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Bali, one of the world’s tourism destinations, is now facing a paradoxical situation because the increasing number of tourists visiting Bali is going hand in hand with the gradual reduction in productive agricultural land due to land conversion. This paper analyzes the massive practice of converting productive farmland for tourism in Bali. It offers a human rights law lens, particularly the rights to land, food, and tourism, to view the problem discussed in the paper. Legal research primarily reads international legal instruments, Indonesia’s laws and regulations, and some secondary materials. The paper suggested that although the Bali provincial government has issued rules and policies to prevent the practice of land conversion, the government cannot fully control it because many agricultural lands have ownership status. Therefore, there is an urgent need to increase awareness of local communities as landowners to prevent such a practice. This paper also proposes using subak, a traditional farming system, as the basis for ecotourism and agrotourism activities to tackle the problem of land conversion in Bali.

ABSTRACT This study aimed to evaluate, on a real production scale, the management of batches of harvested soybean grains in storage units, which are submitted for different technological processes of drying. The study regions were divided into micro-regions based on structure and static storage capacity. For each micro-region (West, East, North, South, Central), soybeans were dried using a continuous dryer-CD1, a continuous dryer + silo-dryer-CDSD2, and a continuous dryer + aerator-silo-CDAS3. Grain quality losses due to drying management ranged from 0.23 to 3.26% in crude protein, and from 0.15 to 3.05% in crude oil. In regions with large-scale soybean production, adopting storage unit structures at the farm level, ranging from 11 to 19 km, with high drying technology in partial continuous grain flow and final stationary drying in a silo-dryer or silo-aerator is the best alternative for a productive-sustainable system. Managing CDSD2 and CDAS3 soybean drying system is an alternative that ensures low losses and high grain quality, improving protein and crude oil content. In conclusion, the CDSD2 and CDAS3 drying systems reduced crude protein and oil content losses by 94% and 95%, respectively, providing a much better sustainable postharvest system.

ABSTRACT Objectives: to develop and validate the content and interface of a guidance website to support families in promoting Food and Nutrition Security for children under six months who are not breastfed. Methods: methodological study, Knowledge Translation, in two stages of creation: 1) content and validation on the criterion of accuracy in a panel of experts; 2) interface and validation on the criteria of content, language, illustrations, layout, motivation, culture and applicability. Results: the “Milky Way” website is freely available: https://www.ufsm.br/pet/ciencia-da-computacao/alimentacao-lactea. The content was structured in a decision tree made up of types of milk: milk formula, whole cow’s milk and powdered milk; and utensils: bottle, cup and measuring spoon. There were 46 illustrations to elucidate the content, facilitate understanding and engage the target population. The Content Validity Index was 0.91. Conclusions: the website is a validated technology with evidence-based written and pictorial content translated for use with families.

Abstract Food security strategies are essential for cities to respond to stresses and shocks while promoting urban health and quality of life. In Brazil, twenty-seven million city dwellers face severe food insecurity. Urban planning, local climate action and food security promotion are within Brazilian cities’ legal scope of action, providing opportunities to strengthen urban resilience. In this context, the proposed investigation aimed to verify if and how Brazilian cities coordinate these public policies to promote urban resilience and what accomplishments stem from this coordination. The investigation developed as a multiple case study covering ten Brazilian cities. It comprised the qualitative analysis of public policy documents using NVivo for data treatment, quantification, and categorisation. The results showed a wide variety in the breadth and depth of policy measures, indicating diverse maturity levels and implementation and pointing out opportunities for future investigation and policy improvements.

The present study aims to ascertain whether the "Morando Bem no Quilombo" project, funded by Caixa Federal and implemented by the Center for Support and Promotion of Agroecology (CAPA) in 2018 and 2019, aligns with the precepts of environmental education and fosters sustainable solutions. The objective of this research was to identify the presence of environmental education within the "Morando Bem no Quilombo" project. To achieve this goal, the methodology involved conducting meetings and organizing conversation circles with the community, providing insights into the execution process of the Morando Bem no Quilombo project. The research results indicate that the project sparked discussions regarding its alignment with the field of environmental education. It can be concluded that the project embraced the principles of liberating environmental education by aiming to generate knowledge, sustainability, autonomy, and empowerment.

Several governmental and nongovernmental institutions in Guatemala have been tasked with tackling the country’s problem of food insecurity. Although food insecurity has a variety of causes, the issue of climate change is beginning to attract initiatives to address the problem. Thus, Guatemalan institutions have begun utilizing climate services (CSs) to provide climate projections (of six months) for decision-making in agriculture. These services are communicated through agroclimatic bulletins that provide advice to peasants and small farmers on agricultural practices, particularly relating to beans, corn, coffee, and vegetables. While most research in this area has focused on small farmers and peasants, the present study focuses on international and Guatemalan institutions as well as the CS advocates and the governmental officials who implement these services. Through semi-structured interviews, participant observation, and a review of institutional reports, we see that the CSs tend to be implemented in a way that CSs advocates neglect the colonial and neoliberal dynamics. Drawing on the concept of climate coloniality, this article shows that despite efforts of inclusion, vulgarization, and coproduction of knowledge, the technical discussion displaces other deeper discussions, such as unequal access to land and water and institutional racism, which have been underscored by several Guatemalan academics. The promise of modernity and discourse of progress dominate the Ministry of Agriculture, both in reports and speeches and conversations with public officials.

ABSTRACT Blockchain technology, initially applied to the financial market, is recognized for its security in storing information in a decentralized manner and its ease of access to this information. An application of blockchain technology is the establishment of traceability systems for production chains. Food traceability systems are becoming increasingly important in guaranteeing the quality and safety of food to the final consumer, who, in turn, values and exercises confidence in the traceability system, recognizing its importance. This study was conducted to provide a systematic literature review on the importance of applying blockchain technology to the traceability of products of animal origin. Two scientific databases were consulted: Scopus and Web of Science. After classification based on the inclusion and exclusion criteria, 12 articles were selected for the study. The application of blockchain technology is recent, emerging, and promising in the traceability of animal products, and it has attracted research interest worldwide. The use of blockchain technology in the traceability of products of animal origin is used in several production chains, providing consumers with long-awaited information about the origin of their food such as beef, milk, fish, meat, pork, and eggs.

The loss of genetic diversity in farm animal genetic resources is a growing concern, with many local breeds facing possible extinction. This study on Goat production in Cyprus was carried out to establish the morpho–biometric profile of indigenous Cyprus Native Hair Goats, for which there is no scientific information necessary for their proper classification and identification, for that purpose 60 animals were measured on 17 morphobiometric traits. A two–way analysis of variance with the interaction of the effects of age and gender was performed. White, chamoise, light buckskin, brown–white, white–grey, grey, pinto, and bay colors were the common coat colors recorded with proportions of 28.6; 14.29; 14.29; 14.29; 7.14; 7.14; 7.14 and 7.14%, respectively. All the Cyprus Hair Goats had horns with an arc shape. Wattles, beard, topknot, and feathered feet traits were seen in proportions of 14.3, 57.14, 50 and 21.43%, respectively. Gender factor showed a significant (P

The Department of Caquetá is located in the Amazon region of the Colombian state. Since its creation in the 19th century, it has been neglected by institutions, which has contributed, among other variables, to socio-economic and socio-environmental problems that have increased with the incursion of coca cultivation. Quantitative data on competitiveness and poverty reduction are among the lowest among the other departments of the South American country. Therefore, the general objective of the article was to characterize the results of the intervention of a pro-ject carried out by Pastoral Social Caritas Colombia and Caritas Norway in 5 municipalities of the department in the period 2018-2022 to develop food sovereignty and security in 400 farming families. The methodology, methods, and instruments are based on the Theory of Change and MEAL: Monitoring, Evaluating, All Counts and Learning used by Pastoral Social Caritas Colombia. The main conclusion is that the project's contribution to civil society focuses on strengthening organizations to enable them to move forward in spaces that can transform productivity and the recognition of rights by the department's population.

In Peru, only 1 % of food processing companies located in Metropolitan Lima have obtained a technical validation for their HACCP plan. The low adherence to safety systems raises the goal of identifying the main barriers and difficulties for the implementation of the HACCP system. Data was collected by sending a questionnaire to 32 companies. In order to define the underlying structure of the barriers and difficulties identified we performed an exploratory factor analysis (EFA) and confirmatory factor analysis (CFA) based on a selection of nineteen (19) items, identifying four new factors that account for 66,7 % of the overall variability. After assessing their relevance, it was found that barriers and difficulties at the organizational/managerial level (F1) and in adaptation (F4), such as infrastructure and employee’s perception, were more relevant than attributes involving execution (F2), which comprises singular processes such as time, staff turnover, technology and others.

The aim of this reflection is to study and promote the diversification of cropping systems as a strategy for the improvement of food security at national level. Food security is a global challenge that nations continue to address. Agricultural systems should address this issue; however, traditional practices may not be sufficient to produce enough food for the growing population. Conversely, intensive agriculture has significantly impacted the environment by increasing the use of fertilizers and freshwater, expanding cultivation lands, and reducing biodiversity. Therefore, innovative techniques are necessary to enhance agricultural productivity while respecting planetary environmental limits that are essential for the resilience of the earth. Enhancing cropping diversity in agricultural systems could significantly increase yield and food production, optimizing land usage efficiency. This brief analysis examines the diversity of crop species in Colombia from 2006 to 2022 and its impact on agricultural production. National crop diversity has increased over time, with higher heterogeneity observed in regions such as Cundinamarca, Boyacá Antioquia, Santander, Nariño, and Valle del Cauca. Additionally, significant correlations exist between the number of crops cultivated per location and agricultural production, emphasizing the significance of diversity in food systems. Increasing crop diversity can not only improve national food security but also aid in maintaining ecosystem integrity. Further research should focus on assessing the impact of various farming system diversification, approaches on yield stability and food security at the farm level

This paper aims to illustrate the legal framework related to the right to food and food sovereignty in Nepal, highlighting some problematic aspects related to access to food. In particular, the paper focuses on provisions that aim to counteract land grabbing and seed biopiracy. The research reveals that in Nepal the concept of food sovereignty is considered equivalent to the right to food security and the right to be free from hunger.

This paper aims to analyze how food, agriculture and food production themes are treated, in the sense of producing a reflection about food security and agroecology in the following official documents that conduct the curriculum of basic teaching in schools in the state of Rio Grande do Sul/Brazil: National Common Curricular Base (BNCC) and Gaucho Curriculum Reference (RCG) and Gaucho Curricular Reference High School (RCGEM). This analysis also seeks to reflect on experiences reported by teachers in Natural Sciences disciplines on a High School from a rural school context, in line with the guidelines of School's Political Administrative Pedagogical Project (PPAP), with a view to point out convergences, possibilities and difficulties for the insertion of the topics under study. Methodologically, a documental analysis of the school’s BNCC, RCG and RCGEM and PPAP was carried out. It also includes data obtained by interviews with teachers, data that was analyzed by Discursive Textual Analysis, from which emerged the following categories: identity with rural life and school, pedagogical experiences developed, systematized knowledge involved and concerns and insecurities. Among the results, the convergence between the skills proposed in the official documents, the school's conceptions and the experiences already developed by the teachers point out the pertinence of pedagogical work based on the proposed theme.

In a world faced with growing instability and inequality, food supply is a constant challenge for governments and societies. Beyond concrete organizational aspects, two fundamental issues are at stake: the strategic control of flows and the geographical and social relations operating within supply systems. This article focuses on the complementary approaches commonly adopted to address this question, rarely studied in recent years. By closely associating the field of resources and power, it shows that food supply is not simply a technical question of price, volumes and flows, but depends ultimately on the relations between different types of actors – governments, businesses, communities, trade networks, etc. – thus becoming a truly political issue. We observe that under certain authoritarian regimes (Gulf States, Latin America), the organizing state remains ever-present, while outside times of crisis (sub-Saharan Africa), there is greater scope for developing more informal dynamics.

Objectives. To determine changes to income and livelihood, food consumption, and hunger due to coronavirus disease 2019 (COVID-19) in three Small Island Developing States (SIDS) in the Caribbean: Jamaica, St Kitts and Nevis, and St Vincent and the Grenadines. Methods. This was a cross-sectional study conducted in July 2020. Participants were selected using telephone directories and lists of mobile numbers. Data were collected through face-to-face and telephone interviews. Participants rated the impact of COVID-19 on their livelihoods and the Adult Food Security Module was used to assess hunger. To examine how these outcomes varied by sociodemographic group, multivariable logistic regression analysis was used, with odds ratios (OR) and 95% confidence intervals (CI) reported. Results. The analysis included 880 participants. Of these, 40% (344/871) reported some form of hunger, with 18% (153/871) classed as moderate-to-severe hunger. Almost three quarters of households reported some impact on their livelihood (640/880), with 28% (243/880) classifying this impact as moderate to severe. Women were 60% more likely to report that their livelihoods were moderately to severely affected by COVID-19 (OR 1.59; 95% CI 1.09, 2.31) and 70% more likely to experience moderate-to-severe hunger (OR 1.70; 95% CI 1.37, 2.09). The effects of COVID-19 on livelihood and hunger were greater in those with secondary-school and primary-school education compared with tertiary education. Conclusion. The COVID-19 pandemic is disproportionately affecting the most vulnerable segments of the population. Social protection programmes are a key component of efforts to alleviate the pandemics consequences; however, equitable access must be ensured.

This document aims to enhance understanding of how community food environments (CFEs) are assessed and to present common strategies used by nonprofits, community organizations, Extension, and local and federal governments to improve CFEs. Written by Alicia Papanek, Catherine G. Campbell, and Karla Shelnutt, and published by the UF/IFAS Department of Family, Youth and Community Sciences, May 2023.

This publication reviews types of food environment disparities and their implications for food and nutrition security. Written by Alicia Papanek, Catherine G. Campbell, and Karla Shelnutt, and published by the UF/IFAS Department of Family, Youth and Community Sciences, May 2023.

Introduction Food safety is a major challenge worldwide and an important factor frequently taken into account by consumers when making food choices. Over the years, a number of unfavorable phenomena related to food adulteration and an increase in its contamination have been observed, which in turn translates into a lower level of food quality and safety and a decrease in consumer confidence. Aim The aim of this study was to analyze the Rapid Alert System for Food and Feed (RASFF) reports from 2019-2021 in terms of types of hazards in food. Materials and methods The research material consisted of the annual reports of the RASFF for the years 2019-2021. Results The submissions to the RASFF per product type system were dominated by those related to food. In 2020 and 2021, the most notifications concerned fruits and vegetables, dietetic food, food supplements, and fortified foods. In the group of 10 products causing the most frequent notifications, there are products of animal origin: meat and meat products (other than poultry), fish and fish products, milk and milk products, poultry meat and poultry meat products. The main threats associated with food in the last three years were contamination with Salmonella in poultry meat and poultry meat products, herbs and spices, and nuts, nut products and seeds; aflatoxins, especially in nuts, nut products and seeds; and pesticide residues in fruit and vegetables. Conclusion The observed increase in the number of notifications in the RASFF reports in 2019-2021 shows that all EU Member States are involved in monitoring food safety risks. The functioning of the RASFF system enables immediate action to be taken in the EU countries in relation to the risk, and allows for quick information transfer and elimination of products that are hazardous to the health of the consumer.

The countries of Latin America and the Caribbean (LAC) have made progress in creating and implementing public policies on family farming (FF) by developing their own concepts, which converge in the fact that the family labor force is the most important link. However, this also appears to be their weakness for the future, since the exodus from the countryside to the city is affecting work in this sector, andrestrictive policies in this regard could end up denying the resources needed for FF to achieve greater development. This document aims to review the existing policies, official figures, and regulations that have been created over the years to recognize and strengthen family farming (FF) in Latin America and the Caribbean (LAC). To achieve our goals, we carried out a systematic search for technical documents (books, reports, and papers with official figures), policies, and legislation related to FF in LAC.Several countries have developed concepts to make policies focused on family farmers. Nonetheless, all converge in that the family workforce is the most critical link in this conceptualization. However, it also seems to be its Achilles’ heel for the future since the field-city exodus is affecting this sector, and restrictive policies could reduce the necessary resources for FF to achieve more significant development. Furthermore, the most significant challenges are found in conducting research on crops andanimal species that mainly affect FF, such as corn, beans, rice, cassava, vegetables, cattle, sheep, goats, pigs, and milk. Finally, efforts need to focus on studying changes in family composition, the quality of land, the role of family farmers as guardians of ancestral and native crops, excluding FF export crops. Unpaid women must not be forgotten as a vital part of FF because domestic and production units are closely related.

The relationship between food and its environment has been little explored in theoretical discussions. This essay aims to search for the information that the environments insert in food, through an integrated approach, document analysis and bibliographic research. Our experiences with food do not always bring the possibility of understanding the relationships with the environment and the dynamic processes associated with it. From the physical environment, instrumental and technological inputs, and social cultures, in mechanisms of significant complexity, food receives interference in its integrity. The abstraction of the concept as source of hidden information on the processes is understood as something still little discussed. Aspects related to processes in soils, risks and emerging practices were considered. It is suggested the effort to recognize the environmental, and human support, introduced in the food, to better assimilate existing relationships and sustainable behavior.

Industrial contamination of soils with heavy metals affects food safety, the environment and therefore human health, as it is one of the causes of cancer. However, there is a floristic inventory that gathers species capable of accumulating high concentrations of these elements in their tissues without showing signs of toxicity, therefore they can be used to mitigate this type of contamination. The objective of this work is to propose ruderal plant species for phytoremediation purposes to mitigate the contamination present in an agroecosystem where the White Ceramic Company "Adalberto Vidal", in the municipality of San José de las Lajas, Mayabeque. The soil was classified according to the existing pollution conditions, existing flora was inventoried and classified. The soil was classified as Contaminated in Cu, Co, Zn and Pb and in need of urgent remediation due to the concentrations of Ni and Cu; 79 botanical species were obtained, corresponding to 34 families recognized in the literature as accumulators of heavy metals. Cynodon nlemfuensis Vanderhyrst (Poaceae) “Star grass” predominates. In addition, in number of species, Gramineae, Legumes and Asteraceae predominated, which coincides with what is described in literature for the Vegetal Formations of Anthropic Savannas.

This article presents the results of legal and educational analysis of Russia's bilateral agreements with other partner states on the issue of ensuring various aspects of food security: trade in wheat and its processed products; conditions for the supply of fish and seafood, plant-based products in terms of the content of pesticides, nitrates and nitrites. It is established that legal liability and product certification are important types of guaranteeing the food security of the states. However, the implementation of such guarantees is fully hindered by the formalization of Russia's bilateral relations with partner states within the framework of memoranda that do not entail consequences that are immanent in the norms of international law.

The Nile River Basin is the source of life of Egypt, Ethiopia, Sudan, and Upstream countries, principally as water for agriculture and hydropower. The resource is the focus of much contested development between downstream and upstream countries. In recent years, largely due to climate change and rapid population growth, there has been an increasing level of conflict related to water scarcity and the consequent aggravation of food insecurity. Additionally, transboundary masses of water have an even more complex water management, becoming one of the main geopolitical issues of today. This conflict is the result of the ambition of the main riparian countries, notably Egypt, Sudan, Ethiopia and other upstream nations, to claim a greater share of the water supplies available in the watershed. That is precisely why a cooperative Game theory provides valuable insights into strategic disputes over water resources. In this paper, non-cooperative strategies are assessed to determine the possible outcomes of the dispute.

This present study comprises observations of the norms on land damage under the criminal legislation of the CIS nations, an investigation of means and outlooks to the legal regulation of land preservation in criminal legislation. The general scientific methods (logical, system, synthesis, and analysis) and specific scientific techniques are deployed to satisfy the study’s objectives. Based on the results It is concluded that not all criminal regulations only hold specific regulations preserving the land. This study makes an attempt to analyze the land damage signs, indicate the particulars of objective signs of land damage, and analyze the benefits and drawbacks of legal laws in comparison. Furthermore, It can be observe that relationships on the rational use and protection of land and guaranteeing environmental health and safety are substantial for the uninterrupted provision of the people with an adequate number of affordable and safe products in the near future.

The actions of social, cultural, economic, political and technological development influence the production, access, availability, income, market, quality and supply of food aimed at the vulnera ble population. It is a challenge to present concrete actions to promote efficient processes that guarantee food security in Latin America. In this work, some aspects in the form of mutual su pport that propose the development of a society in order to achieve a dignified life are actively, dynamically and jointly integrated. Markets and family farming, accompanied by the application of agroecology, decent employment, environmental culture, obtaining safe and nutritious pro ducts, as well as cultural availability, refer efforts to endorse health and education within the framework of sustainability; all this with the support of specific collaboration programs, which are complements of national and international commitments, necessary to satisfy the demand of a growing society and to subtract the effects of food globalization in our región.

This study was conducted in Manna woreda which is found in Jimma zone at a distance of 368 km south west of Addis Ababa and 24 km west of Jimma town. The objective of the study was to identify the determinants of household food insecurity in rural households. Even though majority of the sample households were found to be food secured, the number of food insecure households was not small. To know the food security status of the households, the data collected from sampled respondents regarding food preparation for seven day recall and daily consumption record were converted to kilocalorie using the Food Composition table manual. After that the major demographic, socioeconomic and institutional variables were assessed to look into their relative importance in determining the state of food security at household level. Accordingly Large family size and Asset possession, sex of the household head , number of oxen owned, Access to improved seed and chemical fertilizer are found to be the determinants of food insecurity in the area, Existence of major animals diseases and pest that affect crop production were found to significantly determine individuals food insecurity status. In addition, Some of the coping strategies that are used by food insecure household were assessed. Their local coping strategies at initial and severe stage includes: sale of livestock and productive assets as well as marketing of wood/charcoal which can in turn aggravate the problem of food insecurity.

Coastal communities depending on small-scale fisheries (SSFs) are poorly understood. Designing policies to address their vulnerabilities requires understanding the socioeconomic context in which SSFs operate. Unfortunately, that information is usually incomplete in developing countries. This study seeks to close this gap by examining the socio-demographics, assets, livelihood strategies, food security, and poverty levels of both fishing and non-fishing households in a fishing village in the Colombian Caribbean. The analysis follows the sustainable livelihoods approach. Our results show that: (i) SSFs play a double role in fishing households: self-consumption and income generation. (ii) SSFs play an essential role in food security for both fishing and non-fishing households. (iii) Livelihood diversification, including multispecies fishing and activities by household members in addition to the head, is key for diversifying risk and smoothing consumption. (iv) Fishing communities face significant restrictions in access to financial markets. (v) Although fishing households earn more income than non-fishing ones, they exhibit lower education and literacy. These results show that SSF is a buffer against the vulnerability of fishing communities. Strict conservation strategies might be necessary to sustain SSF, but these must be accompanied by alternative income sources, such as compensation schemes, social protection, or policies enabling alternative livelihoods. JEL Codes: D13, I21, J22, J46, Q22, Q56

The Universal Child Allowance (AUH) is an Argentine cash transfer programme that conditions payment to parents on the fulfilment of health and education conditions for their children. While the impact of the AUH on education is well known, its effects on health have been less explored. This paper assesses the direct effect of the programme on children attending routine medical exams and receiving scheduled vaccinations, the health conditions of the programme, along with indirect health-related outcomes to explore the wider potential effects on child health. Using microdata from the Argentine Social Debt Survey (EDSA), a quasi-experimental design is implemented to determine the average treatment effect on AUH recipients. The AUH is found to have no effect on the behaviours on which it is conditioned or on dental visits, but it does increase food security. The paper discusses the implications of these findings for the design and implementation of programme conditionalities.

In situ conservation of crops, or conservation in farmers’ fields, has been a minor component in the conservation of genetic resources; ex situ methods have been the preferred option. Although conservation in farmers’ fields is thought to be aimed at conserving genes for geneticists, it happens because the well-being of many farmers’ households depends on traditional varieties. A review of the case of corn in Mexico is presented. The de facto conservation, without institutional intervention, of traditional maize varieties in Mexico is extensive and dynamic with more than 2 million farmers planting native varieties, these are planted on more than half of the 8 million hectares planted annually. For small-scale farmers, maize represents food security, more than a business or monetary income, and maize is not currently the main source of income for most of these farmers. Several of the main factors that determine the presence of traditional maize varieties in the landscape are described, among which the altitude, the quality of the agricultural land, the quality of grains and seeds’ flow. Based on maize races richness, central and western Mexico has the greatest diversity, and the richness has not significantly decreased in the last 60 years. Traditional maize varieties are not static and continue to change to meet specific demands. It is possible to interpret the case of maize in Mexico as evolutionary plant breeding within a food security objective, where farmers and natural selection of a broad genetic base continue to produce the seed that is essential for millions of farmers.

In the present work, a recurrent selection program was initiated, between and within half-sib families in landrace maize, with the objective of obtaining, at the end of the process, a productive maize variety for agroecological cultivation systems adapted to the northeast region. A base population composed of 10 landrace varieties donated by farmers the region. In the base population, 60 half-sib families were selected. These were grown for selection among families, in Capistrano/CE, at Fazenda Repouso das Águas, in the agricultural year 2017/2018, in randomized blocks with three replications. It was used as a witness for a variety of BRS-Caatingueiro. The selection within the families was carried out in the agricultural year 2018/2019 at the Fazenda Experimental Piroás located in the municipality of Redenção/CE. 15 characteristics were evaluated in the selection among and 10 in the within families. In the selection between, the average production and productivity was 5.033,90 kg.ha-1 and 4.316,04 kg.ha-1, respectively. The superiority in relation to the witness was 8.67%. In the selection within, the average production and productivity was 4.448,413 kg.ha-1 and 3.998,41 kg.ha-1, respectively.

This paper aims to present an analysis of the scientific output on performance measurement and food waste as well as the trends and challenges in the field. Food waste increases food insecurity and misuses scarce natural and financial resources. However, there are many difficulties in measuring waste at the aggregate level, and the various ways used in companies lack a systemic approach. A systematic literature review was conducted using bibliometrics to guide the content analysis. The results indicate a lack of articles focusing on performance measurement systems for the whole supply chain with an emphasis on sustainability. The application of digital technologies to performance measurement systems is a trend that was observed. That opens an opportunity for research that aims to better quantify food waste and contribute to reduce food insecurity.

Food choice impacts human health and planetary sustainability. The feeding patterns that reduce risk factors for noncommunicable diseases and various mortality causes are recognized as healthy eating habits. The average world population is far from reaching these habits due to the lack of access to healthy foods and a high prevalence of malnutrition. Understanding the impact of healthy sustainable food systems is growing worldwide to reach food security for the global population and future generations. A systemic perspective of this concept includes the health and well-being of individuals and the environmental, economic, socio-cultural, public policies context, besides food, agriculture, and ecological sciences. We need to confront the menaces and challenges represented by the ongoing changes of our era, which strongly generate global food insecurity. This issue is relevant not only for human health but also for climate change and other threats, based on modifications in production, handling, and consumption of foods that consider health and welfare impact at individual and planetary levels. In this review, some key concepts related to healthy and sustainable food systems are presented.

Of the many discourses on nutrition and food, two opposing perspectives stand out. On the one hand, "nutritionism" emerged strongly in the last decades, reducing the concept of food to the presence or absence of nutrients and the concept of health to the absence of diseases, a discourse that has influenced modern nutritional and food sciences, as well as the conceptualization of the current corporate food regime. On the other hand, "healthy, supportive, and sustainable food" is a re-emerging perspective associated with the traditional ancestral food system and is founded on the principle of common good since millennia ago. This paper presents a reflection on these two perspectives, taking into account the historical scenario and the socio-political context that characterize them, in order to contribute to the recognition of a food paradigm consistent with the Millennium Development Goals and the human right to food. In addition, this reflection aims to assess the progress that has been made in Colombia to achieve healthy, supportive, and sustainable eating practices in the general population.

Introduction: The Covid-19 pandemic has led to increased awareness of food security in urban areas and to the role of farmers’ markets in providing essential services to consumers. Objective: To better understand how Covid-19 affected consumer access to organic food at two major organic farmers’ markets in the Costa Rican metropolitan area. Methods: In April 2020 after the strict Costa Rica lockdown, 52 organic market consumers completed online questionnaires regarding their purchasing and consumption patterns. Results: The majority of participants reported decreasing or stopping visits to organic markets (81%). The most frequent source of food during the pandemic was large supermarkets (52%) followed by online or direct delivery from farmers (15%). The majority of participants reported less access to organic products since the onset of the pandemic (71%). Conclusion: Covid-19 has impacted access to organic food at farmer’s markets; recommendations include greater support for direct and online delivery of organic products to increase access to health food.

This manuscript aimed to develop a brief 2-item screening tool to identify Brazilian households that include families with children at risk for food insecurity. Psychometric analyses including sensitivity, specificity, positive and negative predictive value, accuracy, and ROC curves were used to test combinations of questions to determine the most effective screener to assess households at risk for food insecurity when compared to a gold standard scale. Participants included Brazilian National Survey of Demography and Health on Women and Children (PNDS) surveyed households with a valid Brazilian Food Insecurity Scale (EBIA) response. The sample included 3,920 households representing 11,779,686 households when expanded using PNDS sample weights. With overall prevalence of food insecurity at 21%, a Brazilian 2-item food-insecurity screen showed sensitivity of 79.31%, specificity of 92.95%, positive predictive value of 74.62%, negative predictive value of 94.5% and ROC area 86.13%. This screen also presented high convergent validity for children’s nutrition and health variables when compared with the gold standard, the EBIA full scale. Based on its ability to detect households at risk for food insecurity, a 2-item screening tool is recommended for widespread adoption as a screening measure throughout Brazil, especially when rapid decision-making has been made fundamental, as under the COVID-19 pandemic. This screener can enable providers to accurately identify families at risk for food insecurity and promptly intervene to prevent or ameliorate adverse health and developmental consequences associated with food insecurity and swiftly respond to crises.

The purpose of this case study, conducted in Amhara region of Ethiopia, is to contribute to efforts to measuring and assessing resilience properties of household livelihoods constructed in the risky environments. It provides new insights for assessing livelihood vulnerability and designing resilience building programs in areas of protracted food crisis. Based on resilience theory as applied to social-ecological systems with an application of Modern Portfolio Theory, we adapted and measure the four properties of resilience to livelihood systems and tested the expected relationships between system properties as predicted by resilience theory. Household livelihood systems exhibited the expected pattern of increasing connectivity with increasing wealth (food income). Similarly, household resilience to food insecurity improves with increasing diversity of livelihood options and diversity declines with increasing connectivity of the system. This study demonstrates the use of a set of metrics for assessing resilience properties of household livelihoods based on key driving factors.

Objective: The study aims to investigate legal responsibility of state on food security on the pandemic. Method: This research used normative legal research, namely research methods using materials sourced from regulations. Methods: This study was a normative study, the data is collected through several source such as laws and principle of law. The data then analyzed qualitatively to answer the legal issue. Result: The availability of the food in this pandemic, is one of the responsibilities of states as the provider. As the provider of food, the state should make sure about the availability of food for their community first. As it is state that the food is one of the rights that have to be fulfilled. The society and government should cooperate together. Conclusions: Food security occurs when all people have an access to enough, safe, and nutritious food for their healthy life.

This article provides a bibliographic review of the effects of climate change on various currently prevailing topics deemed critical. Humanity faces enormous challenges in the areas of agricultural production, food security, sustainable development, the environment, and their relationships and impact on poverty. It is essential to adapt the 2030 Agenda for Sustainable Development in Latin American and Caribbean countries in order to fulfill proactive actions for attaining the Sustainable Development Goals (SDGs). Each Country must develop its own solutions according to the best interests of their citizens and country. A review of topics including climate change and its affiliation with social progress indexes, unemployment, intensity of deprivation, and indicators of sustainable development are key to inspiring companies to adopt good corporate social responsibility practices. A longitudinal design was applied to the non-experimental research in order to examine changes throughout time over populations of people living in LAC countries. An analysis of the changes that occurred to populations over time was divided into three sections.

The different pandemics that humanity has experienced, such as the Spanish Flu, Asian Flu, Hong Kong Flu, HIV/AIDS, SARS, Ebola and Swine Flu, have had a great impact on the economy, the environment and any human activity, such as livestock, agriculture, tourism, transport, education, health, fishing, mining, industry, commerce, etc. Currently, humanity is facing another pandemic, the infection of the new coronavirus (2019-nCoV) that generates the disease known as COVID-19. The objective of this document is to analyze and discuss the effects in agriculture of events related to the disease of COVID-19. For this analysis, data from the Food Agriculture Organization (FAO), the World Health Organization (WHO) and scientific and technical documents have been used. There is sufficient evidence to affirm that the pandemic caused by the COVID-19 disease has an important effect on agriculture and the food supply chain, mainly affecting food demand and consequently food security, with a great impact on the most vulnerable population.

Abstract This study explores the relationship between agricultural governance and food security in Nigeria and employs two main approaches: descriptive and econometric. The econometric approach engages Autoregressive Distribution Lag (ARDL) in examining the long-run relationship between the indicators of food security and agricultural governance for the period 1985 to 2016. The results show that in the long-run, agricultural performance contribute to food security in Nigeria. The findings from the descriptive analysis unveil that Nigeria has the highest number of undernourished people, which increased by 22% between 2000 and 2001. Between 2000 and 2015, the population grew by 30.60% with the rate of violence increasing by 55%. The study recommends, among others, that accountability in addressing the challenges in the implementation of food security programs and ensuring timely distribution of food resources is germane.

This is a Report on the Symposium "Advances in Plant Ecophysiology," within the VII Mexican Ecology Congress, Sociedad Científica Mexicana de Ecología, Juriquilla, Querétaro, Mexico, 3 October 2019

The size and duration of land grabs in Sub Saharan Africa are of dimensions never seen before. This work aims at using human rights as a tool to address the impact of land grabbing on local livelihoods. Findings suggest that land grabs serve the interests of investing governments entailing direct or indirect state involvement. In the majority of cases investments are characterised by a lack of transparency and participation of local populations. Land grabs cause loss of access to land and resources leaving people unable to feed themselves. At the same time those affected have no voice to demand justice. This article explores the obligations of host states under economic, social and cultural rights and examines extraterritorial obligations of investing states. The findings are applied to a case study of a Chinese investment in the Democratic Republic of Congo. The author argues that a human rights approach does not leave space for land grabs.Published online: 11 December 2017

This work builds off the observations of contemporary scholarship in the study of food security to explore its potential effects on the normative foundations of state legitimacy and rural governance. Today the concept of food security is different; states no longer need to primarily rely on domestic agricultural production to feed their population. Similarly, countries with available land for agriculture like Colombia are exposed to an increasing rush for land which is transforming the dynamics of rural governance. The article suggests that central government is willing to outsource governing functions in remote areas to private investors as long as they increase economic output, control populations and provide public goods. This finding has important implications for the post-conflict scenario in Colombia.

Home gardens are important reservoirs of agricultural diversity essential to support food security in rural communities. In this paper, we describe the richness and composition of species and varieties of plants used for food in home gardens of the municipality of San Pablo in the Middle Magdalena Basin of Colombia, and discuss its possible relations with a set of socio-economic and structural variables. A survey was conducted in 20 home gardens where semi structured questionnaires were administered to the head of each household, and all plants used as food were recorded. The physical characteristics of the home gardens varied widely. Farmers’ ages varied between 28-90 years and the most frequent level of schooling was primary education. In total, 75 species represented by 162 varieties were found. Plantains (Musa x paradisiaca), mangos (Mangifera indica), guavas (Psidium guajava) and cassavas (Manihot esculenta) were the most diverse and frequent crops across gardens. The mean number of species per home garden was 17.5 (SD = 7.1), ranging from 6 to 33. On average 48% of the species recorded were fruits, followed by spices (17%), roots and tubers (12%) and vegetables (9%). Significant correlations were found between food plant richness and farmers’ ages (rs = 0.461, p = 0.04) and food plant richness and number of family members (rs = -0.487, p = 0.03). Home gardens of San Pablo are important regional agrobiodiversity reservoirs that support families’ nutrition.

This paper considers the political dynamics in food studies. It emphasizes the contemporary history of food. It consists of an introduction and justification of what we have called the political perspective of the food fact; another review and comment on the becoming of the history of food, accentuating the cultural perspective; and finally, an approach to discourses around food that could influencethepolitical provisions in the second half of the twentieth century, highlighting the contrasts between the concepts of food security and sovereignty.