9 results on '"Dioecy"'
Search Results
2. Population size, sex-ratio and sexual dimorphism in Fuchsia parviflora (Onagraceae) an endemic dioecious shrub
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Eduardo Cuevas, María Ángeles Pérez, and Lucero Sevillano
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biotic pollination ,dioecy ,floral dimorphism ,population size ,Botany ,QK1-989 - Abstract
Background: In small dioecious populations stochastic events may increase biased sex ratios decreasing the viability of populations. Moreover, pollinators may promote pollen limitation if sexual dimorphism related to pollinator attraction, such as flower size and number of flowers are present. Questions: 1) In order to estimate the viability of natural populations of Fuchsia parviflora, population size, sex ratio and fruit production were estimated in natural populations. In addition, number of flowers and floral traits were compared between genders as a way to predict pollinator preferences to particular gender. Studied species: Fuchsia parviflora is an endemic Mexican dioecious, animal-pollinated shrub. Methods: In 2012 and 2013 population sizes and sex ratios were estimated in 12 populations in the states of Michoacan and Jalisco. In addition, the number of flowers and floral traits were estimated between genders. Results: Population sizes varied widely from 14 to 550 individuals and an overall significant male- bias was found. Male frequency varied from 50 % to 78 % among populations and some male-biased populations were also the small populations. A significant negative correlation between population size and male frequency was found, but no relationship was found between population size and number of flowers or fruit production. Reproductive plant height varied among populations but not between genders within populations. Male plants had larger number of flowers but floral longevity did not differ between genders. Consistently in all evaluated populations, staminate flowers had longer floral tubes and wider corolla diameter than pistillate flowers. Conclusions: In accordance to stochastic sex ratio fluctuations by small population sizes, it was expected to find populations with male and female-biased sex ratios. However, the absence of female-biased sex ratio suggests that male plants may have a higher survival chance but this hypothesis has to be tested. Although populations seem not to be seed-limited, some populations were cut during this study to plant avocado trees, suggesting the need to implement conservation efforts to preserve populations of F. parviflora.
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- 2017
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3. Anatomy and fruit development in Schinopsis balansae (Anacardiaceae)
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Ana María González and José Luis Vesprini
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dioecy ,dry fruits ,fruit ontogeny ,parthenocarpy ,agamospermy ,samaras ,quebracho ,empty fruits ,pericarp ,Botany ,QK1-989 - Abstract
Schinopsis balansae Engl. is a dioecious tree; reproduction is by woody samaras containing a single seed. Fruit set is high, even in isolated trees, empty fruits are frequent and account for a high proportion of the total fruit production. To describe the anatomy and the ontogeny of seeded and seedless fruits, flowers and fruits at different development stages from bagged and pollen exposed flowers were studied. The development and the anatomy of the pericarp in seeded and parthenocarpic fruits did not differ. It consisted in an exocarp formed sensu lato from the external epidermis of the ovary and some layers of the underlying parenchyma. The mature mesocarp was constituted by a sclerified tissue and lysigenous channels. The fruit is of Anacardium type: the endocarp presented three sclerenchymatic and a crystalliferous layer. The endocarp development was also sensu lato because it was formed from the epidermis and the hypodermis of the carpel. This organization agrees with the only species described in the genus: S. haenkeana Engl. Schinopsis balansae is able to produce parthenocarpic fruits in the absence of pollination. Empty fruits from free exposed flowers presented embryos arrested at different stages, although total absence of an embryo was the most common condition. Parthenocarpy seems to be a plesiomorphic trait within the Anacardiaceae, but regardless of its origin, the maintenance of empty fruit production in a wind-dispersed samara is difficult to explain. Whether parthenocarpy has an adaptive value, or is an evolutionary constraint remains unclear in Schinopsis.
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- 2010
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4. Reproductive biology of Hechtia schottii, a dioecious Bromeliaceae, in Mexico
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Ivón M Ramírez Morillo, Francisco Chi May, Germán Carnevali Fernández-Concha, and Filogonio May Pat
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Hechtia schottii ,Bromeliaceae ,biología reproductiva ,dioico ,polinizador ,Mexico ,Yucatán ,reproductive biology ,dioecy ,pollinators ,Biology (General) ,QH301-705.5 - Abstract
Hechtia schottii is a terrestrial, rosetofilous, dioecious, polycarpic succulent herb, that grows mainly in shrubby associations, and less frequently, in secondary low caducifolious forests, both on calcareous soils or limestone outcrops in Yucatan and Campeche States, Mexico. We studied phenology, floral and pollination biology, and breeding system at Calcehtok, Yucatan, during two flowering seasons. Plants bloom mainly during the dry season (November-April) and disperse seeds during the rainy season (May-October). Both floral morphs have diurnal anthesis; pollen is removed ca. 1 h after anthesis starts and both floral morphs are visited by several insect species, especially bees, but results suggest that the introduced honey bee, Apis mellifera, is the pollinator. Controlled crossings show that the species is functionally dioecious and requires to be serviced by pollinators based on fruit setting only in unassisted cross pollination crosses. Rev. Biol. Trop. 56 (1): 279-289. Epub 2008 March 31.Hechtia schottii es una hierba terrestre, suculenta, rosetófila, dioica y policárpica, que crece en asociaciones arbustivas y selva baja caducifolia secundaria, ambos en suelos calcáreos o limosos. Estudiamos la fenología, la biología floral, reproductiva y de la polinización en una población en Calcehtok, Yucatán, México, durante dos estaciones de floración. Las plantas florecen principalmente en la época de secas (noviembre-abril) y la dispersión de semillas es durante la estación de lluvias (mayo-octubre). Ambas formas (morphs) florales tienen antesis diurna; el polen es removido ca. 1 h después del comienzo de la antesis y ambas formas florales son visitadas por varias especies de insectos, especialmente abejas, pero los resultados sugieren que la abeja introducida, Apis mellifera, es el polinizador. Cruces controlados muestran que la especie es funcionalmente dioica y que requiere de un polinizador, ya que solo produce frutos por polinización no asistida entre formas.
- Published
- 2008
5. Caracterização funcional do sistema reprodutivo da aroeira-vermelha (Schinus terebinthifolius Raddi), em Florianópolis-SC, Brasil Characterization of the functional reproductive system of the pink-pepper (Schinus terebinthifolius Raddi), in Florianópolis, SC, Brazil
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Maurício Lenzi and Afonso Inácio Orth
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Anacardiaceae ,dioicia ,polinização ,restinga ,dioecy ,pollination ,sand-bank ,Plant culture ,SB1-1110 - Abstract
Determinou-se a dioicia como sistema reprodutivo de S. terebinthifolius (Anacardiaceae), em uma área com influência antrópica e em outra área de restinga, no município de Florianópolis-SC. Durante dois períodos reprodutivos, desenvolveram-se os tratamentos de polinização livre e cruzada manual, realizados em plantas de ambos os sexos, e tratamentos de anemofilia, agamospermia e partenocarpia, realizados apenas em plantas femininas. Os tratamentos de polinização que resultaram em frutificação foram o livre, maior média 45%, e cruzada manual, maior média 56,2%, confirmando-se funcionalmente a dioicia da espécie. Os demais tratamentos de polinização não resultaram em frutificação, indicando que o gineceu reduzido das flores masculinas não é funcional, a espécie não é anemófila, não é apomítica e não possui partenocarpia. A razão pólen/óvulo entre uma flor masculina e uma flor feminina foi alta (99.267: 1), classificando a espécie como xenogâmica.Dioecy, as the reproductive system of S. terebinthifolius (Anacardiaceae), was investigated in an area with human interference and in a sandbank area, in the municipal district of Florianópolis, SC. During two reproductive periods the following pollination tests were performed: open pollination and manual cross-pollination have been developed in plants of both sexes, and tests of anemophily, agamospermy and parthenogenesis, accomplished only in female plants. Pollen grains have been germinated in different sucrose concentrations to verify their viability. The pollination treatments that resulted into fruit set were the open pollination, with the greatest average of 45%, and manual cross-pollination, with the greatest average of 56,2%. The other pollination tests did not result in fruit set, showing that the reduced gynoecium of the male flowers is not functional, proving dioecy of the species, neither the species is anemophilic, nor apomitic, and it does not present partenocarpy. The pollen/ovule ratio between a male and a female flower was high (99,267:1), classifying the species as xenogamic.
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- 2004
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6. Aspectos reproductivos, arquitectura y fenomorfología de Maytenus boaria Molina (Celastraceae) en Chile central
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Rosanna Ginocchio, Magdalena Godoy, Luz María de la Fuente, and Miguel Gómez
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Maytenus boaria ,Ecology ,biology ,Pollination ,ciclo fenológico ,Dioecy ,Crown (botany) ,Plant Science ,Horticulture ,Evergreen ,biology.organism_classification ,fenofases ,dioecia ,Celastraceae ,autogamia autónoma ,maitén ,Inflorescence ,Axillary bud ,Botany - Abstract
RESUMEN Maytenus boaria Molina (Celastraceae) es un árbol nativo siempreverde de amplia distribución en Chile, con alto potencial económico por los diversos usos tradicionales descritos. A pesar de esto, existe escasa y confusa información biológica de la especie. El objetivo de este estudio fue ampliar el conocimiento sobre aspectos reproductivos y el sistema sexual de M. boaria, además de la arquitectura de la copa y su fenomorfología. El estudio se realizó entre agosto y diciembre de 2016, con individuos adultos (n=17) seleccionados en sectores urbanos de la Región Metropolitana. Se realizó un ensayo de polinización y se identificó el sexo de las flores de cada árbol seleccionado. Además, se realizó un diagrama fenomorfológico de la especie a través de la interpretación modular de la arquitectura y la identificación de sus fenofases. Los resultados indican que M. boaria es dioica y andromonoica; presenta una baja autogamia autónoma y es una especie no apomíctica que necesita de vectores de polinización para la producción de semillas. Posee cuatro módulos arquitectónicos en su copa -dolicoblasto de yema apical, dolicoblasto de yema axilar, inflorescencia y braquiblasto temporal reproductivo- dispuestos en dos unidades arquitecturales. Los aspectos reproductivos analizados y la fenomorfología de esta especie indican que estaría en un proceso evolutivo respecto a la funcionalidad de las flores hermafroditas, lo que ha sido planteado como un paso intermedio del hermafroditismo a la dioecia. Un mayor conocimiento de estas temáticas permitirá un mejor entendimiento de la autoecología de la especie, para un adecuado manejo productivo de esta.
- Published
- 2020
7. Efficiency of staminate cultivars in the pollination of kiwifruit (Actinidia deliciosa, cv Hayward) in Southeastern Buenos Aires
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Marcellán, Olga, Godoy, Carlos, and De Brito, Adrián
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producción de semilla ,seed set ,viabilidad polínica ,Sudeste bonaerense ,floral synchrony ,Ciencias Agrarias ,pollen viability ,sincronía floral ,dioecy ,dioecia - Abstract
La polinización es una de las etapas más críticas del cultivo de kiwi, Actinidia deliciosa (A. Chev.) Liang & Ferguson, tratándose de una especie dioica. En Argentina alrededor del 70% de la producción está concentrada en el sudeste bonaerense, zona agroecológica óptima para este cultivo. En el presente trabajo se evaluó el comportamiento de tres cultivares estaminados difundidos en la zona (Chieftain, M56 y M52) en relación al grado de superposición de la floración con el cultivar femenino Hayward durante tres años consecutivos, la cantidad de polen viable producido y la capacidad del polen de mantener su viabilidad a lo largo del almacenamiento. Se consideraron tres estimadores de la viabilidad del polen: Tinción, Germinación in vitro y Producción de semilla, en períodos de almacenamiento del polen de 1 y 4 semanas a 4ºC, y de 1 y 12 meses a -20ºC. El grado de sincronía de la floración varió según el año, tendiendo a anticiparse la floración de los cultivares estaminados, los cuales difirieron en la cantidad y calidad del polen producido. Chieftain produjo una cantidad de polen sustancialmente superior al resto de los cultivares estaminados evaluados. La viabilidad del polen fresco fue superior al 90% y se mantuvo alta, con valores cercanos al 80% después de 1 mes a 4⁰C y 12 meses a -20⁰C. El polen de Chieftain perdió viabilidad a una tasa mayor que la de los otros polinizadores. Los frutos obtenidos a partir de polen, tanto fresco como conservado, de los tres cultivares estaminados alcanzaron el tamaño comercial., Pollination is one of the most critical stages of kiwifruit, Actinidia deliciosa (A. Chev.) Liang & Ferguson, being a dioecious species. In Argentina approximately 70% of kiwifruit production is concentrated in Southeastern Buenos Aires, where agroecological conditions are optimal for this fruit crop. In the present study, behavior of the more spread out staminate cultivars (Chieftain, M56 and M52) was evaluated relative to flowering overlap with the cultivar female (Hayward) for three consecutive seasons. Pollen viability was also studied based on staining, in vitro germination and seed set in periods of 1 and 4 weeks stored at 4ºC, and 1 and 12 months at -20ºC. Degree of flowering synchrony varied according to the season, with the tendency to anticipate the flowering of the staminate cultivars, which varied in the quantity and quality of the pollen produced. Chieftain produced more pollen than the rest of staminate cultivars. Viability of fresh pollen was higher than 90% and remained high, with values close to 80%, after 1 month at 4⁰C and 12 months at -20⁰C. Chieftain pollen lost viability at a higher rate than the pollen of the other two staminate cultivars. Fruits obtained from pollinations with both fresh and preserved pollen of the three staminate cultivars reached commercial size., Facultad de Ciencias Agrarias y Forestales
- Published
- 2018
8. Reproductive biology of Ziziphus mistol Griseb. (Rhamnaceae) and Vasconcellea quercifolia A. St.-Hil. (Caricaceae): two native tree species from north-central of Argentina
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Cerino, María Carolina, Torretta, Juan Pablo, Ferrucci de Carrera, María Silvia, Ortega Baes, Francisco, Galetto, Leonardo, and Tomas, Pablo Andrés
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Self-incompatibility ,Alogamia ,Dioecia ,Dioecy ,Recursos genéticos ,Dicogamia ,Dichogamy ,Moth pollination ,Auto-incompatibilidad ,Genetic resources ,Falenofilia ,Phalenophily - Abstract
Fil: Cerino, María Carolina. Universidad Nacional del Litoral. Facultad de Bioquímica y Ciencias Biológicas; Argentina. El estudio del comportamiento reproductivo de especies vegetales promisorias resulta indispensable para su incorporación en programas de manejo, conservación y domesticación de recursos genéticos nativos. En este trabajo se estudió la biología reproductiva de dos árboles nativos del bosque chaqueño con amplia variedad de usos reales y potenciales: Ziziphus mistol Griseb. y Vasconcellea quercifolia A. St.-Hil. Los aspectos estudiados incluyeron: descripción de la fenología reproductiva (inicio, pico y fin de floración); caracterización de la biología floral (morfo sexual, lengevidad floral y recompensas) y del elenco de visitantes florales (observaciones del comportamiento de forrajeo y duración de visitas, captura de insectos); y determinación del sistema reproductivo (tratamientos manipulativos de las flores y de exclusión de polen y vectores de polen). El estudio se realizó en una población de cada especie, ambas ubicadas en Colonia La Brava, Departamento San Javier, Provincia de Santa Fe (30º51’08.63’’S, 60º15’56.37’’O). Las mismas fueron monitoreadas durante cuatro temporadas reproductivas consecutivas entre los años 2010 y 2013. Fue observado que Z. mistol exhibe dicogamia protándrica sincronizada, sus principales visitantes fueron avispas de los géneros Brachygastra y Polistes, y la formación de frutos ocurrió principalmente por polinización cruzada. Por otro lado, V. quercifolia presentó dioecia funcional y morfológica, y sus visitantes fueron polillas mayormente de las familias Noctuidae y Pyralidae. Los resultados indican que ambas especies son principalmente xenógamas y requieren de polinizadores para la formación de frutos y semillas. The study of the reproductive behavior of promissory plant species is indispensable for its incorporation in management, conservation and breeding programs of native genetic resources. In this work was studied the reproductive biology of two native trees of the Chaco forest, both with a wide variety of real and potential uses: Ziziphus mistol Griseb. And Vasconcellea quercifolia A. St.-Hil. The aspects studied included: description of reproductive phenology (beginning, peak and end of flowering); characterization of floral biology (sexual morphology, floral lengevity and rewards) and floral visitors (observations of foraging behavior and duration of visits, capture of insects); and breeding system evaluation (manipulative treatments of flowers and exclusion of pollen and pollen vectors). The study was carried out in a population of each species, both located in Colonia La Brava, San Javier Department, Province of Santa Fe (30º51'08.63'S, 60º15'56.37''O). They were monitored during four consecutive breeding seasons between the years 2010 and 2013. Z. mistol was observed to exhibit synchronized protandric dichogamy, its main visitors were the Brachygastra and Polistes wasps, and the fruit set was mainly through cross-pollination. On the other hand, V. quercifolia presented functional and morphological dioecy, and its visitors were moths mostly of the Noctuidae and Pyralidae families. The results indicate that both species are mainly xenogamous and require pollinators for fruits and seeds set. Universidad Nacional del Litoral Consejo Nacional de Investigaciones Científicas y Técnicas
- Published
- 2015
9. Floral morphology and anatomy of Schinopsis balansae (Anacardiaceae)
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Gonzalez, Ana María
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Nectarios ,Morphology ,SCHINOPSIS ,Anarcadiaceae ,Dioecia ,Dioecy ,Vascularization ,ANATOMÍA ,Nectario ,Flowers ,Nectary ,purl.org/becyt/ford/1 [https] ,Ciencias Biológicas ,Staminoids ,Vascularización ,Anatomía floral ,Morfología ,Schinopsis balansae ,purl.org/becyt/ford/1.6 [https] ,Nectaries ,Estaminodios ,FLORES ,Ciencias de las Plantas, Botánica ,CIENCIAS NATURALES Y EXACTAS ,QUEBRACHO - Abstract
Fil: González, Ana María. Universidad Nacional del Nordeste. Facultad de Ciencias Agrarias; Argentina. Fil: González, Ana María. Consejo Nacional de Investigaciones Científicas y Técnicas. Instituto de Botánica del Nordeste; Argentina. Se realizó el análisis morfo-anatómico de Schinopsis balansae Engl. con microscopía óptica y electrónica de barrido a fin de obtener datos de las flores de esta especie, definida como polígamo-dioica. Los resultados muestran que las flores estructuralmente perfectas son funcionalmente pistiladas, si bien presentan cinco estaminodios, los mismos carecen de tejido esporógeno; mientras que en las flores estaminadas la estructura denominada pistilo vestigial no es más que la excrecencia del ápice del receptáculo, cubierta por tejido nectarífero. De este modo, lo correcto es describir S. balansae como especie dioica. El estudio de la vascularización de las flores estaminadas muestra que el proceso de reducción es completo, ya que ni siquiera persisten los haces vasculares del pistilo. El gineceo de las flores pistiladas es pseudomonómero, con un carpelo funcional, un estilo/estigma dorsal y un óvulo; además posee dos carpelos vestigiales representados por sendos estilo/estigma laterales. Ambos tipos de flores presentan un disco nectarífero intraestaminal, con nectarostomatas para la salida del néctar. El análisis de la estructura anatómica de S. balansae brinda datos que concuerdan con los encontrados en otros géneros estudiados de la subfamila Anacardioideae de la familia Anacardiaceae. A morphological and anatomical analysis of Schinopsis balansae Engl. was performed, using optical and scanning electron microscopy. The main objective was to obtain data from the flowers of this species, usually described as polygamous-dioecious. The results shows that the flowers described as functionally perfect are structurally pistillate; although have five staminoids, they are smaller and lack sporogenous tissue. In the staminate flowers, the structure described as vestigial pistil is the excrescence of the apex of the receptacle, covered by nectariferous tissue. Thus, it is right to describe S. balansae as dioecious species. The study of the vascularization of male flowers shows that the reduction process is complete, since not even the vascular traces for the pistil persists. The gynoecium of pistillate flowers is pseudomonomerous with one functional carpel, one ovule and one dorsal style and stigmata, and two vestigial carpels, represented only by individual lateral style/stigma. Both types of flowers present an intrastaminal nectary disc, with nectarostomatas for nectar release. The analysis of the anatomic structure of S. balansae provides data that are consistent with those found in other studied genus of Anacardioideae group in the Anacardiaceae family.
- Published
- 2013
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