. The percentage of TJD episodes was higher among female nurses and clerks, than among the whole female population. Influenza was responsible for 20.5% of TJD in clerks against 14.3% among nurses and 14.8% in the whole active population. We conclude that, in the groups studied, the rate of job absenteeism was higher than in the whole population, and higher in female than in males. However, in the whole population, there were no differences in TJD rates between males and females. We discuss that several factors other than illness may explain the differences among groups.

Objective: To analyse whether the variables of gender, age and type of job of those in full-time work affect short-term unfitness for work (SUW) in a study undertaken within our health area., Design: A prospective and retrospective study of all the SUW., Setting: Primary Care. An urban Health Centre., Participants: Those people with full-time jobs registered at the Centre., Main Measurements and Results: The entire 1098 certificates of SUW issued in 1990 were processed. The population pyramid and job distribution among those in full-time work was obtained by a random sample of 5% of the active population. When time off for maternity (TOM) was excluded, women accounted for 44.8% of SUW and men 55.2%. There were no significant differences with the percentages these figures represent for the active population as a whole. The number of SUW per 100 people in work was 15.9 for men and 21.5 and 17.4 for women (including and excluding TOM, respectively). The average length of SUW, excluding maternity, was 27.06 days for men and 26.8 for women. On the question of age, those under 19 and over 40 contributed least to the SUW percentage. Additionally, those under 19 and over 60 were the proportions of the population least prone to SUW. On the question of type of job, we found a higher contribution to absenteeism than expected within Groups 3 and 4 and less in Groups 0/1, 5 and 7/8/9. The longest average length of time for SUW was in Group X (84.2 days/SUW)., Conclusions: Excluding TOM, gender does not appear to be a variable that affects SUW. Age group and type of job are variables affecting SUW. It will be necessary to undertake research into whether there are additional social or labour factors which might explain.

The growing drug dependency of developed societies has meant the uncontrolled use of drugs with the consequent medical risks and important economic repercussions. Primary health care in our country is characterized by high demand bureaucratization of clinics. Because of this, we consider it useful to rely on a prescription system for long term treatment, this being understood as a mechanism which allows the obtaining of prescriptions easily both for the patient and the doctor, control and monitoring of established chronic treatments, periodical therapy evaluations, which rely on the participation of other members of the primary health care team. In this report the model of the repeat prescription system in our health area is shown, from which the prescription can be obtained in a maximum time limit of 8 hours, the medication taken for chronic illness can be easily recognized and to make note of the date of the prescription.

From June/82 through November/85 bone marrow transplant recipients in our Institution were given only trimethoprim-sulfamethoxazole as prophylaxis against interstitial pneumonia. In December/85 we began a program of administration of passive immunoprophylaxis with hyperimmune plasma or cytomegalovirus-specific gamma globulin and transfusion of seronegative blood products to all bone marrow transplant recipients whether they were seropositive or seronegative prior to transplant. Nine of 36 patients in the historical control group and 9 of 32 patients in the study group developed an interstitial pneumonia. Interstitial pneumonia, once established, was treated empirically. The 9 patients in the control group received trimethoprim-sulfamethoxazole +/- adenine arabinoside, acyclovir, amphotericin B and anti-bacterial antibiotics; all died. Post-mortem study was performed in 7 (4 CMV, 3 idiopathic). The 9 patients in the study group received high dose cytomegalovirus-specific gamma globulin + acyclovir or ganciclovir in addition to the above measures. Four were cured, one relapsed and responded to treatment again. Five died (1 CMV, 1 candida, 3 idiopathic). We conclude that the prophylactic measures, as applied at our Institution, were inefficient. By contrast, therapy with specific immunoglobulin + acyclovir or ganciclovir can control a high percentage of patients. We compare this experience with reports from other centers.