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El muestreo estadístico es una herramienta que puede elevar la efectividad del trabajo de los auditores en el cumplimiento de sus funciones. Estas, sin embargo, son poco usadas en la Unidad de Auditoría Interna (UAI) de la Delegación Provincial de la Agricultura en Cienfuegos. En este trabajo se muestra que la mayoría de los auditores se sienten incapacitados para hacerlo por sí solos, y en su lugar aplican métodos no estadísticos, más sencillos, pero que no garantizan la representatividad de los elementos inspeccionados y en consecuencias afectan la objetividad de los resultados. Con vistas a resolver estas deficiencias, en este trabajo se propone un procedimiento basado en cuatro pasos fundamentales, acompañado de una explicación detallada de cómo proceder para su aplicación práctica, las que se ilustran a partir de una situación tomada de un problema real. Adicionalmente se diseña una herramienta computacional sobre Microsoft Excel que facilita a los auditores la implementación del procedimiento propuesto.

The aim of this work was to develop and to validate a methodology using HPLC for the simultaneous determination of folates and folic acid in foods. The limits of detection and the recovery rates for the vitamins in the certified reference materials were respectively 5 pg/mL and 94-108% for 5-MTHF, 7 pg/mL and 97-102% for THF, 30 pg/mL and 97.9-104% for 5-FTHF, 30 pg/mL and 95-107 for 10-FFA, 5 ng/mL and 97-102% for FA and 5 ng/mL and 98-103% for 10-MFA. Repeatability showed a coefficient of variation below 3.9% for all the vitamins. The proposed methodology was shown to be efficient when applied to different certified reference materials, namely pig's liver (BCR487), powdered milk (BCR421) and a vegetable mixture (BCR485).

The association of dermatomyositis with myasthenia gravis (MG) is uncommon, having been reported so far in only 26 cases. We report the case of a 69 year-old man diagnosed with MG two years ago and currently treated with piridostigmyne. The patient developed acute proximal weakness, shoulder pain and elevated creatine-kinase (CK). He also developed generalized facial erythema and Gottron's papules. Laboratory tests showed positive antinuclear and anti-Mi2 antibodies. Further analysis confirmed CK levels above 1000 U/l. The clinical management of the patient and the therapeutic implications derived from the coexistence of both entities are discusssed., (Copyright © 2014 Elsevier España, S.L.U. All rights reserved.)

Background: Prenatal diagnosis is an advantage for couples with certain lifestyles, ensures self-determination of an affected child or procreate a healthy. However, Mexico has been performed only in private hospitals and the National Medical Center November 20 ISSSTE and the National Institute of Perinatology., Objective: To evaluate the frequency of chromosomal abnormalities in 3081 amniocentesis performed in patients at high risk of having an affected child., Materials and Methods: we analyzed the results of amniocentesis performed between September 1987 and August 2006. Data analysis was done using frequency tables and chi-square, Yates corrected and Mantel-Haenzel., Results: Most studies were requested by maternal age, maternal distress and positive biochemical marker. 9% (< or = 14 weeks) were early amniocentesis and 91% regular (> or = 15 weeks). The samples were processed in triplicate in an open cultivation system. The fetal karyotype was obtained in 99.9% of the studies, 10.5 +/- 1.4 days. Chromosomal abnormalities were detected in 128 cases (4.2%), 103 were unbalanced and 25 balanced. The most frequent abnormalities were: Down syndrome 39%, balanced translocations 13.2%, 12.5% of Edwards syndrome, alterations in sex chromosomes and 11.5% unbalanced structural aberrations 7%., Conclusions: Our data could be used to provide genetic counseling based on the experience reported here.

Objective: To describe the usefulness of bone densitometry in the diagnosis and follow-up of patients with primary hyperthyroidism (PHPT)., Material and Methods: Retrospective review of 48 patients with PHPT; 27 received surgical treatment and 21 medical treatment. Radiologic and biochemical findings and bone mass were evaluated at the start of the study and after one and two years., Results: All patients had elevated PTH levels and 87% had normal or moderately increased calcemia. The most common clinical presentations were renal colic (34%) and the absence of symptoms (22.8%). The sensitivity of scintigraphy was 75% and the sensitivity of ultrasonography was 12%. We found osteopenia in 70.3% of patients and osteoporosis in 81.3%, fundamentally in the radius and spine. Bone mass at one year and at two years remained similar in the femur (73.8%) and spine (81.8%) in 58% and 50% of the patients, respectively. Increased bone mass was seen in the femur (30.4%) in 13.6% of the patients and in the spine (33.3%) in 50% of the patients. This increase was greater in the group that received surgical treatment. Calcemia and PTH were decreased by 69.2% and 76.9 %, respectively, in the patients that underwent surgery. In the group that received medical treatment, calcemia remained similar and PTH was decreased by 50%. Fractures developed in 21.8% of the patients., Conclusions: Densitometry assesses the repercussions of the disease on bone mass at the start of treatment and after treatment. Osteoporosis is a common finding. Gains in bone mass occurred fundamentally in patients that had undergone surgery. Bone mass remained similar in a high percentage of patients in both groups.