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Introduction: Enteric bacteria causing nosocomial infections are often resistant to third-generation cephalosporins due to the production of extended-spectrum β-lactamases (ESBLs). Objective: To describe and characterize the ESBLs pattern present in Klebsiella pneumoniae and Serratia marcescens strains, isolated as causative of nosocomial sepsis in pediatric patients at Instituto Nacional de Pediatría (National Institute of Pediatrics). Material and methods: We analyzed 94 strains of K. pneumoniae and 7 of S. marcescens isolated from clinical specimens from 2002-2005, causative of sepsis in a children’s hospital. We evaluated antibiotic susceptibility and detection of ESBL phenotypes by disk diffusion methods; ceftazidime-resistant isolates were further characterized by pulsed field gel electrophoresis (PFGE); and ESBLs were phenotypically and genotypically characterized by isoelectric focusing, polymerase chain reaction (PCR) and sequencing. We also assed for presence of conjugative plasmids bearing the ESBL gene. Results: 51/94 (54%) of K. pneumoniae isolates, and 5/7 (71%) of S. marcescens isolates were resistant to ceftazidime; all carried a blaSHV-5 gene. All K. pneumoniae isolates had a distinct PFGE profile, yet all carried a ~48-Kb plasmid, that was conjugatively transferable to an Escherichia coli receptor, which expressed the resistance phenotype. On the other hand, all S. marcescens isolates had a similar PFGE profile, were unable to transfer the ceftazidime-resistance phenotype, and were isolated from the same ward in a short time-span suggesting an outbreak. Conclusions: The overall prevalence of ESBL-producing enteric bacteria in this hospital is high but similar to other Latin American reports. The sulfhydryl variable-5 (SHV-5) ESBL gene appears to reside in a highly mobile plasmid, capable of spreading among different K. pneumoniae clones and perhaps even to S. marcescens.

Antecedentes. La colonización del tracto digestivo parece ser un factor de riesgo para presentar infección por microorganismos productores de betalactamasas de espectro extendido (BLEE), que puede persistir por un tiempo aún no determinado luego del tratamiento adecuado. Esta condición no ha sido suficientemente estudiada y su conocimiento es pobre. Objetivo. Determinar la persistencia de bacterias productoras de BLEE en el tracto digestivo después de un tratamiento antibiótico racional. Materiales y métodos. Se llevó a cabo un estudio prospectivo y descriptivo. En un periodo de 12 meses, se incluyeron todos los pacientes que habían presentado un cultivo positivo en cualquier muestra para Eschericia coli o Klebsiella pneumoniae productores de BLEE y que, además, habían recibido tratamiento con meropenem. Se tomaron coprocultivos de seguimiento a los 7, 14 y 30 días de iniciado el antibiótico. Resultados. De 80 pacientes con cultivo positivo para gérmenes BLEE, 47 tuvieron tratamiento con meropenem. De ellos, 10 (21,3 %) fueron positivos en coprocultivo a los siete días de iniciado el tratamiento, 4 (8,5 %) a los 14 días y ninguno a las cuatro semanas después del tratamiento. El germen más frecuente fue K. pneumoniae (60 %). Conclusiones. El tracto digestivo de los niños se comporta como un reservorio transitorio de gérmenes BLEE, y puede ser el foco de infección y contaminación para el personal asistencial y otros pacientes durante un periodo crítico de, al menos, dos semanas. La tasa de erradicación de la colonización al mes de tratamiento con meropenem, fue de 100 %.Introduction: Gastrointestinal tract colonization seems to be a risk factor for acquiring an infection by extended-spectrum beta-lactamase (ESBL) producing bacteria. Time colonization has not been established yet, this condition has not been analyzed enough, and evidence is poor. Objective: The aim of this study was to determine the incidence of gastrointestinal tract colonization after an antibiotic therapy. Patients and methods: This was a one-year prospective descriptive study of patients who had cultures with ESBL-producing enterobacteriaceae (Klebsiella pneumonia or Escherichia coli) and received treatment with meropenem. In order to detect potential reservoirs for ESBL producing bacteria, stool cultures were done on days 7, 14 and 30 after initiating the antibiotic treatment. Results: During the study period, we included 80 cases, of which 47 received meropenem, and stool cultures were performed in these cases. There was gastrointestinal tract colonization by ESBL-producing bacteria in 21.3% (10) on day 7 of treatment, 8.5% (4) on day 14, and none on day 30. K. pneumonia, being the most frequent, was found in 60% of cultures. Conclusions: The gastrointestinal tract in children acts as a temporary reservoir for ESBL-producing bacteria and could be an infection and contamination source to medical staff and other patients during a critical period of at least two weeks. 100% of gastrointestinal tract colonization was eradicated after treatment with meropenem.

Abstract: In order to assess in vitro antimicrobial susceptibility for nosocomial enterobacteria ESBL producers for patients in the Autonomous University Hospital Service ‘Antonio Patricio de Alcalá,’ 27 bacterial strains were collected in the ICU, neonatology, medicine and pediatric facilities during September-November 2005. Antimicrobial susceptibility was determined by the disk diffusion method. The highest number of nosocomial infections was found in ICU and neonatology with 10 (37.03%) and 7 (25.93%) cases, respectively; 44.44% of the positive cultures were isolated from secretions. K. pneumoniae was the most frequently isolated species (51.85%), followed by Enterobacter aerogenes with 18.52%. The greatest antimicrobial resistance in the betalactam group was obtained for ceftazidime (77.77%), cefotaxime (70.37%) and cefepime (40.74%); in the aminoglycosides group, for tobramycin and gentamycin, (44.44% and 40.74%, respectively); also, chloramphenicol (70.37%), tetracycline (51.85%) and trimethoprim-sulfamethoxazole (44.44%). These results could be useful to the medical community when taking into account guidelines for treatment and risk behavior modification, which facilitate the induction of resistance, such as abuse in prescribing antibiotics and unnecessary hospitalizations. Resumen: Para evaluar la susceptibilidad antimicrobiana in vitro de enterobacterias nosocomiales productoras de BLEE en pacientes recluidos en el Servicio Autónomo Hospital Universitario “Antonio Patricio de Alcalá”, se recolectaron 27 cepas bacterianas procedentes de las salas de UCI, retén, medicina y pediatría, en el periodo septiembre-noviembre de 2005. La susceptibilidad antimicrobiana se determinó por el método de difusión del disco. El mayor número de infecciones nosocomiales se presentó en UCI y retén con 10 (37,03%) y 7 (25,93%) casos; 44,44% de cultivos positivos fueron aislados en secreciones. K. pneumoniae resultó la especie mayormente aislada (51,85%), seguida de Enterobacter aerogenes con 18,52%. La mayor resistencia antimicrobiana en el grupo de los -lactámicos, se obtuvo para ceftazidima (77,77%), cefotaxima (70,37%) y cefepima (40,74%); en el grupo de los aminoglucósidos, a tobramicina y gentamicina (44,44% y 40,74%); asimismo, cloranfenicol (70,37%), tetraciclinas (51,85%) y trimetoprim-sulfametoxazol (44,44%). Estos resultados pudieran ser útiles a la comunidad médica, al tomar en cuenta las pautas de tratamiento y modificar las conductas de riesgo, las cuales facilitan la inducción de resistencia, como el abuso al prescribir antimicrobianos y las hospitalizaciones innecesarias.