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3D sensors, also known as RGB-D sensors, utilize depth images where each pixel measures the distance from the camera to objects, using principles like structured light or time-of-flight. Advances in artificial vision have led to affordable 3D cameras capable of real-time object detection without object movement, surpassing 2D cameras in information depth. These cameras can identify objects of varying colors and reflectivities and are less affected by lighting changes. The described prototype uses RGB-D sensors for bidirectional people counting in venues, aiding security and surveillance in spaces like stadiums or airports. It determines real-time occupancy and checks against maximum capacity, crucial during emergencies. The system includes a RealSense D415 depth camera and a mini-computer running object detection algorithms to count people and a 2D camera for identity verification. The system supports statistical analysis and uses C++, Python, and PHP with OpenCV for image processing, demonstrating a comprehensive approach to monitoring venue occupancy., Comment: 8 pages, in Spanish language, 8 figures

This paper presents the design of an artificial vision system prototype for automatic inspection and monitoring of objects over a conveyor belt and using a Smart camera 2D BOA-INS. The prototype consists of a conveyor belt and an embedded system based on an Arduino Mega card for system control, and it has as main peripherals the smart camera, a direct current motor, a photoelectric sensor, LED illumination and LEDs indicating the status (good or defect) of each evaluated object. The application of the prototype is for educational purposes, so that undergraduate, master and diploma students can simulate a continuous production line, controlled by an embedded system, and perform quality control by monitoring through a visual system and a personal computer. This allows implementing the topics of embedded systems, artificial vision, artificial intelligence, pattern recognition, automatic control, as well as automation of real processes., Comment: 8 pages, 16 figures, in Spanish language

This article, written in Spanish, provides a comprehensive review of the Fargues-Fontaine curve, a cornerstone in $p$-adic Hodge theory, and its pivotal role in classifying $p$-adic Galois representations. We synthesize key developments surrounding this curve, emphasizing its connection between advanced concepts in arithmetic geometry and the practical theory of representations. We offer a detailed analysis of the Fontaine period rings ($B_{cris}, B_{st}, B_{dR}$), exploring their crucial algebraic and arithmetic properties and their contribution to the curve's construction and definition. Furthermore, we delve into the theory of admissible $p$-adic Galois representations, discussing how the curve, once defined, integrates with Harder-Narasimhan theory., Comment: The article is a review comprising 14 pages, including references and two illustrations. In Spanish language

The article analyzes the impact of artificial intelligence (AI) on contemporary society and the importance of adopting an ethical approach to its development and implementation within organizations. It examines the critical perspective of French philosopher \'Eric Sadin and others, who warn of the risks of unbridled technologization that can erode human autonomy. However, the article also recognizes the active role that various actors, such as governments, academics and civil society, can play in shaping the development of AI aligned with human and social values. A multidimensional approach is proposed that combines ethics with regulation, innovation and education. It highlights the importance of developing detailed ethical frameworks, incorporating ethics in the training of professionals, conducting ethical impact audits, and encouraging stakeholder participation in AI design. In addition, four fundamental pillars for the ethical implementation of AI in organizations are presented: 1) Integrated values, 2) Trust and transparency, 3) Empowering human growth, and 4) Identifying strategic factors. These pillars cover aspects such as alignment with the company's ethical identity, governance and accountability, human-centered design, continuous training and adaptability in the face of technological and market changes. It concludes by emphasizing that ethics must be the cornerstone of the strategy of any organization that aspires to incorporate AI, establishing a solid framework to ensure that the technology is developed and used in a way that respects and promotes human values., Comment: in Spanish language

This document describes the development of a video game prototype designed to encourage physical activity among children and older adults. The prototype consists of a laptop, a camera with 3D sensors, and optionally requires an LCD screen or a projector. The programming component of this prototype was developed in Scratch, a programming language geared towards children, which greatly facilitates the creation of a game tailored to the users' preferences. The idea to create such a prototype originated from the desire to offer an option that promotes physical activity among children and adults, given that a lack of physical exercise is a predominant factor in the development of chronic degenerative diseases such as diabetes and hypertension, to name the most common. As a result of this initiative, an active video game prototype was successfully developed, based on a ping-pong game, which allows both children and adults to interact in a fun way while encouraging the performance of physical activities that can positively impact the users' health., Comment: 13 pages, in Spanish language, 11 figures

Recent advances in image, video, text and audio generative techniques, and their use by the general public, are leading to new forms of content generation. Usually, each modality was approached separately, which poses limitations. The automatic sound recording of visual sequences is one of the greatest challenges for the automatic generation of multimodal content. We present a processing flow that, starting from images extracted from videos, is able to sound them. We work with pre-trained models that employ complex encoders, contrastive learning, and multiple modalities, allowing complex representations of the sequences for their sonorization. The proposed scheme proposes different possibilities for audio mapping and text guidance. We evaluated the scheme on a dataset of frames extracted from a commercial video game and sounds extracted from the Freesound platform. Subjective tests have evidenced that the proposed scheme is able to generate and assign audios automatically and conveniently to images. Moreover, it adapts well to user preferences, and the proposed objective metrics show a high correlation with the subjective ratings., Comment: 10 pages, in Spanish, Tecniac\'ustica

In this article we describe and apply the Fay-Herriot model with spatially correlated random area effects (Pratesi, M., & Salvati, N. (2008)), in order to predict the prevalence of anemia and childhood stunting in Peruvian districts, based on the data from the Demographic and Family Health Survey of the year 2019, which collects data about anemia and childhood stunting for children under the age of 12 years, and the National Census carried out in 2017. Our main objective is to produce reliable predictions for the districts, where sample sizes are too small to provide good direct estimates, and for the districts, which were not included in the sample. The basic Fay-Herriot model (Fay & Herriot, 1979) tackles this problem by incorporating auxiliary information, which is generally available from administrative or census records. The Fay-Herriot model with spatially correlated random area effects, in addition to auxiliary information, incorporates geographic information about the areas, such as latitude and longitude. This permits modeling spatial autocorrelations, which are not unusual in socioeconomic and health surveys. To evaluate the mean square error of the above-mentioned predictors, we use the parametric bootstrap procedure, developed in Molina et al. (2009)., Comment: 32 pages, in Spanish language, 8 figures

This article presents a comprehensive review of control algorithms used in mobile robotics, a field in constant evolution. Mobile robotics has seen significant advances in recent years, driven by the demand for applications in various sectors, such as industrial automation, space exploration, and medical care. The review focuses on control algorithms that address specific challenges in navigation, localization, mapping, and path planning in changing and unknown environments. Classical approaches, such as PID control and methods based on classical control theory, as well as modern techniques, including deep learning and model-based planning, are discussed in detail. In addition, practical applications and remaining challenges in implementing these algorithms in real-world mobile robots are highlighted. Ultimately, this review provides a comprehensive overview of the diversity and complexity of control algorithms in mobile robotics, helping researchers and practitioners to better understand the options available to address specific problems in this exciting area of study., Comment: 8 pages, in Spanish

This article investigates the effect of near non-resonant levels on the spectral lines of atoms interacting with an electromagnetic field. Specifically, we examine the AC Stark effect that occurs when the field frequency matches the transition frequency between two lower levels and the field has a small average number of photons ($|\alpha|^2 <4$). Our research demonstrates that the changes in spectral line shape can be used to distinguish between Schr\"odinger cat states with opposite phases in $\pi$, namely, the states $|\alpha\rangle + |-\alpha\rangle$ and $|\alpha\rangle - |-\alpha\rangle$., Comment: in Spanish language

Vote processes are the results of several complex interactions which are hard to separate in order to understand its role in the final result. The revocatory exercise performed in Mexico in 2022 allows an approximation to the Mexican dynamics of vote. Being a binary election (in principle) and the vote was mainly due to the political party in the government and the coercion of vote we have mainly only two dynamics of vote. In this work I report that the vote distribution for the NO at urn scale is similar to the one that appears in several elections for the Institutional Revolutionary Party (PRI for his Spanish acronym) and it is compatible with a Gamma distribution. We discuss similarities and two possible models for such a behavior, one based on the Traveling Salesperson Problem and other on a Fokker-Planck equation. Las votaciones son el resultado de varias interacciones complejas y que resulta dif\'icil de separar para entender el papel que juegan en el resultado final. El ejercicio revocatorio llevado a cabo en M\'exico en el a\~no 2022 permite una aproximaci\'on acotada a la din\'amica de voto en M\'exico. Pues, en principio, es binaria y la votaci\'on fue fundamentalmente debida al partido en el gobierno y a la coerci\'on del voto, siendo estas las principales din\'amicas de voto. En \'este trabajo reportamos que la distribuci\'on de voto por casilla para el NO que es parecida a la distribuci\'on que ha aparecido en diversas elecciones en votos para el Partido Revolucionario Institucional y es compatible con una distribuci\'on Gamma. Se discuten sus similitudes y dos posibles modelos para tal comportamiento, uno basado en el Problema del Agente Viajero (TSP, por sus sigla en ingl\'es) y otro en una ecuaci\'on de Fokker-Planck., Comment: Text in Spanish, 4 figures

The design of Microprocessors Computer Architectures remains as a fundamental course in Computer Science and Computer Engineering. The technology and organization inside microprocessors have changed quite fast in the last twenty years. That change has increased the information handled in class, difficulting the teaching/learning process among students. Although there are tools, mainly simulators, available to exemplify abstract concepts during the course, these tools have not come along with the technology. The computer architecture group of the Centro de Investigaci\'on en Computaci\'on at the IPN Mexico is working on a project called Lagarto to create an open computing platform for research and education to simplify the understanding of fundamental concepts involved in computer architecture and operating systems. This paper introduces Lagarto, our soft-core-processor micro-architecture. It has a scalar pipeline structure and executes a full MIPS 32 R6 ISA [9] [10] and includes an MMU to support modern Operative Systems. The complete design has been described using Verilog HDL and is fully synthesizable in an FPGA. Additionally, this work shows different ways to use and test the microprocessor with codes written in either assembly language or C language. We show that the Lagarto project allows students to incorporate during the course not only the traditional model of visualizing theoretical knowledge in a practical exercise through simulators but also integrate into the teaching process the RTL design to build the Microprocessor Architecture., Comment: in Spanish. Research in Computing Science. https://www.rcs.cic.ipn.mx/2017_137/Lagarto%20I%20-%20Una%20plataforma%20hardware_software%20de%20arquitectura%20de%20computadoras%20para%20la%20academia.pdf

The spectrophotometry systems commonly required both in research areas and in the chemical and materials industries turn out to be expensive laboratory equipment, in many cases the acquisition of these becomes unfeasible; besides, in several applications portability is also required to perform measurements in the field and that they could be broad spectrum devices. In this work, a review of various development projects for spectrophotometry devices was carried out, ranging from academic prototypes to industrial products using different implementation strategies in order to know the feasibility of creating portable and broad-spectrum devices or specific products for a particular sector, but with the intention of achieving high precision and functionality. The research allowed to conclude with a novel contribution for the development of powerful spectrophotometry prototypes for specific, low-cost industries or sectors., Comment: in Spanish language

Solar active regions and the processes that occur in them have been extensively studied and analyzed and many types of models and characterizations have been proposed for the occurrence of different eruptive events that take place in the solar atmosphere. The most characteristic of these regions are those that have opposite magnetic polarity, which, in their majority, generate explosive events such as the so-called solar flares. The flares are intense explosions occurring in the solar atmosphere with adverse effects on the Earth and the technology developed by humans, and they are also determining factors in the so-called space weather. For this reason, attempts have been made to predict the occurrence of these events. In the present study, we developed a predictive model of solar flares higher than M5 based on the articles proposed by Korsos, et al. (2014, 2015) using the relationship between the flares and the bipolar active regions. The analysis took into account the areas of the umbrae of opposite polarity, their average magnetic field, and the magnetic barycenter from each sunspot in the region for a sample of three active regions to find the temporal variation due to the evolution of the sunspots, thus confirming previous results reported in the literature. We made a statistical analysis to determine whether after a flare occurs, another can arise in the subsequent hours., Comment: 12 pages, 7 figures, 7 tables (in spanish)

The following material was created with the idea of being used for an introductory fractional calculus course. A recapitulation of the history of fractional calculus is presented, as well as the different attempts at fractional derivatives that existed before current definitions. Properties of the gamma function, beta function and the Mittag-Leffler function are presented, which are fundamental pieces in the fractional calculus. The basic properties of Riemann-Liouville and Caputo fractional derivatives are presented, as well as their implementation to different functions. It also presents the Laplace transform of a fractional operator and an application to the fractional free fall problem., Comment: in Spanish

A brief review of the history of the conic sections would not be complete without an exhaustively tolerable account of all the things related to the subject that can be found in the extensive work of the wise Archimedes. There is no strong evidence that the Syracusan genius wrote a treatise on Conics separately., Comment: 17 pages, in Spanish

In the tasks of environmental monitoring is of great importance to have compact and portable systems able to identify environmental contaminants that facilitate tasks related to waste management and environmental restoration. In this paper, a prototype sensor is described to identify contaminants in the environment. This prototype is made with an array of tin oxide SnO2 gas sensors used to identify chemical vapors, a step of data acquisition implemented with ARM (Advanced RISC Machine) low-cost platform (Arduino) and a neural network able to identify environmental contaminants automatically. The neural network is used to identify the composition of contaminant census. In the computer system, the heavy computational load is presented only in the training process, once the neural network has been trained, the operation is to spread the data across the network with a much lighter computational load, which consists mainly of a vector-matrix multiplication and a search table that holds the activation function to quickly identify unknown samples., Comment: 11 pages, in Spanish

In this article, we report how a high school teacher (levels 10-12) used gestures when facing a classroom situation not foreseen by him. The use of gestures took place during the interaction with three students around the analysis of the movement of an object in free fall. A qualitative analysis of the data was carried out from a conceptual framework that coordinates elements of three theoretical approaches: documentational approach to didactics, activity theory and historical epistemology. The data collection was carried out by videotaping the teacher-student interaction while the meaning production process about the movement of an object in free fall took place. We consider that the analysis of results shows that the coordination of gestures is, on the one hand, a semiotic resource that should be considered relevant in the teachers' resources system; and on the other hand, represents in itself, a way of visualizing the cognitive structure that guides the actions of the teacher., Comment: in Spanish

In this work we use the Euler hydrodynamic equations of fluids to study a model of galactic halos minimally coupled to a complex scalar field, which in the Newtonian limit they become the Schr\"odinger-Poisson system. Applying a Madelung transformation, this system of equations takes the form of hydrodynamics equations, where there are a self-interacting potential and a kind of quantum potential that depends non-linearly on the density of the fluid. In this theoretical framework we analyze the Jeans' instability, which is useful for finding the scale length of perturbations of the scalar field that will form structures. In other words, perturbations of the scalar field with lengths less than this threshold length, can not lead to the formation of galactic structures. We also show that this scalar field hydrodynamic system has vorticity., Comment: 9 pages, in Spanish

The State and its citizens generate lots of data. Once stored and processed, data can help resolve questions in Social Sciences, where it is common to need data in a different level of aggregation than the data is presented. In election results, we would like to understand the decision of each voter or group of voters, but the data is only available at the polling-place level. This problem is known as ecological inference. In this work we compare two methods to estimate the share of votes for each party according to different age groups. This work is complemented with the analysis of votes between the first and second rounds, as well as a referendum during the first. This analysis was performed on the 2014 uruguayan presidential elections., Comment: 6 pages, in Spanish, 3 figures

In this article we review the present knowledge on the elastic properties of membranes of biological origin. Assuming the fluid mosaic hypothesis, we consider the phospholipid bilayer as the structural base of a biological membrane. We expose a model due to Helfrich which can be used to obtain an expression for the membrane elastic energy. The free energy is completely characterized by two local principal curvatures and four parameters that depend on the chemical composition of the membrane and its local environment. In addition we present the theoretical justification of an experimental method (the Micropipette Manipulation technique) that may be used to measure the membrane rigidity. Finally, we describe some physical consequences of these concepts, such as the explanation of the lamellar-sponge phase transition and the emergence of the steric interaction between membranes. ------ Se presenta una revisi\'on del conocimiento actual sobre las propiedades el\'asticas de las membranas. Bajo la hip\'otesis del mosaico fluido se considera a una bicapa de fosfol\'ipido como la base estructural de una membrana biol\'ogica y se expone un modelo debido a Helfrich a partir del cu\'al se obtiene una expresi\'on para la energ\'ia el\'astica de una membrana. La energ\'ia libre queda completamente caracterizada por sus curvaturas locales principales y cuatro par\'ametros dependientes de la composici\'on qu\'imica de la membrana y de su entorno local. Se expone la justificaci\'on te\'orica de un m\'etodo experimental que permite medir la constante el\'astica de curvatura media de una membrana. Finalmente se describen algunas consecuencias f\'isicas de estos conceptos, como la explicaci\'on de la transici\'on de una fase lamelar a una esponja, o la aparici\'on de la interacci\'on est\'erica entre membranas., Comment: 17 pages (In Spanish)