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Introduction: Sleep disorders include a number of different processes, of which the most prevalent is the sleep apnea-hypopnea syndrome (SAHS). Prevalence of SAHS has increased worldwide, and has a significant social and health impact because of the increased cardiometabolic risk attributed to obesity and the associated metabolic syndrome., Material and Methods: A cross-sectional epidemiological study of 1110 workers from public service companies in the Spanish Mediterranean area (Balearic Islands and Valencian Community) was conducted between January and December 2015. Cardiovascular risk was calculated using the Castelli, Kannel and TG/HDL indices, and prevalence of obesity using body mass index, waist circumference, waist-height ratio, and visceral fat. SAHS risk was assessed using the Stop-Bang questionnaire., Results: Risk of SAHS was low in 77% of patients and intermediate-high in 23% of patients. All obesity parameters showed a statistically significant association (p value <.001) with intermediate/high risk of SAHS. Obesity prevalence is higher the worse the quality of sleep. There was a statistically significant relationship between risk of SAHS and cardiovascular risk with the atherogenic indexes found., Conclusions: Twenty-three percent of workers had intermediate/high SAHS risk. The results of this study support the relationship of SAHS with an increased CVR and with obesity parameters. Further prospective studies in different productive sectors may be useful to confirm the results of this research., (Copyright © 2017 SEEN y SED. Publicado por Elsevier España, S.L.U. All rights reserved.)

Introduction: Cardiovascular diseases are the leading cause of death in women after menopause, since after this stage there are profound metabolic and hormonal changes which favor the development of metabolic syndrome. An increase in the percentage of visceral fat may be related to the onset of this syndrome., Objective: To establish the relationship between visceral fat and parameters of the metabolic syndrome and to determine the optimal cut-off point for the variables related to obesity in women with a cardiovascular risk factor., Method: Cross-sectional descriptive study carried out in two urban health centers in Spain. We evaluated 320 women aged 45 to 60 years with hypertension, diabetes mellitus and/or dyslipidemia. Age, estrogenic activity, visceral fat and body fat measured through a bioimpedance device, body mass index, abdominal perimeter, systolic and diastolic blood pressure, triglycerides, high density lipoprotein, glucose and the presence or absence of syndrome metabolic were considered., Results: There is a significant correlation between visceral fat and all metabolic syndrome defining parameters (p < 0.05). The optimum cut-offs for obesity-related variables were visceral fat (8 kg), abdominal perimeter (93.5 cm), body mass index (26.9 kg/m2 ) and total body fat (24.3 kg)., Conclusions: Menopausal women showed more visceral fat. An association between visceral fat and the parameters that define the metabolic syndrome is observed. It would be advisable to perform a more complex research to study the utility of visceral fat as a possible screening parameter in the metabolic syndrome.

Clinical observation indicates that many obese individuals do not display important metabolic alterations. Consequently, the objective of this study was to establish whether simple obesity, non concurrent with other important risk factors, was associated with metabolic alterations; or if the phenomenon known as "obesity paradox" was present. A clinical history, measurements of anthropometric and metabolic parameters and estimation of hepatic steatosis and visceral fat, were determined in 30, apparently healthy, individuals from Maracaibo, Venezuela, between 20 and 59 years of age and a body mass index (BMI) above 25 kg/m2, and compared to a lean control group of 11 individuals with BMI less than 25 kg/m2. The study demonstrated that only one third of overweight/obese individuals (OW/OB), with high body mass index (BMI) and waist circumference (WC), presented elevated values of insulin, HOMA-IR and triglycerides. Nevertheless, the presence of hepatic steatosis was elevated in the OW/OB group (91%) vs. 9% in the control group. The visceral fat in the lean control group was associated with both, WC and glycemia; however, it was not related to the BMI or insulin, HOMA-IR and HDLc. The visceral fat in the OW/OB group, although elevated in relation to the lean group, revealed a loss of these associations. In the OW/OB it was the BMI that was associated with insulin and HOMA-IR. The results emphasize the importance of investigating for the presence of hepatic steatosis, rather than visceral fat, in individuals with OW/OB, to identify subjects with high cardiometabolic risk.

Background: Visceral fat accumulation is associated with the development of metabolic diseases. Anthropometry is one of the methods used to quantify it., Aim: to evaluate the relationship between visceral adipose tissue volume (VAT), measured with magnetic resonance imaging (MRI), and anthropometric indexes, such as body mass index (BMI) and waist circumference (WC), in type 2 diabetic patients (DM2)., Patients and Methods: Twenty four type 2 diabetic patients aged 55 to 78 years (15 females) and weighting 61.5 to 97 kg, were included. The patients underwent MRI examination on a Philips Intera® 1.5T MR scanner. The MRI protocol included a spectral excitation sequence centered at the fat peak. The field of view included from L4-L5 to the diaphragmatic border. VAT was measured using the software Image J®. Weight, height, BMI, WC and body fat percentage (BF%), derived from the measurement of four skinfolds with the equation of Durnin and Womersley, were also measured. The association between MRIVAT measurement and anthropometry was evaluated using the Pearson's correlation coefficient., Results: Mean VAT was 2478 ± 758 ml, mean BMI29.5 ± 4.7 kg/m², and mean WC was 100 ± 9.7 cm. There was a poor correlation between VAT, BMI (r = 0.18) and WC (r = 0.56)., Conclusions: BMI and WC are inaccurate predictors of VAT volume in type 2 diabetic patients.

The processes that course with intraabdominal fat necrosis often manifest with acute or subacute abdominal pain; these clinical findings can be caused by various conditions, including epiploic appendagitis, omental infarction, encapsulated fat necrosis, mesenteric panniculitis, appendicitis, diverticulitis, and certain neoplasms. In this context, although the anatomic location of the pain and accompanying symptomatology can help orient the diagnosis, there is a risk of unnecessary surgery. Imaging tests like ultrasonography and especially computed tomography are essential for diagnosing intraabdominal fat necrosis. Radiologists must be familiar with the characteristic findings for all the conditions that can cause acute or subacute abdominal pain to ensure appropriate management and prevent unnecessary surgery., (Copyright © 2011 SERAM. Published by Elsevier Espana. All rights reserved.)

Introduction: Waist circumference (WC) and the waist-to-height ratio (WHtR) are anthropometric measures widely used in clinical practice to evaluate visceral fat and the consequent cardiovascular risk. However, risk thresholds should be standardized according to body mass index (BMI)., Objective: To determine the distribution of WC and WHtR according to the BMI cut-points currently used to describe overweight and obesity., Materials and Methods: WC, WHtR and BMI were measured in 3521 adult patients (>18 years) attended in Endocrinology and Nutrition units., Results: A total of 20.8% (734 patients) were diabetic. Obesity was found in 82.1% of diabetic patients and in 75% of non-diabetic patients. The WC thresholds proposed by the National Institute of Health (102 cm in men, 88 cm in women), Bray (100 cm in men, 90 cm in women) and the International Diabetes Federation (94 cm in men, 80 cm in women) were exceeded by 92.9%, 94.8% and 98.4% of obese men, 96.8%, 95.5% and 99.7% of obese women, 79.1%, 83.1% and 90% of diabetic men and 95.5%, 81.5% and 97.4% of diabetic women, respectively. Thresholds adapted to the degree of obesity (90, 100, 110 and 125 cm in men and 80, 90, 105 and 115cm in women for normal BMI, overweight, obesity I and obesity greater than I) were exceeded by 58.4% of obese men, 54.2% of obese women, 57.5% of diabetic men and 60.7% of diabetic women. WC was higher in men, and BMI and the WHtR were higher in women. The WC of diabetic women equalled that of men, and WC, WHtR and BMI were higher in diabetic than in non-diabetic women (p<0.001). WC (p<0.005), WHtR (p<0.001) and BMI (p<0.5) were also higher in diabetic than in non-diabetic men., Conclusion: WC and WHtR thresholds by BMI discriminated diabetic and obese patients better than single thresholds, and can be represented graphically by the distribution of percentile ranks of WC and WHtR by BMI.ik., (Copyright © 2009 SEEN. Published by Elsevier Espana. All rights reserved.)

Background: Androgenic obesity is associated with a higher risk of metabolic disorders, thus favoring the occurrence of cardiovascular diseases and other morbidities., Objective: To verify the influence of the visceral adipose tissue (VAT) area, measured by computed tomography (CT), on the metabolic alterations in adult and elderly individuals., Methods: CT results and lipoprotein levels, total cholesterol and fractions, triglycerides, glycemia and uric acid levels, were obtained from 194 individuals stratified by sex, age group and body mass and analyzed using the tests of correlation and means., Results: The elderly individuals presented higher VAT area, glycemia, uric acid and total cholesterol levels. The most important correlations were observed between VAT area, triglycerides (TG) and VLDL-c (r > 0.5; p < 0.01), in both age groups. The mean VAT area was always higher when TG and glycemia levels were altered, in both age groups., Conclusion: Most tests showed a strong correlation with VAT area, which was considered as risk for metabolic alterations. In elderly individuals, the risk VAT area seems to be higher than that of adult individuals.

Objective: to determine visceral fat and metabolic profile in hypertensive men with and without obesity., Methods: analytic cross-sectional study was carried out. Thirty hypertensive men with obesity and 30 hypertensive men without obesity from a primary care clinic. Visceral and subcutaneous fat (by computer axial tomography), anthropometry, lipid profile, fibrinogen, and glucose (fasting and 2 hr after glucose load) were measured., Results: hypertensive obese men were younger (48 + or - 7 versus 57 + or - 6 years) who had higher values of blood pressure, lipids and lipoproteins, waist and hip circumference and total abdominal and subcutaneous fat (420 versus 321 cm(2), p < 0.001; and 257 versus 162 cm(2), p = 0.03). Visceral fat was similar in both groups (163 versus 162 cm(2)). The non obese group had higher levels of glucose either fasting and post glucose load. Both groups had increased mean values of fibrinogen and triglycerides and low concentrations of HDL-c., Conclusions: hypertension was associated with increased visceral fat, regardless the BMI. Although obese hypertensive men were younger, they had a metabolic profile more deleterious than non obese men.