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Resumen: Introducción: Determinar si la administración de fármacos antiepilépticos (FAE) puede alterar la probabilidad de encontrar anomalías epileptiformes en EEG realizados de forma precoz tras una primera crisis epiléptica (CE). Método: Estudio observacional retrospectivo en el que se incluyó a los pacientes atendidos en urgencias de nuestro centro por una primera CE entre julio del 2014 y noviembre del 2019. Se recogieron los datos clínicos, las características técnicas de adquisición e interpretación de los EEG efectuados durante las primeras 72 h tras la CE y los factores relacionados con la recurrencia. Resultados: Se recogieron 155 pacientes; edad media 48,6 ±22,5 años; 61,3% hombres. El 51% presentó crisis tónico-clónicas de inicio desconocido y el 12% focales con progresión a tónico-clónica bilateral. El 25,2% (39/155) recibió tratamiento con FAE antes de la realización del EEG; en 33 pacientes se administró un FAE no benzodiacepínico y en 6 una benzodiacepina. Se observaron anomalías epileptiformes en 29,7% de los pacientes. La administración previa de FAE no se asoció de forma significativa ni con la probabilidad de detectar anomalías epileptiformes (p = 0,25) ni con el riesgo de recurrencia a los 6 meses (p = 0,63). Conclusiones: La administración de un FAE previo a la realización del EEG precoz tras una primera CE no disminuye la probabilidad de detectar anomalías epileptiformes. Estos hallazgos sugieren que iniciar un FAE de forma inmediata en aquellos pacientes con alto riesgo de recurrencia precoz no implica un menor rendimiento diagnóstico de dicha prueba. Abstract: Introduction: This study aimed to determine whether the administration of antiepileptic drugs (AED) alters the likelihood of detecting epileptiform abnormalities in electroencephalographies (EEG) performed early after a first epileptic seizure. Method: We performed a retrospective, observational study including patients with a first seizure attended at our centre's emergency department between July 2014 and November 2019. We collected clinical data, as well as technical data on the acquisition and interpretation of the EEG performed within the first 72 hours after the seizure, and the factors related with seizure recurrence. Results: We recruited 155 patients with a mean (SD) age of 48.6 (22.5) years; 61.3% were men. Regarding seizure type, 51% presented tonic-clonic seizures of unknown onset and 12% presented focal to bilateral tonic-clonic seizures. Thirty-nine patients (25.2%) received AED treatment before the EEG was performed: 33 received a non-benzodiazepine AED and 6 received a benzodiazepine. Epileptiform abnormalities were observed in 29.7% of patients. Previous administration of AEDs was not significantly associated with the probability of detecting interictal epileptiform abnormalities (P=.25) or with the risk of recurrence within 6 months (P=.63). Conclusions: Administration of AEDs before an early EEG following a first seizure does not decrease the likelihood of detecting epileptiform abnormalities. These findings suggest that starting AED treatment immediately in patients with a high risk of early recurrence does not imply a reduction in the diagnostic accuracy of the test.

O objetivo desse artigo é partir de uma visão geral dos principais processos educativos presentes no Brasil colonial para contrastá-los com dinâmicas específicas vivenciadas numa região singular, a capitania de Minas Gerais, indicando as principais tendências investigativas sobre o tema. Essa abordagem permite vislumbrar as ações das instituições dominantes no cenário colonial, isto é, o Estado português e a Igreja Católica, e o envolvimento de diferentes grupos sociais e indivíduos em atividades educativas, mesmo que distanciadas daquelas instituições. Tendo em vista o desvendamento dos mecanismos envolvidos nas diferentes formas de relação com a educação em seus diversos entendimentos sobre ela, desde que se instalaram as primeiras instituições educativas e se iniciaram processos escolares e não escolares no Brasil, utiliza-se a abordagem que considera as diferentes escalas de análise, transitando dos processos gerais para as dinâmicas particulares, numa perspectiva orientada pela micro-história e suas propostas metodológicas, a fim de realçar sua pertinência para uma compreensão mais refinada da história da educação brasileira em seus tempos iniciais.

Although zoophilic dermatophytes remain the predominant cause of tinea capitis in Spain, an increase due to anthropophilic species has been reported. We report a retrospective observational study that included twenty-four children, who were diagnosed with tinea capitis due to anthropophilic species between 2004 and 2019. 75% of the patients were males with a mean age of 4,88 years. We observed 83,3% of cases from Africa, 4,2% from South America and 12,5% from Spain. Clinically, 70,8% of the patients presented scaly patches and non-scaring alopecia. Trichophyton soudanense was the main dermatophyte of the series (45,8%), followed by Microsporum audouinii (20,8%), Trichophyton tonsurans (12,5%) and Trichophyton violaceum (12,5%). Although this pattern of infection appears to be linked to immigration from Africa, we saw three native cases. The easier transmission of anthropophilic rather than zoophilic dermatophytes could predict a rise in the incidence of tinea capitis and a public health problem. Resumen: Aunque los dermatofitos zoófilos son aparentemente aún la causa principal de tinea capitis en España, se está observando un repunte por especies antropófilas. Presentamos un estudio observacional retrospectivo de veinticuatro niños con tinea capitis antropófila, diagnosticados en nuestro centro entre 2004 y 2019. El 75% de los pacientes fueron varones con una media de edad de 4,88 años. El 83,3% eran africanos, el 4,2% de América del Sur y el 12,5% de España. Clínicamente, en el 70,8% de los casos se observaron parches descamativos con alopecia no cicatricial. Trichophyton soudanense fue el dermatofito más aislado (45,8%), seguido de Microsporum audouinii (20,8%), Trichophyton tonsurans (12,5%) y Trichophyton violaceum (12,5%). Aunque este patrón parece estar relacionado con la inmigración africana, observamos 3 casos nativos. La facilidad de transmisión de los dermatofitos antropófilos permite predecir un aumento en la incidencia de la tinea capitis y un potencial problema de salud pública.

Resumen: Aunque los dermatofitos zoófilos son aparentemente aún la causa principal de tinea capitis en España, se está observando un repunte por especies antropófilas. Presentamos un estudio observacional retrospectivo de 24 niños con tinea capitis antropófila, diagnosticados en nuestro centro entre 2004 y 2019. El 75% de los pacientes fueron varones con una media de edad de 4,88 años. El 83,3% eran africanos, el 4,2% de América del Sur y el 12,5% de España. Clínicamente, en el 70,8% de los casos se observaron parches descamativos con alopecia no cicatricial. Trichophyton soudanense fue el dermatofito más aislado (45,8%), seguido de Microsporum audouinii (20,8%), Trichophyton tonsurans (12,5%) y Trichophyton violaceum (12,5%). Aunque este patrón parece estar relacionado con la inmigración africana, observamos 3 casos nativos. La facilidad de transmisión de los dermatofitos antropófilos permite predecir un aumento en la incidencia de la tinea capitis y un potencial problema de salud pública. Abstract: Although zoophilic dermatophytes remain the predominant cause of tinea capitis in Spain, an increase due to anthropophilic species has been reported. We report a retrospective observational study that included 24 children, who were diagnosed with tinea capitis due to anthropophilic species between 2004 and 2019. 75% of the patients were males with a mean age of 4,88 years. We observed 83,3% of cases from Africa, 4,2% from South America and 12,5% from Spain. Clinically, 70,8% of the patients presented scaly patches and non-scaring alopecia. Trichophyton soudanense was the main dermatophyte of the series (45,8%), followed by Microsporum audouinii (20,8%), Trichophyton tonsurans (12,5%) and Trichophyton violaceum (12,5%). Although this pattern of infection appears to be linked to immigration from Africa, we saw three native cases. The easier transmission of anthropophilic rather than zoophilic dermatophytes could predict a rise in the incidence of tinea capitis and a public health problem.

O artigo analisa eventos educativos ocorridos na América portuguesa setecentista, na capitania de Minas Gerais, inscritos nas práticas pedagógicas e civilizadoras do estado e da igreja em duas dimensões: na atuação das famílias quanto à construção de estratégias para a educação das crianças e jovens, por meio de seus capitais econômicos e culturais; nas ações pedagógicas para a conformação social da população mestiça, foco nas pretensões civilizadoras e de controle. As análises valem-se de fontes que, embora já bem conhecidas da historiografia colonial, são relativamente recentes no corpus documental das pesquisas sobre a história da educação no Brasil nos séculos XVIII e XIX: os testamentos, os inventários post mortem e os processos eclesiásticos.

Este artigo apresenta o Grupo de Pesquisa Cultura e Educação nos Impérios Ibéricos (CEIbero) e comenta a sua produção historiográfica na última década, caracterizando o grupo, em seus eventos de divulgação científica e publicações, como espaço de discussão sobre os processos e as práticas educativas no ambiente político e cultural do Antigo Regime ibérico, particularmente no que se refere ao contexto de reformas educacionais realizadas sob influência das Luzes. Essa perspectiva está voltada para um entendimento mais abrangente do conceito de educação, para além da noção hegemônica na historiografia que a vê como educação necessariamente escolar, organizando as investigações em torno de três linhas de pesquisa: Administração, instrução e educação; Cultura escrita e práticas culturais e educativas; Instituições e práticas culturais e educativas. Neste sentido, as pesquisas conduzidas pelos integrantes do Grupo abordam a formação dos quadros administrativos dos Impérios ibéricos, os diversos projetos educacionais desses Impérios e suas relações com as atividades econômicas e profissionais, as relações entre a Ilustração e a cultura escrita, as práticas culturais e educativas como mediadoras de sociabilidades e as instituições de natureza cultural e educacional, seus componentes e suas ações.

La cesárea es el procedimiento quirúrgico más frecuentemente realizado en mujeres, y su objetivo es disminuir la morbimortalidad materna-perinatal. Históricamente, las indicaciones han sido diversas; antes del siglo XVI, y por influencia religiosa, era obligatorio realizarla en toda mujer que falleciera antes del parto para enterrar los cuerpos de la madre y el bebé por separado. Posteriormente, en la antigua Roma, la Lex Caesarea contemplaba que a una mujer que muriese en el embarazo se le debía realizar esta cirugía con el fin de salvar la vida del feto (1). Es solo hasta el siglo XVI que se conoce dato de la primera mujer que sobrevivió a una cesárea y, desde entonces, las indicaciones habían estado reservadas a casos en que se presumía que el parto vaginal era arriesgado para la madre o el feto, con un aumento en su frecuencia asociado a la seguridad de los procedimientos quirúrgicos, las técnicas anestésicas y los cambios culturales tanto de los médicos como de las mujeres (2). Recientemente, se ha incorporado el concepto de cesárea por solicitud materna (CPSM), la cual se presume debe ser debidamente informada respecto a los beneficios y riesgos materno-fetales a corto y a largo plazo.

Mike Sutherlin, CEO of Joy Global Inc. (“JOY”), a global mining equipment manufacturer, was having lunch, in downtown Milwaukee, Wisconsin, with his wife, in November of 2010 when his cell phone began ringing. He hesitated answering, but recognizing the name, picked up to hear surprising news. It was a courtesy call from a friend at Caterpillar Inc. (“CAT”), the $85 Billion USD juggernaut, letting him know that CAT had just purchased JOY’s cross town rival, Bucyrus International, Inc. (“BI”), for $8.8B USD. Joy Global, MBA Candidate Carlos E. Fonseca prepared this note under the supervision of Professor Ismael Oliva B. This case was developed for class discussion and is not intended to be an endorsement, source of primary data or an example of effective or ineffective management.

O artigo tem o objetivo de discutir a atuação das Câmaras municipais de diferentes regiões da América portuguesa, analisando seu papel como porta-vozes dos súditos e como instrumentos de controle sobre o ensino régio, criado na segunda metade do século XVIII, e as relações de poder estabelecidas no processo. O estudo privilegiou documentos produzidos pelas Câmaras municipais, pelos professores e pela administração central, resultantes das relações políticas e administrativas entre eles. Esses documentos permitem perceber os mecanismos que organizavam essas relações e que tinham impacto direto sobre as reformas educacionais realizadas pela Coroa portuguesa naquela época.

Beyond the analysis of educational processes present in the Luso-American society during the so-called Ancien Régime, it is necessary to focus on then current conceptions of education, and its appropriation by different walks of life in that society. On the Administrative, ecclesiastical, and legal fields, there was significant production of writing and, within it, representations of education characterized by its links with the most influential European intellectual production at the time, but also by the interposition of cultural environments in different parts of Portuguese America and the experiences of subjects in these regions. The objective of this work is the study of such representations of education by analyzing the writings present in the above pointed fields, in situations where the use of education—whatever its form—emerged as a solution to the problems present in the process of inserting America into the Portuguese Empire's context.

Very typical situations of the Pediatric Surgery Services in the Pediatric Hospital of Cienfuegos may interfere with the appropriate development of the educational process. Consequently, students might not master the principles of medical practice in the most common surgical diseases in children, thus limiting its further application in their professional performances as basic general practitioners. To obtain more accurate information on the causes of this phenomenon is considered to be paramount in order to search for practical solutions to improve the educational process and to fulfil the goals of the teaching stage. The contents on the following information sources are analyzed in this paper: documents for higher education and for medicine career, publications and papers presented in scientific events (directly or indirectly related to the practice of Pediatric Surgery) and hospital statistics. This review was aimed at analyzing the situations that negatively affect the educational process during the pediatric surgery area teaching of fourth year medicine students.

O artigo examina a descriçáo e a crítica nietzscheanas do método dialético socrático, bem como o método de investigaçáo nietzscheano – a genealogia. Nietzsche considera o ser humano um criador de conceitos e de métodos de investigaçáo. Os métodos de investigaçáo, por sua vez, sáo associados a tipos humanos e a suas formas de relacionamento com a realidade efetiva. A genealogia analisa a vontade de potência que produz os conceitos e a considera como sintoma de um tipo humano. Nietzsche critica o método dialético socrático, principalmente, por ser criaçáo de um tipo humano decadente.

The article discusses Nietzsche’s description and criticism of the socratic dialetical method, as well as Nietzsche’s method of investigation – the genealogy. Nietzsche considers the human being a creator of concepts and methods of investigation. The methods of investigation are associated with human types and its way of relationship to the efective reality. The genealogy analises the will to power that produces the concepts and consider it as symptom of one human types. Nietzsche criticizes the Socratic dialectical method, specially, because it is created by a decadent human type.

Este artigo analisa algumas estratégias educativas na Comarca do Rio das Velhas, Capitania de Minas Gerais, no século XVIII, envolvendo diferentes grupos e indivíduos, que buscavam, por meio da educação escolar e não escolar, construir seus espaços de atuação e adequação naquela sociedade.This article analyses some educational strategies in the Rio das Velhas Comarca, Minas Gerais Capitania, in the 18th century, involving different groups and individuals that were seeking, through school and non school education, to build their spaces for working and adapting in that society.

This work is part of an International Cooperation Agreement for the conservation of historical monuments made of reinforced concrete in Brasilia. This research is based on a routine inspection of the National Theatre of Brasilia, a city recognized by UNESCO in 1987 as world cultural heritage. The structure, entirely made of reinforced concrete, was conceived by architect Oscar Niemeyer, and has a total of 48 m of height and 42,000 m2 of constructed area. After examining the available documentation, the existing damage was then identified and mapped. The concrete shows a good state of conservation, with the exception of some regions of the structure: the damages found were exposed armature, oxidation of armature, infiltration, mold and efflorescence.

Este artigo analisa as apropriações, pela imprensa, das representações da Inconfidência Mineira e especialmente de Tiradentes, entre as décadas de 30 e 60 do século XX, quando foi muito intensa a preocupação com a memória do movimento e de seu mais ilustre personagem. A análise da produção jornalística sobre o herói nacional procura identificar os principais elementos constituidores desses textos indicando, por um lado, a vitalidade dos mitos e, por outro, o poder persuasivo das associações estabelecidas entre o sacrifício heróico de Tiradentes e as condutas dos que se colocam como seus herdeiros, buscando no passado a legitimação para as ações do presente.This article shows how Brazilian press appropriates the representations of the Inconfidência Mineira and specially of Tiradentes between the decades of 1930 and 1960. It intends to identify the main elements of these elaborations, such as the vitality of the national hero myth and the persuasive power of the associations between Tiradentes's sacrifice and his modern heirs. The legitimation of present actions is based on past events.

Celebrações cívicas e estímulos aos sentimentos patrióticos são especialmente úteis e eficazes no jogo político, pois lidam com a história e com a memória, podendo estar no centro de lutas pelo poder. A festa cívica, também um lugar de memória, dedica-se, antes de tudo, à exaltação da nacionalidade, o que faz com que, na maioria das vezes, o seu principal objeto seja a comemoração de um episódio ou de um personagem visto como significativo na história da nação. Este artigo trata das festas de 21 de abril, dedicadas à memória da Inconfidência Mineira e de Tiradentes, em Minas Gerais e no Rio de Janeiro, entre 1930 e 1960, quando se tornaram instrumento de propaganda e mecanismo de legitimação, principalmente nos períodos dos governos de Getúlio Vargas e de Juscelino Kubitschek.

Este artigo parte da análise dos documentos da Real Mesa Censória – em particular, os pedidos feitos à censura para ler, possuir e comercializar os livros proibidos de circular no Império Português, sejam os listados no Index romano, sejam os dos editais da segunda metade do século XVIII feitos pela própria Real Mesa Censória. Nos requerimentos em que solicitam o privilégio de poderem comprar ou ler obras proibidas, os requerentes falam de si, tentando apresentar-se como “doutos”, a quem a leitura não será perniciosa, ao mesmo tempo em que dão as razões pelas quais desejam fazer tais leituras – em geral uma explicação sobre a necessidade de adquirir “instrução”, ou “educação, mas também de repudiar as ideias contidas nas obras proibidas.

Problematic use of the Internet among adolescents has risen in the last decade. The Compulsive Internet Use Scale (CIUS) is one of the most frequently internationally-used tools developed to assess Problematic Internet Use (PIU). However, evidence concerning its validity and reliability in its Spanish version for the adolescent population is currently lacking. Thus, the main goal of the present study was to analyse the psychometric properties of CIUS scores in a large sample of Spanish adolescents. The sample consisted of 1,790 participants (53.7% female, mean age = 15.70 years old, SD = 1.26). The one-dimensional model displayed appropriate goodness of fit indices after error covariance of five items were allowed to correlate. Strong measurement invariance was found for the one-dimensional model across age and gender. The McDonald's Omega coefficient for the total score was 0.91. Furthermore, PIU was positively associated with different indicators of poor wellbeing and psychological difficulties and negatively associated with prosocial behaviour, self-esteem and sense of belonging to the educational centre. The study provided evidence of validity for the CIUS, confirming its utility for screening PIU in non-clinical adolescents.

Substance use and abuse is a major public health problem. Research has generally shown that sexual minority groups such as lesbian, gay, bisexual, transgender and other (LGBT+) people are among the most at-risk vulnerable groups for substance use. However, research in the Spanish context is very scarce and has not analyzed these issues. This research, therefore, aimed to analyze substance use in young people according to their sexual orientation through two studies using representative samples of adolescents. The analyses revealed only some differences in substance use by sexual minority groups. Bisexual adolescents showed a higher frequency of use in some indicators of tobacco, cannabis and alcohol, and lesbians showed a higher frequency of heavy alcohol use but no other indicators of differential use. Questioning adolescents, on the other hand, had the lowest rates of use compared to the other groups on many indicators. Results derived from both studies could indicate, at least with these samples and indicators, that there is no generalized and more frequent use of substances by people of sexual minority groups, which could suggest the existence of a stereotype rather than a fact.

Aim: Patients whose epilepsy begins with seizures with unknown etiology in old age have been studied to a limited extent. The aim is to clinically characterise these patients, and predict their risk of developing epilepsy in the long term., Materials and Methods: This is a retrospective observational study of patients over 55 years old experiencing a first epileptic seizure with unknown etiology. The data were collected from their clinical history, including electroencephalogram (EEG) and brain magnetic resonance imaging (MRI) results., Results: Eighty-seven patients (58.6% male; 71.5 ± 8.1 years) were included. The mean follow-up was 7.3 ± 4.9 years. The most common vascular risk factor was arterial hypertension (77%; n = 67). Focal seizures with altered consciousness were the most frequent type of seizure (44.8%; n = 39), followed by focal seizures evolving to bilateral tonic-clonic seizures (39.1%; n = 34). Brain MRI showed cortical atrophy (50%; n = 42) and signs of small-vessel vascular disease (SVVD) (67.8%; n = 57). Interictal epileptiform EEG abnormalities were observed in 43.7% (n = 38) of the patients, mostly with temporal localisations (94.7%; n = 36). 44.8% (n = 39) had mild cognitive impairment at baseline. Recurrence of seizures, which was observed in 49 patients (56.1%), occurred after a median of 12 months (interquartile range: 4.4-25.9). Finally, 71 patients (81.6%) developed epilepsy., Conclusion: The risk of epilepsy in the long term following a single seizure of unknown etiology in elderly patients is greater than 80%. Arterial hypertension and mild cognitive impairment at baseline are the most common clinical features. Cortical atrophy and the presence of SVVD are frequent in MRI, and routine EEGs do not usually show epileptiform alterations.

Aims: In patients with epilepsy health education has a positive influence on self-management of the disease, improves prognosis and enhances patient well-being. The aim of this study was to evaluate an educational intervention using instructional clips in patients with epilepsy in a video-electroencephalographic monitoring unit., Subjects and Methods: We conducted a randomised clinical trial with two groups (intervention and control). Adult patients with epilepsy admitted to the video-electroencephalographic monitoring unit were recruited. Nine videos about the diagnosis and treatment of epilepsy, together with recommendations on lifestyle, were produced and administered to the intervention group while admitted. Patients' knowledge of their disease was assessed by means of a questionnaire designed specifically for this study. A pre-assessment was conducted at the beginning of the study, at hospital discharge and at three months, and the knowledge of epilepsy in the two groups was compared at each time considered in the study., Results: Sixty-six patients were included, with a mean age of 39 ± 14.7 years (range: 17-76) and a median of 8 years since disease onset (range: 1-60 years). Fifty-three per cent of the patients were women. Focal epilepsy was the most frequent type (95.5%). The mean score on the pre-intervention test was 57.2 ± 15.3. Patients who received the educational intervention showed better post-test scores at discharge from hospital (81.8 ± 11.2 versus 62.8 ± 13.7; p = 0.001) and at three months (76 ± 9.6 versus 63.2 ± 12.8; p = 0.001)., Conclusions: The EPICAP educational intervention using instructional clips significantly improves patients' knowledge of epilepsy-related diagnostic, therapeutic and lifestyle issues.

One of the consequences of the COVID-19 health crisis was the general lockdown. Research shows that lockdown situations may cause changes in addictive behaviors. The objective of the present study was to analyze the impact of lockdown on the addiction pattern of university students in order to design interventions adjusted to the students' needs. The study was conducted through a non-probabilistic sample of 540 students, with a mean age of 22.3 years and a proportion of women of 69.3%. The results indicated a significant decrease in the consumption of tobacco, alcohol, and psychotropic drugs during the participants' lockdown, both in the number of users and in the amounts consumed. Regarding behaviors related to behavioral addictions, participants showed a significant increase in problematic Internet use and use of video games and eSports, although the level of gambling decreased. Despite the fact that consumption patterns were reduced due to changes in the leisure and free time patterns of this population subgroup, it was possible to identify some indicators that deserve attention due to their increase, such as relapses in smoking, an increase in the number of participants who drank alcohol on a daily basis and an increase in the level of discomfort related to the use of technology. The implications of the results are analyzed and possible actions demanded by the students are examined.

Empirically Supported Psychological Treatments for Children and Adolescents: State of the Art., Background: The empirical evidence accumulated on the efficacy, effectiveness, and efficiency of psychotherapeutic treatments in children and adolescents calls for an update. The main goal of this paper objective was to carry out a selective review of empirically supported psychological treatments for a variety of common psychological disorders and problems in childhood and adolescence., Method: A review was carried out of the psychological treatments for different psychological disorders and problems in social-emotional or behavioral adjustment in the child-adolescent population according to the Spanish National Health System (Clinical Practice Guidelines) levels of evidence and degrees of recommendation., Results: The findings suggest that psychological treatments have empirical support for addressing a wide range of psychological problems in these developmental stages. The degree of empirical support ranges from low to high depending on the phenomenon analyzed. The review suggests unequal progress in the different fields of intervention., Conclusions: From this update, psychologists will be able to make informed decisions when implementing those empirically supported treatments to address the problems that occur in childhood and adolescence.

Evidence-Based Psychological Treatments for Adults: A Selective Review., Background: Psychological treatments have shown their efficacy, effectiveness, and efficiency in dealing with mental disorders. However, considering the scientific knowledge generated in recent years, in the Spanish context, there are no updating studies about empirically supported psychological treatments. The main goal was to carry out a selective review of the main empirically supported psychological treatments for mental disorders in adults., Method: Levels of evidence and degrees of recommendation were collected based on the criteria proposed by the Spanish National Health System (Clinical Practice Guidelines) for different psychological disorders., Results: The results indicate that psychological treatments have empirical support for the approach to a wide range of psychological disorders. These levels of empirical evidence gathered range from low to high depending on the psychological disorder analysed. The review indicates the existence of certain fields of intervention that need further investigation., Conclusions: Based on this selective review, psychology professionals will be able to have rigorous, up-to-date information that allows them to make informed decisions when implementing empirically based psychotherapeutic procedures based on the characteristics of the people who require help.

Introduction: This study aimed to determine whether the administration of antiepileptic drugs (AED) alters the likelihood of detecting epileptiform abnormalities in electroencephalographies (EEG) performed early after a first epileptic seizure., Method: We performed a retrospective, observational study including patients with a first seizure attended at our centre's emergency department between July 2014 and November 2019. We collected clinical data, as well as technical data on the acquisition and interpretation of the EEG performed within the first 72hours after the seizure, and the factors related with seizure recurrence., Results: We recruited 155 patients with a mean (SD) age of 48.6 (22.5) years; 61.3% were men. Regarding seizure type, 51% presented tonic-clonic seizures of unknown onset and 12% presented focal to bilateral tonic-clonic seizures. Thirty-nine patients (25.2%) received AED treatment before the EEG was performed: 33 received a non-benzodiazepine AED and 6 received a benzodiazepine. Epileptiform abnormalities were observed in 29.7% of patients. Previous administration of AEDs was not significantly associated with the probability of detecting interictal epileptiform abnormalities (P=.25) or with the risk of recurrence within 6 months (P=.63)., Conclusions: Administration of AEDs before an early EEG following a first seizure does not decrease the likelihood of detecting epileptiform abnormalities. These findings suggest that starting AED treatment immediately in patients with a high risk of early recurrence does not imply a reduction in the diagnostic accuracy of the test., (Copyright © 2021 Sociedad Española de Neurología. Publicado por Elsevier España, S.L.U. All rights reserved.)

Introduction: Quality of life (QoL) is an important aspect in the treatment of patients with epilepsy., Aim: To analyse the QoL using the Quality of Life in Epilepsy Inventory-10 (QOLIE-10) in adults with idiopathic generalised epilepsy and to study factors associated with a worse QoL., Patients and Methods: A cross-sectional, multicentre, observational study conducted by 141 neurologists in all the autonomous communities of Spain. Each researcher analysed the QOLIE-10 of two males and two females over 18 years of age with idiopathic generalised epilepsy seen consecutively in public or private practice. The results were standardised: 0 was the worst QoL and 100 was the best., Results: A total of 546 patients were analysed. Women: 51.1% (n = 279). Mean age: 36 ± 15.3 years old (18-87). Childhood absence seizures: 7.5% (n = 41); juvenile absence seizures: 9.2% (n = 50); juvenile myoclonic seizures: 29.8% (n = 163); only tonic-clonic seizures: 53.5% (n = 292). Monotherapy: 63.2% (n = 345). Seizure-free in the last year: 53.1% (n = 290). Psychiatric comorbidity: anxiety: 28.4% (n = 155); depression: 14.1% (n = 77); attention deficit: 10.1% (n = 55). Employment status: in active employment: 47.2% (n = 258); student: 20% (n = 109); housewife/husband: 7.3% (n = 40); pensioner: 10.2% (n = 56); unemployed: 14.3% (n = 78). Marital status: married or in a relationship: 49.1% (n = 268); single: 43.7% (n = 239). Mean score on the QOLIE-10: 71.4 ± 19.1. Being female (p = 0.006), greater frequency of seizures (p < 0.001), polytherapy (p < 0.001), psychiatric comorbidity (p < 0.001) and unemployment (p < 0.001) were significantly associated with a worse QoL., Conclusions: The QoL of patients with idiopathic/genetic generalised epilepsy is affected by poor seizure control, psychiatric comorbidity and unemployment, and women are more affected than men.

Goal: The main goal of the present study was to analyze the relationship between substance use (tobacco, alcohol, cannabis) and schizotypal traits in a representative sample of school-aged adolescents from the general population., Method: cross-sectional, descriptive survey 1,588 students (M = 16.13 years, SD = 1.36), 739 male (46.5%), selected by random stratified cluster sampling, participated in the study. The instruments administered were the Oviedo Questionnaire for Schizotypy Assessment, the Modified Substance Use Questionnaire, the Strengths and Difficulties Questionnaire, the Penn Matrix Reasoning Test, the Family Affluence Scale-II, and the Oviedo Infrequency Scale., Results: Controlling for the effects of multiple covariates (gender, age, IQ, socio-economic level, psychopathology and consumption), the results showed that compared with non-users, alcohol drinkers reported higher average scores in the Social Disorganization dimension. Cigarette smokers, differentiated by frequency, reported higher average scores in the Anhedonia and Social Disorganization dimensions than non-smokers. No statistically significant differences between users and non-users of cannabis were found in terms of schizotypal traits., Conclusion: controlling for the effects of multiple covariates, adolescents who use tobacco and alcohol reported higher scores - depending on frequency of use - in schizotypal traits. Future studies should continue to analyze the role of substance use in individuals at risk of psychosis and determine its role in the transition to serious mental disorders using new methodologies such as ambulatory assessment.

Objective: To estimate the prevalence of suicidal behavior and its association with psychological factors in Mexican adolescents., Materials and Methods: Cross-sectional study based on the National Survey of Health and Nutrition (Ensanut 2018-19), with a sample of 17 995 adolescents (10-19 years). Adjusted logistic regression models were estimated, obtaining Odds Ratio (OR) and 95% confidence intervals (95%CI)., Results: Prevalence of suicidal ideation and suicide attempt in Mexico were 5.1 and 3.9%, respectively; the high-est prevalence was in Guanajuato (ideation: 9.0%, attempt: 7.8%). Associated factors. Suicidal ideation: tobacco (OR= 2.26; 95%CI: 1.62-3.16), alcohol (OR= 2.12; 95%CI: 1.65-2.73), depressive symptoms (OR= 6.04; 95%CI: 4.71-7.73), sexual abuse (OR= 6.57; 95%CI: 4.57-9.45). Suicidal attempt: tobacco (OR= 2.17; 95%CI: 1.49-3.15), alcohol (OR= 2.32; 95%CI:1.77-3.03), depressive symptoms (OR= 6.47; 95% CI: 4.91-8.51), sexual abuse (OR= 6.76; 95%CI: 4.60-9.96)., Conclusions: By increasing suicidal behavior in Mexican adolescents, it is necessary to implement preventive public policies that articulate mental health, addiction and violence programs., Competing Interests: Declaration of conflict of interests. The authors declare that they have no conflict of interests.

Introduction: The purpose of this study was to identify homogenous subgroups of adolescents with emotional and behavioural difficulties using latent profile analysis. The relationship between the latent profile classes and socio-emotional and school adjustment was also analysed., Materials and Methods: A total of 1,506 students, 667 men (44.3%) were selected by random cluster sampling. The mean age was 16.15 years (SD=1.36). The instruments used were the Strengths and Difficulties Questionnaire, the Personal Wellbeing Index-School Version, The 10-item Positive and Negative Affect Schedule for Children, the Prodromal Questionnaire Brief, the Paykel Suicide Scale, the Cyberbullying-Brief Questionnaire, the Penn Matrix Reasoning Test, and the school performance assessment., Results: A total of 7.7% of adolescents obtained risk scores for mental health difficulties. We identified 3 mental health subgroups named: Low risk, Externalizing, and Internalizing. These 3 latent classes demonstrated a differential pattern in terms of socio-emotional adjustment and academic performance., Conclusions: To identify and validate risk groups of youths for emotional and behavioural problems allows implementing measures to promote emotional well-being and prevent mental health problems. Future studies should continue to analyse young people with emotional and behavioural problems longitudinally and to incorporate new forms of assessment and intervention., (Copyright © 2020 SEP y SEPB. Publicado por Elsevier España, S.L.U. All rights reserved.)

Introduction: Negative symptoms can be grouped into five domains: apathy/avolition, anhedonia, asociality, alogia, and affective flattening. There are few validate self-rated measures that assess these five dimensions. Therefore, this study aimed to validate the Self-Evaluation of Negative Symptoms (SNS) in Spanish patients with schizophrenia., Material and Methods: Cross-sectional, validation study in 104 outpatients with schizophrenia evaluated using the Spanish version of the following scales: Clinical Assessment Interview for Negative Symptoms (CAINS), Positive and Negative Syndrome Scale (PANSS), Clinical Global Impression Scale for Schizophrenia (CGI-SCH), Personal and Social Performance (PSP), Motivation and Pleasure Scale - Self-Report (MAP-SR), 36-item Short-Form Health Survey (SF-36) and the Self-Evaluation of Negative Symptoms (SNS)., Results Reliability: Internal consistency (Cronbach's alpha) was 0.915. Convergent validity: The Pearson correlation coefficient between MAP-SR and SNS Total scores was 0.660 (p<0.001). For PANSS-N, the correlation was 0.437 (p<0.005) and with the CAINS-Total was 0.478 (p<0.005). Divergent validity: The Pearson correlation coefficient between SNS and PSP was r=-0.372 (p≤0.001), and with SF-36 Physical and Mental Summary Component scores were r=-0.213 (p=0.066) and r=-0.144 (p=0.219), respectively. Discriminant validity: SNS Total scores were significantly statistically different according to the severity of the negative symptomatology rated by the CGI-SCH negative scale (p<0.001)., Conclusion: The SNS is a reliable and valid instrument to self-rate the five domains of negative symptoms in patients with schizophrenia and seems to be appropriate for use in everyday clinical practice as a complementary measure to the evaluation performed by the clinician., (Copyright © 2020 SEP y SEPB. Publicado por Elsevier España, S.L.U. All rights reserved.)

Introduction: Apathy is a negative symptom of schizophrenia and is associated with poor real world functioning. Therefore, it is important to have validated psychometric instruments to assess this symptom. This is the first study to validate the Spanish adaptation of the self-rated version of the Apathy Assessment Scale (AES-S) in patients with schizophrenia., Materials and Methods: Naturalistic, cross-sectional, validation study in 104 patients with schizophrenia evaluated using the following scales: Clinical Global Impression-Severity (CGI-S), Personal and Social Performance (PSP), Clinical Assessment Interview for Negative Symptoms (CAINS), Self-report of Negative Symptoms (SNS), Motivation and Pleasure Scale-Self-Report (MAP-SR), Calgary Depression Scale for Schizophrenia (CDSS), and Apathy Evaluation Scale-self-rated version (AES-S)., Results: Reliability: Internal consistency (Cronbach's alpha) was 0.908. Convergent validity: The Pearson correlation coefficient between AES-S and CAINS-MAP total scores was -0.483 (p<0.001). For SNS, total and avolition subscale scores were -0.803 and -0.639 (p<0.001), respectively. With the MAP-SR, the correlation coefficient was -0.727 (p<0.001). Divergent validity: The Pearson correlation coefficient between AES-S and PSP total scores was 0.504 (p<0.001). Furthermore, with the CDSS, the correlation coefficient was -0.431 (p<0.001). Discriminant validity: The AES-S discriminated between different levels of illness severity according to CGI-S scores. Factor analysis: A three-component solution explained 57.32% of the variance. Pearson correlations between coefficients were 1-2=0.265, 1-3=0.464, and 2-3=0.060., Conclusion: The Spanish AES-S is a reliable and valid instrument for assessing apathy in Spanish patients with schizophrenia. It seems to be appropriate for use in everyday clinical practice as a means of monitoring apathy in these patients., (Copyright © 2020 SEP y SEPB. Publicado por Elsevier España, S.L.U. All rights reserved.)

The purpose of this study was to analyze the relationship between psychotic-like experiences and cannabis use in a representative sample of adolescents from the general population. A total of 1,588 students (M=16.13 years, SD = 1.36), 739 men (46.5%), selected by stratified random sampling by conglomerates from 98 classes in 34 schools participated in the survey. The instruments used were the Prodromal Questionnaire-Brief, the Strengths and Difficulties Questionnaire, the Modified Substance Use Questionnaire, the Penn Matrix Reasoning Test, the Family Affluence Scale-II, and the Oviedo Infrequency Scale. Results showed that a percentage of adolescents reported psychotic-like experiences and/or cannabis use. Prior to controlling for multiple confounders (gender, age, socio-economic level, alcohol use, smoking, emotional and behavioral problems, and IQ), cannabis use was associated with psychotic-like experiences. After adjustment for confounders, psychotic-like experiences were not seen to be associated with cannabis use. Mediational analyses showed that emotional and behavioral problems mediate the relationship between cannabis use and risk of psychosis. It seems that once the effect of multiple confounding variables is controlled for, the use of cannabis increases the risk of comorbid psychopathology and this in turn increases the risk of psychosis. These results suggest that the relationships established between psychotic experiences and cannabis are complex and mediated by relevant variables. Further studies should examine this relationship in follow-up studies and gene-environmental designs.

Cutaneous melanoma (CM) causes more deaths than any other skin tumor, and incidence and mortality rates have risen in recent years, especially in patients of advanced age. There are differences in the biological behavior of CM tumors in the elderly as well as differential management of the disease, evidently influenced by such factors as limited life expectancy, the high incidence of concomitant conditions in older patients, and issues of quality of life unrelated to CM itself. We review relevant current literature on the epidemiology, etiology, pathogenesis, and immunology of CM as well as research on the clinical features, prevention, and management of these tumors in the elderly., (Copyright © 2019 AEDV. Publicado por Elsevier España, S.L.U. All rights reserved.)