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Motivación Este artículo analiza el efecto que ha podido tener el aumento de los contratos indefinidos observado a lo largo de 2022 sobre el gasto de las familias. Ideas principales •Los empleados con contrato indefinido dedicaban en 2019 (de media) un 81 % de la renta de su hogar al gasto, mientras que quienes tenían un contrato temporal dedicaban un 72 %. •La conversión de un contrato temporal en indefinido ha conllevado, históricamente, un aumento de la ratio de gasto sobre renta del 20 % (aproximadamente) en los dos trimestres siguientes. •Utilizando esos resultados, la conversión de contratos temporales en indefinidos observada en 2022 podría haber contribuido a incrementar la ratio de gasto sobre renta entre 0,18 y 0,24 puntos porcentuales.

"La literatura sobre el desarrollo financiero regularmente sugiere que el acceso a servicios de crédito incrementa el bienestar de los más necesitados. Este artículo analiza los efectos del acceso a crédito sobre la estructura de consumo de los hogares mexicanos. Se usa información de la encuesta de ingresos y gastos (ENIGH) 2020, para estimar modelos de la tenencia de tarjetas de crédito y préstamos bancarios en la explicación de cinco rubros de consumo; se validan los resultados usando Propensity Score Matching. Se encuentran efectos diferenciados de las dos fuentes de crédito sobre la estructura de consumo: las tarjetas de crédito impulsan el consumo agregado por medio del gasto en salud, en bienes durables y en otros bienes no durables; los préstamos, que son un instrumento recurrido por hogares con menor nivel socioeconómico, poseen pocos efectos positivos. El análisis evidencia que estas fuentes de crédito suavizan el consumo, pero no contribuyen a la reducción de brechas entre los hogares del país."

Evidence suggests that household responses to price and income changes are significantly sensitive across income levels and rural-urban location. In this paper, we focus on poor households vs. non-poor households using two definitions of poverty, objective and subjective. We evaluate the differential responses of poor households vs. non-poor households to changes in food expenditures and prices and simulate the welfare losses from food price changes across poverty definitions. We use the QUAIDS model to estimate food elasticities with data from the National Expenditure and Household Income Survey, 2016-2017, from Uruguay. Expenditure elasticities at the food level reveal that bread and dairy products are a necessity-food category, regardless of the poverty status and across poverty definitions, while beverages are a luxury good. The demand sensitivity for the rest of the food categories differs by poverty status and poverty definitions. Uncompensated own-price elasticities indicate that when poverty is defined objectively, then changes in demand due to changes in price are greater for poor households (except for meat products). However, poor households, under the subjective definition, are more sensitive than non-poor households only to changes in beverage prices. Additionally, changes in household economic welfare due to price increases vary according to poverty status. On average, the percentage of total income needed to avoid a loss in economic welfare of poor households, defined by the objective method, is double that required by the non-poor households, for all price changes. However, differences are much smaller when using the subjective approach to measure poverty., Fil: Echeverría, Lucía. Universidad Nacional de Mar del Plata. Facultad de Ciencias Económicas y Sociales; Argentina., Fil: Molina, José Alberto. University of Zaragoza. Department of Economic Analysis; Spain.

This study proposes a methodology for estimating child support, which combines two approaches. The first corresponds to the marginal approach, which approximates the cost of the child maintenance by comparing an equivalent income from households with the same level of well-being. The second is the per capita - average approach that approximates this cost through the so-called exclusive spending. We use the 2015-2016 Family Budget Survey to estimate the maintenance, considering households in five capital cities and the metropolis area of La Paz, which are above the moderate poverty line in Bolivia. Results shows that, on average, monthly child support represents 67% and 97% of the national minimum wage when the child studies in a public and private school, respectively. In this regard, we evidence that these percentages are higher than the minimum of 20% established by the Family and Family Process Code.

Changes on consumption of Mexican households generated by unexpected shocks in income, both permanent and transitory, are analyzed during the period 2000-2016 following the methodology developed by Blundell et al. (2008), which allows to evaluate which hypothesis on the response of consumption is more in line with the empirical evidence in Mexico: permanent income, complete markets, or partial insurance. The results suggest the presence of partial insurance on consumption in the face of permanent income shocks at the national level, although results are also consistent with the permanent income hypothesis. However, differences are found between regions when replicating the same analysis. Regarding temporary shocks, the coefficient of the effect of income shocks on consumption is not statistically significant at the national or regional level, which suggests a consumption smoothing by households in the face of temporary changes in their income.

54 p., En la presente investigación se estudia el tipo de presión social que ejerce el entorno en las decisiones de consumo de bienes tecnológicos (teléfonos móviles) de los jóvenes universitarios, si es de manera sutil, con pequeños «empujoncitos» (o 'nudges') o con mayor intensidad, a «empujones» (o 'big push'). El trabajo empírico se centra en una amplia muestra de alumnos (en total, 927) de cinco universidades madrileñas (dos públicas y tres privadas). Los objetivos específicos consistieron: i) en identificar la influencia del entorno sobre las valoraciones de compra; ii) los elementos que confluyen en las decisiones de compra, y iii) la satisfacción resultante. El enfoque teórico utilizado es desde la Economía del Comportamiento., In this research we analyze how the social pressure exerted by the environment in decisions of consumption of technological goods (mobile phones) of university students. Is it in a subtle way, with only small 'nudges', or is it with greater intensity, a 'big push'? The empirical work is focused on a large number of students (in total, 927) coming from five universities (two public and three private) in Madrid. The specific aims of this study were: a) to identify the influence of the environment in their purchase evaluations; b) to identify the elements that converge in their purchase decisions, and c), to rate their resulting satisfaction. The theoretical approach utilized comes from Behavioral Economics.

This paper introduces the use of graphs in the analysis of the determinants of tourists' expenditure, providing an alternative approach to the methods usually employed. Graph-based analysis is applied to study the behavior of cruise passengers arriving at the ports of Montevideo and Punta del Este in Uruguay. The graphical representation allows to synthesize and visualize the relationships between the set of variables that characterize tourists or tourist groups and the determinants of their level of spending. The graph-based methodology is particularly suitable to represent the dependency relationships among variables (between adjacent nodes) and conditional independence (between non-adjacent nodes). For the empirical application, individual data from the surveys of cruise passengers corresponding to the cruise season between November 2014 and April 2015 in Uruguay are considered. The existence of dependencies between spending variables and other variables that may be of interest (sociodemographic, contextual, etc.) is studied. The exercise shows that the variables that better explain visitors' behavior are linked to the port of disembarkation and the expenditure. The results also show that socioeconomic variables are not directly linked to spending.

This paper purpose is to determine the variables that could influence the individual observable decision of listening to recorded music in Colombia. To do so, probit models are estimated using micro-data from the Encuesta de Consumo Cultural 2008 [Cultural Consumption Survey 2008 ]. Empirical results show that individuals with higher education that take cultural courses and workshops, and belong to medium and high socio-economic strata, are those with the highest probability of listening to recorded music. Additionally, self-identified individuals as African-Colombian-descendent resent the lowest likelihood. This paper contributes to the scarce empirical literature on the determinants of cultural participation in Latin America.

We determine a relationship between high quality wines and its drivers. We answer the questions: What variables explain high-quality wine prices? How do certain factors (highly, slightly or scarcely) under control of the suppliers, influence prices? To respond, we build a database with thirteen years of the best 100 wines annually ranked in Wine Spectator magazine. With the database we estimate a hedonic price regression. We also identify wineries, origins and a country whose wines are "overvalued" or "undervalued" with respect to model's predictions.

Over the past decades there have been structural changes in the developed societies, both demographic and economic changes. In this paper we aim to study which has been the influence of these changes on the path towards adulthood of youth. We analyzed the emancipation of young at three points in time, and we provide predictions for such decision by gender, academic attainment and labor occupation. Our results indicate that the behavior of young people towards family independence varies between men and women. We have found that men are more sensitive to economic changes and women accuse more the changes in the education system. With predictions, we observe that the pattern of behavior of the emancipation process has not varied in the last decade of the last century; however there are some changes in the first decade of the 21st century.

During the 2000s, recurrent food price shocks due to volatility in international markets and extreme weather events affected consumption and nutritional patterns of Mexican urban households. This research quantifies the impacts of food price shocks on the purchase of nutrients and on the weight gain of children in urban Mexican households. We find differentiated patterns of food consumption across income quintiles, which result in heterogeneous effects of price shocks on the purchase of nutrients and on weight gain according to age and sex in children. In particular, cereal price shocks are more detrimental and more regressive than price shocks on other categories like meats or beverages.

In this paper the most relevant results obtained in a survey conducted by 300 users of the "Pablo de Olavide" Seville metro stop are presented. The aim of the paper is twofold. On the one hand, the user profile is analysed: motivations for using the subway, intermodality and flows, whereas, on the other hand, the price elasticity of demand is partially computed by means of the willingness to pay for that specific user profile. In fact, both the particular user profile and Seville metro's characteristics explain some of the obtained results that hopefully will help managers of Seville metro in making decisions.

En el presente trabajo se estudia la relación de Engel en el consumo de alimentos fuera del hogar (AFH) en Argentina. Se especifican y estiman distintas curvas de Engel considerando las características socioeconómicas y demográficas de los hogares, y computando luego las elasticidades-gasto respectivas. Se concluye que las circunstancias en las que se realiza el consumo de AFH son cruciales para la caracterización económica del bien, mostrando que en horas de esparcimiento los AFH están más cerca de ser bienes de lujo, mientras que en circunstancias de trabajo o estudio son un bien necesario; solo este último caso es consistente con la denominada ley de Engel. This paper studies the Engel’s relationship for the consumption of food away from home (FAFH) in Argentina. Different Engel curves and their respective expenditure elasticities are estimated, including socio-economic and demographic characteristics of households, and later computing the respective elasticity-expense. It concludes that the circumstances in which FAFH consumption occurs are crucial to its economic characterization. When FAFH occurs in leisure time, it appears to be a luxury, while in work or study circumstances, it turns out a necessity. Only the last case is consistent with the so-called Engel’s law. Dans cet article, nous étudions les courbes d’Engel de la consommation alimentaire hors du domicile (CAHD) en Argentine. On spécifié et estimé différentes formes de courbes d’Engel compte tenu des caractéristiques socio-économiques et démographiques des ménages, puis on calcule les élasticités des dépenses respectives. Nous concluons que les circonstances dans lesquelles la consommation hors du ménage est effectué sont cruciales pour la caractérisation économique du bien. Dans les heures de loisir la CAHD est plus proche des biens de luxe, dans les heures de travail ou dans des circonstances scolaires cette consommation caractérise des elasticités des biens de type nécessaires. Seul ce dernier est compatible avec la loi dite d’Engel Fil: García Arancibia, Rodrigo. Universidad Nacional del Litoral. Facultad de Cs.economicas. Departamento de Economia; Argentina

El presente trabajo utiliza una Aproximación Lineal del Modelo Casi Ideal de Demanda (Linear Approximation/Almost Ideal Demand System) para examinar los gastos de los colombianos en la canasta básica, y estimar sus respectivas elasticidades precio y gasto, a partir de datos de series de tiempo para Colombia en el período de 1968-2007. Las elasticidades gasto y precio, compensadas y no compensadas, presentan los signos esperados, siendo en su mayoría menores en valor absoluto a uno y estadísticamente significativas.

Haciendo uso de los datos de la Encuesta sobre Salud, Bienestar y Envejecimiento, este trabajo analiza el estado de salud de las personas mayores a 60 años en cinco países de América Latina: Argentina, Brasil, Chile, México y Uruguay. Empleando modelos probit ordenados fue posible investigar los efectos de variables socioeconómicas sobre el estado de salud auto-reportado. Los resultados indican que la autopercepción de la salud está relacionada positivamente con una buena nutrición, una mayor educación y un estilo de vida activo. Los individuos que se encuentran satisfechos con su ingreso actual reportaran, probablemente, una salud mejor. Se encontró, igualmente, que el nivel socioeconómico en las etapas iniciales de la vida influencia el estado de salud auto-reportado, lo cual tiene importantes implicaciones para la política de salud pública. Finalmente, la relación entre las variables socioeconómicas y la autopercepción de la salud es consistente para los cinco países. This work analyses the state of health of people older than 60 in five Latin-American countries (Argentina, Brazil, Chile, Mexico and Uruguay) by making use of the Health, Wellbeing and Aging Survey data. Ordered probit models were used for investigating socioeconomic variables’ effects on the self-reported state of health. The results indicated that selfperception of health was positively related to good nutrition, better education and an active life-style. Individuals who were satisfied with their current income probably reported better health. It was also found that the socioeconomic level enjoyed/suffered during initial stages of life influenced the state of self-reported health, thereby having important implications for public health policy. The relationship between socioeconomic variables and self-perception of health was consistent for the five countries. A partir des données de l’Enquête sur la Santé, le Bien-être et le Vieillissement, ce travail analyse l’état de santé des personnes âgées de plus de 60 ans dans cinq pays d’Amérique latine: l’Argentine, le Brésil, le Chili, le Mexique et l’Uruguay. En utilisant des modèles probit ordonnés, il a été possible d’étudier les effets de variables socioéconomiques sur l’état de santé indiqué par l’individu. Les résultats montrent que l’autoperception concernant la santé a un rapport positif avec une nutrition adéquate, une plus grande éducation et un style de vie actif. Les individus satisfaits de leur revenu actuel rapporteront, probablement, une meilleure santé. On a également remarqué que le niveau socioéconomique dans les étapes initiales de la vie influe sur l’état de santé autorapporté, ce qui a des implications importantes pour la politique de santé publique. Finalement, le rapport entre les variables socioéconomiques et l’autoperception de la santé est consistant pour les cinq pays étudiés