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Gentamicin (GM) is an aminoglycoside antibiotic the most common used in the treatment of infectious diseases in humans and animals. However, GM causes damage to many tissues and organs in the body, especially the kidneys. Helichrysum plicatum (Hp), native to the Balkans and Anatolia, is a plant used in various diseases such as diabetes, liver and kidney damage. In this study, Male Spraque Dawley rats (n=36 and 200–250 g) were randomly divided into 6 experimental groups: Group 1: Control; received normal saline (intraperitoneally –i.p.–), Group 2: Hp (100 mg·kg–1 day i.p.), Group 3: Hp (200 mg·kg–1 day i.p.), Group 4: GM (80 mg·kg–1 day i.p.), Group 5: GM 80 + Hp 100 (mg·kg–1 day i.p.), and Group 6: GM 80 + Hp 200 (mg·kg–1 day i.p.). Then kidney tissue samples were collected for evaluations. All of our results showed that Hp (100 mg·kg–1 day) reduced the levels of pro–inflammatory cytokines such as IL–8, IL–6, and TNF– while increasing the level of anti–inflammatory cytokine IL–10. It was also observed that Hp reduced the expressions of the caspase3, NOS and Heat shock proteins such as Hsp27 and Hsp70. With this study, we have shown that Hp probably due to its chemical properties has a protective effect against GM induced nephrototoxicity by reducing the values stated above to normal values.

ABSTRACTThe protective effect of ethanolic propolis extract (PE) in the toxic effects of doxorubicin (DOX), a chemotherapy drug, has been reported previously. Since ethanol usage has some restrictions, in the present study, olive oil as an alternative to ethanol has been tested in DOX-induced hepatorenal injury and the effectiveness of the two extracts were compared. Male rats were orally given PE or oily propolis extract (PO) for 15 days (50 mg/kg/day) and DOX was injected (15 mg/kg, intraperitoneally) on the 13th day. The animals were sacrificed and then hepatorenal oxidative stress and functional parameters were evaluated. DOX-induced reduction in hepatorenal functions and oxidative stress were significantly reduced in both propolis treatment groups. Treatment with PO was more effective in reducing DOX-induced oxidative stress, yet both extracts showed similar efficacy in improving hepatorenal functions. We suggest that the PO could be preferred to avoid the side effects of ethanol.

The authors conducted studies to study the relationship between the functional activity of the kidneys, the detoxification activity of the liver and the structural features of the parenchymatous tissue of these organs under normal conditions and with external use of the laminar algae product “Lamidan”. The work was performed on 164 white outbred Wistar rats weighing 180-200 g. The work was carried out in accordance with current standards for working with laboratory animals. The results of many years of research have shown that normally the indicators of detoxification activity of the liver and functional activity of the kidneys practically do not change, and they correspond to the structural organization of the parenchymatous tissue of these organs, corresponding to the descriptions given in well-known manuals on the activities of these organs. The use of "Lamidan" activates the detoxification function of the liver by 28 % and the functional activity of the kidneys by 28.5 %, i.e. changes are unidirectional and proportionate. In the parenchyma of both organs, changes in the structural organization are recorded, characteristic of an increase in functional activity. Thus, there is a strictly interrelated set of stereotypical changes in the indices of the two organs under study, reflecting between the organs interrelations of functional systems.

The aim of the study was to study the effectiveness of the long-acting angiotensin-converting enzyme (ACE) inhibitor Lisinopril in the correction of renal dysfunction in patients with chronic hepatitis (CH).It was found that in patients with СH under conditions of spontaneous diuresis, the glomerular filtration rate (GFR) decreases by 1.33 times against the background of a decrease in water reabsorption (p

Background: Patients with kidney transplants seem to be at particularly high risk for severe COVID19 disease due to their impaired immune responses and comorbidities. Purpose: This study aims to describe kidney transplant patients’ clinical characteristics and outcomes with SARSCOV-2 infection in a fourth-level hospital in Cali, Colombia. Methodology: We performed an observational study of kidney transplant recipients with SARS-CoV2 infection admitted at Fundación Valle del Lili from June to December 2020. To be eligible for this study, patients have symptoms compatible, a positive RT-PCR and inpatient management. Asymptomatic patients were excluded. Results: We enrolled a total of 50 patients. 64% were male, and the median age was 53.5 years (range 46-60). The comorbidities were 36 (70%) hypertension, 16 (32%) diabetes mellitus, 5 (10%) obesity. The most common immunosuppressive regimen was tacrolimus, mycophenolate and prednisone. The median time from symptoms onset to the positive RT-PCR was 7 days. The most common initial symptom was fever (64%), and fatigue (58%), cough (44%) and dyspnea (36%). Baseline levels of CRP was 6.43 mg/dL (3.25-11.22). The median lymphocyte count was 785 mm3/uL (550-1230). Baseline D-Dimer was 0.767 ug/ml (0.484-1153.5), ferritin median level was 1011ng/ml (670-2145). Six of the patients died (12%), 4/6 were by sepsis-related multi-organ failure and 2/6 were by ARDS. Conclusions: Major complications such as acute kidney injury, acute respiratory distress syndrome and mortality related to COVID-19 infection observed in our study are lower than those reported in other countries.

Introduction: We are assisting to an increase in survival rates among individuals with cystic fibrosis (CF). Until now, renal involvement was a minority issue, but with the rise in life expectancy, we will likely see an increase in its prevalence. Our main objective was to assess renal function in CF and study risk factors associated with its deterioration., Methods: A cross-sectional, retrospective study was conducted, including adults with CF. Clinical, respiratory function, microbiological, blood and urine analysis, and major chronic treatments received were collected., Results: Eighty nine patients with a mean age of 35±12 years were analyzed. Mean serum creatinine levels were 0.8±0.2mg/dL. 10.6% had a glomerular filtration rate less than 90mL/min/1.73m 2 . No patient showed albuminuria. In multivariate model, only age was an independent risk factor for reduced glomerular filtration (OR: 0.344; 95%CI: 0.004-0.017; P=.002)., Conclusions: 11% of CF adults show decreased glomerular filtration, with age being the sole independent risk factor. Vigilance for this uncommon condition is crucial., (Copyright © 2024 Elsevier España, S.L.U. All rights reserved.)

A 57-year-old patient, undergoing treatment with acenocoumarol, who attended the Emergency Department due to low back pain radiating to the left iliac fossa. The blood test revealed impaired renal function and a computed tomography scan showed an image suggestive of a left perirenal hematoma in the left kidney with signs of active bleeding.

Background: Creatine supplementation is one of the most popular methods of improving athletic performance. In this article we reviewed its positive and negative influence on human organism. Materials and Methods: This paper was based on medical articles collected in PubMed from 1998 to 2019. The research has been done by looking through the key words such as: “creatine”, “supplementation”, “influence”, “kidney”, “renal effects”. Results: Creatine supplementation has no negative influence on renal function. Moreover it appears to have a positive effect on some aspects of metabolism. Conclusions: According to the available knowledge, creatine supplementation in appropriate doses is safe.

Introduction. Traumatic events are currently considered to be one of the topical issues. The progression of renal failure plays an important role in the pathogenesis of traumatic disease. It is essential to evaluate the ability of renal tubular epithelium to the urine osmotic concentration in order to indicate the direct renal tubular damage. A sodium-free water clearance (S-CH2O) is a sensitive indicator reflecting the kidneys ability to concentrate the urine. It is established that the renal functional state, the resistance of the kidneys to the development of various disorders depends on the estrogen concentration. The key mechanism of the indirect effect of estrogens on the kidneys is via their direct antioxidant action. However, the role of estrogens in the pathogenesis of oxidative and functional impairments of the kidneys in the presence of cranioskeletal trauma is insufficiently studied. There is no data available on the efficacy of hormone replacement therapy under those circumstances.The objective of research: to determine the pro-oxidant-antioxidant balance and renal concentrating capacity following the cranioskeletal trauma model in rats with bilateral ovariectomy in the period of late manifestations of the traumatic disease and evaluate the efficacy of hormone replacement therapy.Material and methods: The experimental studies were conducted on 64 white non-linear female rats weighing 200-220g. The experimental model of hypoestrogenism was performed through the surgical removal of gonads. The rats were subjected to the cranioskeletal model one month after removal of the gonads. Hormone replacement therapy (HRT) was used as a corrective treatment in the separate subgroup of gonadectomized rats subjected to the cranioskeletal trauma. The control groups consisted of intact animals and rats 1 month after removal of the gonads that were not injured. The renal functional state was determined via a water loading test in the control groups of animals and after 1 and 2 months of postrraumatic period. The sodium concentration, as well as the S-CH2O value was measured in serum and urine. The content of thiobarbituric acid reactive substances (TBARs) and catalase activity were determined in renal cortex and medulla. The prooxidant/antioxidant ratio (ProAntidex) was calculated based on the above data.The results and discussion. The conducted studies indicated the considerable decrease in ProAntidex value in renal cortex and medulla in the group of gonadectomized rats compared to the animals without gonadectomy after 1 month of the posttraumatic period, confirming the protective antioxidant role of estrogens in adequate renal function. The cranioskeletal trauma model led to the declined parameter value in renal cortex and medulla in both experimental groups after 1 month of the posttraumatic period. The prooxidant/antioxidant ratio was significantly decreased in the first month following the trauma in the gonadectomized rats as compared to the rats without the gonadectomy, and remained at the same level up to the 2nd month of the posttraumatic period. The identified abnormal value of ProAntidex in the posttraumatic period clearly affected the dynamics of S-CH2O. This parameter was reported as decreased in both experimental groups compared to the control. However, the parameter was substantially decreased 1 and 2 months after trauma under conditions of the gonadectomy. The administration of hexestrol and progesterone to the gonadectomized rats with trauma model resulted in the considerable increase in value of ProAntidex in renal cortex and medulla starting from the 1st day of the posttraumatic period compared to the animals without corrective medication. Moreover, it was accompanied by a statistically significant increase in S-CH2O rate, indicating the enhancement in the functional capacity of the renal tubules.Conclusions. The value of ProAntidex decreases in renal cortex and medulla in the group of gonadectomized female rats after 1 month of the posttraumatic period, and is significantly lower compared to the animals without removal of the gonads. The cranioskeletal trauma model leads to the substantially declined prooxidant/antioxidant ratio value in renal cortex and medulla, which is reported as considerably greater in the group of gonadectomized animals after 1 month of the posttraumatic period, showing no tendency to enhance after 2 months of the experiment. The administration of hormone replacement therapy to the gonadectomized rats is accompanied by the increase in ProAntidex value and S-CH2O rate compared to the animals without corrective medication.

Aim. To compare the nephroprotective effect of oral applications of different phytogels in experimental kidney pathology.Methods. We used phytogels: "Kvertulin" (quercetin + inulin + calcium citrate), "Biotrit" (juice from wheat germ) and "Dubovy" (extract from oak wood).Experimental models were reproduced in rats: diabetic syndrome, prednisolone immunodeficiency, intoxication with thermal peroxide sunflower oil. The condition of the kidneys was assessed by changes in the level of biochemical markers in the kidney tissue (elastase, urease, lysozyme, MDA, the degree of dysbiosis).Results. Experimental pathologies cause an increase in the level of elastase, urease, MDA, the degree of dysbiosis, and a decrease in lysozyme activity in the kidneys. Oral application of phytogels caused a decrease in the activity of elastase, urease, MDA content and the degree of dysbiosis, but increased the activity of lysozyme. When recalculating the degree of decrease in elastase activity and increase in lysozyme activity per 1 g of phytogel or 1 mg of active principle (quercetin or the amounts of polyphenols), phytogel "Kvertulin" turned out to be the most effective anti-elastase agent, and phytogel "Biotrit" turned out to be the most effective lysozyme-reducing agent.Conclusion. Oral applications of multifunctional mucous-adhesive gels have a nephroprotective effect in experimental kidney pathology.

Aim. Compare the effect of different pathogens on the development of kidney dysbiosis.Methods. The pathogens used were hydrazine sulfate, prednisolone, cyclophosphamide, lincomycin, and lipopolysaccharide (LPS). The condition of kidney dysbiosis was assessed in rats by a decrease in lysozyme activity and an increase in urease activity.Results. A decrease in the activity of lysozyme in the kidneys under the action of pathogens was established, which, when calculated per 1 mg of a pathogen, is hundreds of times stronger in LPS. All pathogens cause an increase in urease activity in the kidneys, which, when calculated per 1 mg of a pathogen, is hundreds of times stronger in LPS. A similar effect is exerted on the degree of dysbiosis, determined by the ratio of the relative activities of urease and lysozyme.Conclusion. All pathogens (except lincomycin) cause the development of dysbiosis in the kidneys, due to the possible bacteriolysis of tissue gram-negative bacteria with the release of LPS.

Aim. Determine the renoprotective activity of oral “Biotrit” gel when exposed to peroxide sunflower oil (PSO).Methods. PSO was obtained by heating the oil at +180 ° C for 60 minutes in the presence of 1.5% H2O2. Used mucosa-adhesive phytogel "Biotrit", containing bioflavonoids from wheat leaves. Rats received oral applications of PSO at a dose of 0.5 ml/rat for 5 days. A part of the rats received 30 minutes before the application of the PSO application of the “Biotrit” gel. The activity of elastase, catalase, urease, lysozyme and the content of MDA were determined in the kidneys. The ratio of catalase and MDA was calculated the API index, and the ratio of the relative activities of urease and lysozyme – the degree of dysbiosis.Results. In rats treated with PSO, the activity of elastase, urease, and MDA content increased but lysozyme activity and the API index decreased in the kidneys. Applications of the gel "Biotrit" reduce the activity of elastase, urease, increase the activity of lysozyme and the API index.Conclusion. Consumption of PSO causes the development of nephropathy; Oral applications of the gel "Biotrit" prevent the development of peroxide nephropathy.

ABSTRACT We analyzed the presence of Leptospira spp. in liver and kidney tissue of wild marsupials and rodents trapped in a periurban forest in the eastern Brazilian Amazon. We examined 25 individuals of four marsupial and seven rodent species for the presence of the 16S rRNA gene of Leptospira in the DNA extracted from 47 liver and kidney tissue samples using PCR. We detected positive samples in 12% (3/25) of the individuals, in kidney fragments of two marsupial species (Didelphis marsupialis and Marmosops pinheiroi) and in a liver fragment of one rodent species (Echimys chrysurus). These are the first records of Leptospira spp. in M. pinheiroi and E. chrysurus and it is the first molecular survey of marsupials and rodents in the Brazilian Amazon.

This experiment carried out on 77 white Wistar rats aimed at studying the effects of liposomal form of phosphatidylcholine (lipin) on oxidative-nitrosative stress in renal tissues in burn disease (BD). This condition was modelled by immersing the epilated skin surface of the hind limb of the experimental animals into hot water (t + 70 –75°C) under light ether anaesthesia for 7 s that led to the development of III A-B degree burns. Lipin was administered intraperitoneally daily in a dose of 50 mg / kg immediately after BD modelling.The research has demonstrated BD modelling is accompanied by the development of oxidative-nitrosative stress in renal tissues as evidenced by a significant increase in the superoxide anion radical production by various sources (endoplasmic reticulum and NO synthase, mitochondrial respiratory chain, leukocyte NADPH oxidase); by the growth in the activity of inducible isozyme of NO-synthase (in the stage of burn shock in 2.83 times, рThe administration of lipin significantly limits the development of oxidative-nitrosative stress in renal tissues in the dynamics of experimental BD, as evidenced by a probable decrease in superoxide anion radical, NO-synthase activity due to its inducible isoform (in the stage of burn shock – by 35.9%; in the stage of toxemia – by 43.1%, p

Introduction Hemolytic uremic syndrome (HUS) is characterized by hemolytic anemia, thrombocytopenia and acute renal failure. In 90% of children, HUS most often develops after an intestinal infection caused by verotoxin-producing E. coli. The remaining 10%, without any preceding diarrhea, are diagnosed with atypical HUS.Aim The objective of the study was the presentation the case of two patient with hemolytic uremic syndrome.Results The case report concerns two patients diagnosed with haemolytic uremic syndrome. Both cases shared many symptoms. Initially gastroenteritis, dehydration followed by thrombocytopenia, renal failure and anemia. These are examples of a typical hemolytic uremic syndrome. Many additional tests were carried out, including morphology, urinalysis, blood chemistry, but the final diagnosis was made on the basis of the clinical picture and the triad of symptoms typical of HUS.Conclusions Hemolytic uremic syndrome is a disease that threatens the life of a child. It is important to recognize symptoms as soon as possible and begin treatment to prevent dangerous complications.

Introduction: Kidney biopsy is one of the essential tests for the characterization of chronic kidney disease (CKD). Objective: To determine the most frequent primary and secondary glomerulonephritis, complications of renal biopsy and the number of patients on hemodialysis when undergoing renal biopsy. Methods: Observational, descriptive, case series, retrospective and cross-sectional study, carried out at the E. Rebagliati Matins-Peru national hospital. The medical records of patients older than 15 years of age who underwent kidney biopsy between 2008-2016 were reviewed. The data were processed in Stata 16.1 Results: Of 2278 medical records, they corresponded to 1234 women and 1044 men. The most frequent primary and secondary glomerulonephritis were focal and segmental glomerulosclerosis (FSGS) 683 (29.98%) and systemic lupus erythematosus (SLE). ) 434 (19.04%) respectively. Of 1644 biopsied patients, 36 (2.19%) and 241 (14.66%) had major and minor complications respectively. Major complications were more frequent when the procedure was performed by radiology with ultrasound guidance compared to that performed by the nephrologist without ultrasound guidance (p = 0.03694). In 1,324 patients, 329 underwent kidney biopsy while on hemodialysis; of them 43 (13.07%) managed to get out of this therapy and 144 (51.99%) had major or minor complications. Conclusions: GEFyS and SLE were the most frequent primary and secondary glomerulonephritis, respectively. In 1644 patients the major and minor complications were 36 (2.19%) and 241 (14.66%) respectively. In 1,324 patients, 329 (24.8%) were biopsied while on hemodialysis and 144 (51.99%) of them had major or minor complications.

Goal. To find out the effect of water load of negative redox potential on the functional and biochemical processes of the kidneys in comparison with induced diuresis with ordinary tap water at the poliuric stage of sublimate nephropathy in hyponatric diets.Materials and methods. In experiments on 60 white non-linear mature male rats in a hyposodium diet at the poliuric stage of sublimate nephropathy 72 hours after subcutaneous administration of sublimate at a dose of 5mg/kg per load of water with a negative redox potential (-232.0±25.12 mV) compared to induced diuresis with ordinary tap water (redox potential 88.7±18.35 mV), which ORP-meter was measured, lipid peroxidation, tissue fibrinolysis, succinate dehydrogenase activity, β-2-microglobulin reabsorption, excretory, ionoregulatory functions were studied, glomerular-tubular and tubular-tubular balance of the kidneys.Results and discussion. According to the experience installed protective, antioxidant effects of water negative redox potential, which was manifested by the decrease in the level of diene conjugates, malonic aldehyde, the degree of swelling and damage by the ratio of K+/Na+ to the cortical substance of the kidney, improve the reabsorption of sodium ions, β-2-microglobulin in the proximal tubules with a reduction in the loss of this cation from urine by increasing the supply of electrons to the tubules of the kidneys. Improving the energy status of the proximal nephron in conditions experience increased activity of succinate dehydrogenase in the cortical portion of the kidney has led to the improvement of tissue fibrinolysis and processes glomerular-tubular and tubular-tubular balance with loss correlations, the relative water reabsorption from the glomerular filtration, absolute proximal and distal reabsorbtion of sodium ions.

Introduction. Activation of lipid peroxidation processes, which are exacerbated in cases of limb ischemia-reperfusion associated with temporary application of a tourniquetis a key mechanism of acute blood loss. However, its significance in the pathogenesis of renal dysfunction is understudied. The information on the effectiveness of carbacetam administration under these conditions, which has an antioxidant effect, is lacking.Objective. The aim of the research was to investigate the significance of lipid peroxidation processes in renal excretory dysfunction in cases of acute blood loss complicated by limb ischemia-reperfusion, and to evaluate the effectiveness of carbacetam for correction of these disorders.Materials and methods. The experiments were performed on 108 nonlinear male rats weighing 160-180 g. All animals were divided into five groups: a control group and four experimental groups (6 rats in each).The first experimental group comprised the animals anesthetized with thiopental sodium, in which a two-hour limb ischemia was simulated with further reperfusion. In the second experimental group the acute blood loss in the amount of 20-22% of a circulating blood volume was simulated to the anesthetized animals by femoral vein dissection. In the third experimental group these injuries were combined. In the fourth experimental group the animals with acute blood loss complicated by limb ischemia-reperfusion were administered with carbacetam intraperitoneally at a dose of 5 mg per kilogram of animal weight for correction. In the control group, the animals were anesthetized with equivalent dose of thiopental sodium; a tourniquet was applied for 2 hours without stopping the blood flow, and subsequently studied in 1 hour.In 1 and 2 hours, as well as in 1, 7and 14 days, the renal function was assessed in the experimental animals by means of the water loading test. Urine was collected for 2 hours and diures is was determined. After urine collection, the rats were anesthetized with thiopental sodium andtakenout of the experiment by total bloodletting from the heart. Concentrations of sodium in the urine and serum, as well as protein in the urine were determined. According to these data, sodium and protein excretion wasassessed. Additionally, the content of reagents with regard to thiobarbituric acid –TBA-active products of lipid peroxidation, was determined in the renal medulla.Results and discussion. In cases of limb ischemia-reperfusion, acute blood loss and their combination, the content of TBA-active products of lipid peroxidation in the renal medulla increased the most in 1 day. Up to the 14thday, the index decreased, but did not reach the level of the control group and was significantly higher in the group of animals with acute blood loss complicated by limb ischemia-reperfusion. In cases of the simulated injuries, increased sodium and protein excretion was evidenced compareto the control group.The highest increase in these parameters corresponded to the maximum activation of lipid peroxidation in the renal medulla in relation to the terms, and according to the amplitude increased from the group with limb ischemia-reperfusion to the group with acute blood loss and then to the group with combination of these disorders. This pattern was manifested the most significantly in 7-14 days of the reperfusion period. In case of carbacetam administration, the content of TBA-active products of lipid peroxidation and sodium excretionin the renal medulla significantly decreased in 7-14 days, compare to the animals without correction.Protein excretion decreased in 14 days of carbacetam administration. Taking into account the pronounced antioxidant properties of carbacetam, the attained result proved the significance of activation of lipid peroxidation processes in cases of kidney damage after limb ischemia-reperfusion, acute blood loss and their combination.Conclusions. With underlying limb ischemia-reperfusion, acute blood loss, and their combination, the sodium and protein excretion increase compare to the control group. The highest increase of these parameterstakes placein 1 day of the reperfusion period thatcorresponds to the maximal accumulation of TBA-active products of lipid peroxidation in the renal medulla in relation to the terms.The amplitude of changes in the studied parameters increases from the group of animals with limb ischemia-reperfusion to that with acute blood loss, and then to the group with their combination that is the most pronounced in 7-14 days of the reperfusion period.The carbacetam administration (at a dose of 5 mg per kilogram of animal body weight) causes a significant nephroprotective effect and up to the 14th day leads to a significant decrease in the content of TBA-active products of lipid peroxidation, reduced sodium and protein excretion in the renal medulla.

The publication is devoted to the consideration of the mechanisms of the adaptive capabilities of the kidney in norm, based on epigenetic control systems of protein biosynthesis. This paper emphasizes the high plasticity of epigenetic mechanisms. The thesis that the epigenetic mechanisms have a high degree of plasticity and perform an important function in adaptive reactions of the kidney, is illustrated by data on the epigenetic transformation of key proteins of various nephron sections. In addition, brief information is given on the possible involvement of epigenetic mechanisms in adaptive rearrangements of arginine vasopressin and natriuretic peptides. High plasticity, accuracy and power of epigenetic systems regulating the adaptive capabilities of the kidney are emphasized.

Objective. The aim of this study was to determine the protective effect of p-coumaric acid (p-CA) against toluene-induced hepatotoxicity, nephrotoxicity and neurotoxicity in rats. Materials and methods. A total of 32 Sprague-Dawley male rats, 8 in each group, were used. 4 groups were formed as control, toluene, p-CA and toluene+p-CA. Animals in the control group, toluene group and p-CA group were given 0.9% NaCl, 0.9 mg/kg b.w toluene and 100 mg/kg b.w p-CA orally for 21 days, respectively. The animals in toluene+p-CA group were received p-CA for 3 days and from day 4, toluene and p-CA were applied together daily until day 25. On the 25th day, the study was terminated, blood and tissue samples were collected. Aspartate aminotransferase (AST), alanine aminotransferase (ALT) and creatinine levels in serum, glutathione peroxidase (GSH-Px) activity and malondialdehyde (MDA) and glutathione (GSH) levels in the tissue samples were determined. Results. In this study, it was determined that there were significant increases in ALT and AST activities, and creatinine levels in toluene-induced group compared to control group. Moreover, there was a decrease in the GSH-Px activities and GSH levels, and an increase in the MDA levels compared to the control group. However, in the toluene+p-CA group, significant decreases in aminotransferases activities, creatinine and MDA levels, and significant increases in GSH-Px activities and GSH levels were determined compared to the toluene group. Conclusions. It has been determined that p-CA has a protective effect against toluene-induced hepatotoxicity, nephrotoxicity and neurotoxicity.

The aim of this study was to report a case of polycystic kidneys and ovarian cyst in a donkey. A 24-year-old female Andalusian Breed Donkey (Extremadura, Badajoz, Spain) with weight loss syndrome chronic for date six month. The eyes had sclera ecchymoses, edema and icteric. Haematology and blood biochemistry revealed an increased leukocyte count, an elevated blood lactate concentration. Serum calcium, phosphorous, and potassium concentrations were within the normal ranges. The blood urea nitrogen and the serum glutamic oxaloacetic transaminase levels (SGOT) were 75mg/dL, and 337U/L, respectively. The necropsy revealed glade with distention severed for cumulus for urine and no change in the walk. Kidney left present atrophy severed (10 centimeters). Both kidneys were polycystic diffuse of different diameters with bilateral pyelic ectasia, ureteral dilation, lack of cortico-medullary differentiation, and sponge-like appearance of the renal parenchyma. In the sections histology demonstrated marked alteration of the normal renal parenchymal architecture, bilaterally. The renal cortices contained numerous round cysts ranging in size from 150 milimeters (mm) to 2.5 mm in diameter, lined by low cuboidal to flattened epithelium, and filled with clear fluid containing a small amount of flocculent proteinaceous debris. Both ovaries had multiple cysts. In conclusion, it was reported a case of severed polycystic kidney disease and ovarian cyst in a donkey.

Abstract Dioctophymosis is caused by Dioctophyme renale, a nematode that usually affects the right kidney of carnivores. The aim of this study was to report on a case of a dog with progressive weight loss and swollen abdomen that was diagnosed as presenting dioctophymosis. The patient underwent surgical treatment through which 34 nematodes were found, of which 18 were female and 16 were male, with a maximum length of 74 centimeters. The parasites were free in the abdominal cavity and inside the right kidney, and had caused peritonitis, free fluid, severe adherences between the abdominal organs and renal perforation. Parasitic diseases with a high number of specimens of this species are uncommon in dogs. The disease progresses with an inflammatory reaction and consequent formation of adherences and granulomatous tissue. This surrounds the eggs that were eliminated in the abdominal cavity by the free parasites. This disease occurs frequently in the city of Pelotas, Rio Grande do Sul, Brazil, where the patient of this report was living. To the best of authors’ knowledge, this is the case with the largest number of specimens of D. renale removed from a single dog in vivo.

Knowledge of the renal vascular system is extremely important in everyday clinical practice. In kidney transplantation, knowledge about the amount, diameter of a blood vessel, and the course of arteries and renal veins are critical in the selection of kidneys to be taken and planning operations. Multi-detector CT provides quick, accurate determination of the anatomical location and course of the renal vessels. Additional renal arteries have been reported in different population groups. The study concerned a 65-year-old male subjected to imaging diagnostics using computed tomography for oncological purposes. During the analysis of the image, the presence of three renal arteries emerged directly from the abdominal aorta and proceeded in the direction of the renal hilum.

Malakoplakia is a chronic granulomatous disease, firstly described in the urinary tract but then it has been reported in many organs. The clinical presentation depends on the affected site, when it affects the urinary tract the symptoms are dysuria, abdominal or pelvic pain, fever, discomfort, and, something mass sensation. The etiopathogenesis is not yet clear, but is believed it is due to lysosomal dysfunction of the macrophages that affects the destruction of bacteria. Histologically it is characterized for the presence of von Hansemann cells and Michaelis-Gutmann bodies. We describe the case of a patient with long-term diabetes mellitus and renal malakoplakia that caused chronic debilitating symptoms.

In the case of small tumors, the kidneys usually do not show the oncological importance and are characterized by slow growth, however, the presence of any changes that occur within these tumors should be monitored. A 66-year-old man underwent computed tomography (CT) examination. As a result of the study, in the lower pole of the left kidney, a tumor mass was observed. Imaging studies performed for various reasons often show an abnormal mass within the kidneys. The reasons for the development of kidney tumors are not fully understood.

The term acute tubular necrosis was thought to represent a misnomer derived from morphological studies of human necropsies and necrosis was thought to represent an unregulated passive form of cell death which was not amenable to therapeutic manipulation. Recent advances have improved our understanding of cell death in acute kidney injury. First, apoptosis results in cell loss, but does not trigger an inflammatory response. However, clumsy attempts at interfering with apoptosis (e.g. certain caspase inhibitors) may trigger necrosis and, thus, inflammation-mediated kidney injury. Second, and most revolutionary, the concept of regulated necrosis emerged. Several modalities of regulated necrosis were described, such as necroptosis, ferroptosis, pyroptosis and mitochondria permeability transition regulated necrosis. Similar to apoptosis, regulated necrosis is modulated by specific molecules that behave as therapeutic targets. Contrary to apoptosis, regulated necrosis may be extremely pro-inflammatory and, importantly for kidney transplantation, immunogenic. Furthermore, regulated necrosis may trigger synchronized necrosis, in which all cells within a given tubule die in a synchronized manner. We now review the different modalities of regulated necrosis, the evidence for a role in diverse forms of kidney injury and the new opportunities for therapeutic intervention.

Context: Pavetta crassipes (K. Schum) is used in ethnomedicine for the management of various ailments and food without scientific report of its toxicity profile. Aims: To evaluate the toxicological effects of Pavetta crassipes leaves in rodents. Methods: The leaves of Pavetta crassipes were collected from the suburbs of Abuja, Nigeria, dried and powdered using an electric mill. Hot aqueous extraction was done using 250 g of the powdered leaf in 1000 mL distilled water. Lethal dose 50 (LD50) determination was done in mice (intraperitoneally) and rats (orally), twenty-eight-day toxicity testing in rats at doses of 400, 800 and 1600 mg/kg was also done using the aqueous extract. Biochemical, hematological and histological effects were evaluated using standard procedures. Results: The aqueous leaf extract of Pavetta crassipes (AE) appears safe as the LD50 for intraperitoneal route in mice and oral route in rats was greater than 5000 mg/kg. The results of the 28-day repeated exposure test produced no mortality or adverse effects on the body weights and organ/body weight ratio of rats. Histological changes occurred in the kidneys at 800 and 1600 mg/kg. There was a significant (p

Context: Fagonia cretica is a medicinal herb reported to have flavanoids of potential therapeutic value and Citrus paradisi is a fruit, whose juice is of great therapeutic value due to its anti-hyperglycemic effects. Aims: To determine anti-hyperglycemic and renal protective effect of methanolic extract of Fagonia cretica and Citrus paradisi juice (grapefruit juice) in alloxan induced diabetic rabbits. Methods: Diabetes was induced in rabbits by alloxan monohydrate (150 mg/kg, i.p.). The therapies including Fagonia cretica methanolic extract (500 mg/kg), Citrus paradisi juice (7 mL/kg) and sitagliptin (10 mg/kg) were administered (p.o.) to diabetic groups for 14 days. The biochemical parameters, glucose, creatinine, urea, bilirubin, albumin, total protein, globulins and albumin/globulin ratio were estimated. Results: Fagonia cretica extract and grapefruit juice therapy significantly (p

Objective: To analyze the current information about laser safety in retrograde intrarenal surgery (RIRS), focusing on the two main laser technologies that we use in urology, the holmium:yttrium-aluminum-garnet (Ho:YAG) laser, and the thulium fiber laser (TFL)., Methods: Narrative overview of the most relevant articles published in MEDLINE and Scopus databases about this subject., Results: TFL and Ho:YAG laser at similar settings (0.2 J/40 Hz) have similar volume-averaged temperature increase and the average heating rate increase proportionally to laser power, especially when high frequencies are used. Recent preclinical data, comparing both laser technologies at different laser settings, agreed that when the delivered energy increases in expenses of higher frequencies, the thermal damage increases too. Higher frequencies, despite of the rise of temperature in the irrigation medium, can cause accidental thermal lasering lesions., Conclusion: The use of low frequency settings and a proper irrigation is critical to avoid thermal injury in endoscopic laser lithotripsy. In addition, the use of laser safety eyeglasses is recommended in Ho:YAG and TFL ELL., (Copyright © 2023. Published by Elsevier España, S.L.U.)

Introduction: High intrarenal pressure (IRP) is a potential risk factor for infectious complications related to URS. Methods to lower IRP have been described. However, it is still not possible to assess live IRP values during URS. The objective of this study was to perform a systematic review of the literature regarding endoscopic methods to measure IRP during URS., Methods: A systematic search and review of Medline, PubMed and Scopus was conducted in accordance with the Preferred Reporting Items for Systematic Review and Meta Analysis (PRISMA) checklist and a narrative synthesis of the study results was performed., Results: A total of 19 articles were included in the review. Four non invasive (i.e. endoscopic) methods to measure IRP were reported: ureteral catheter, sensor wire, pressure sensor proximal to an irrigation system and a novel ureteral access sheath that integrates suction, irrigation, and IRP measurement., Conclusions: We provide here a comprehensive overview of the reported clinical measuring systems of IRP during URS. The ideal system has not been developed yet, but urologists will be able to measure IRP during their daily practice soon. The implications of having this type of data during surgery remains unknown. Systems that could integrate irrigation, suction, IRP and temperature seems to be ideal., (Copyright © 2023 AEU. Published by Elsevier España, S.L.U. All rights reserved.)

Introduction: Lithiasis in renal graft recipients might be a dangerous condition with a potential risk of organ function impairment., Evidence Acquisition: A systematic literature search was conducted through February 2023. The primary objective was to assess the incidence of lithiasis in kidney transplant (KT) recipients. The secondary objective was to assess the timing of stone formation, localization and composition of stones, possible treatment options, and the incidence of graft loss., Evidence Synthesis: A total of 41 non-randomized studies comprising 699 patients met our inclusion criteria. The age at lithiasis diagnosis ranged between 29-53 years. Incidence of urolithiasis ranged from 0.1-6.3%, usually diagnosed after 12 months from KT. Most of the stones were diagnosed in the calyces or in the pelvis. Calcium oxalate composition was the most frequent. Different treatment strategies were considered, namely active surveillance, ureteroscopy, percutaneous/combined approach, or open surgery. 15.73% of patients were submitted to extracorporeal shock wave lithotripsy (ESWL), while 26.75% underwent endoscopic lithotripsy or stone extraction. 18.03% of patients underwent percutaneous nephrolithotomy whilst 3.14% to a combined approach. Surgical lithotomy was performed in 5.01% of the cases. Global stone-free rate was around 80%., Conclusions: Lithiasis in kidney transplant is a rare condition usually diagnosed after one year after surgery and mostly located in the calyces and renal pelvis, more frequently of calcium oxalate composition. Each of the active treatments is associated with good results in terms of stone-free rate, thus the surgical technique should be chosen according to the patient's characteristics and surgeon preferences., (Copyright © 2023 The Author(s). Published by Elsevier España, S.L.U. All rights reserved.)

Introduction: The use of extracorporeal shock wave lithotripsy (ESWL) for lower calyx stones is associated with a high rate of residual fragments. Our aim is to analyse the effectiveness and complications of ESWL for lower calyx stones., Methods: Retrospective review of patients with lower renal calyx stones treated with ESWL between January-2014 and December-2020. Measurement of infundibular length, infundibular width and infundibulopelvic angle in lower renal pole to determine favourable anatomy. ESWL failure: fragments >3 mm detected in plain abdominal film, CT scan and/or renal ultrasound 3 months after treatment. Complications after ESWL, auxiliary procedures along with risk factors associated with perirenal haematoma were analysed. SPSS statistical software was used., Results: 512 patients with lower calyx stones were treated with ESWL. 80.3% of patients had a favourable anatomy. Overall stone-free rate was 70.5%. Regarding main complications after ESWL, stainstrasse was described in 5 patients and urinary tract infection in 3 patients. 10 perirenal haematomas (2%) were reported. Statistical association was found between antiplatelet treatment and the risk of perirenal haematoma (p = 0.004). Logistic binary regression proved the association between unfavourable anatomy of the lower renal pole (p = 0.000), size of the stone (p = 0.001), number of shock waves (p = 0.003), energy applied (p = 0.038) and the need for additional treatment after ESWL., Conclusions: ESWL can still be considered as the initial treatment option for lower renal pole stones. The size of the stone, an unfavourable anatomy of the lower renal calyx, number of shock waves and energy applied can help predict the need for additional treatment., (Copyright © 2023 AEU. Published by Elsevier España, S.L.U. All rights reserved.)

Background: Kidney is a vital organ which plays an important and irreplaceable role in detoxification and removal of xenobiotics. And therefore is vulnerable to develop various forms of injuries. Hence, making it immensely important to search for natural reno-protective compounds. Objectives: This study therefore, aims to evaluate the reno-protective properties of propolis against gentamicin induced renal toxicity in mice. Methods: Three groups of 10 male mice each were used for this study. First group served as control, the second group (Gm group) was administered orally 80 mg/kg body weight gentamicin for 7 days, and the third group (GmP group) was administered same dose of gentamicin with propolis (500 mg/kg body weight) for 7 days. Various parameters were used to study the renal toxicity. Results: Gentamicin caused significant renal damage as evident by the rise in BUN levels, diminished glomeruli hypocellularity, moderately dilated tubules, and mild loss of brush border, severe infiltration, extensive tubular degeneration and presence of tubular cast. Histochemistry results show presence of collagen and reticular fibres. Immunohistochemical reactions show kidney injury (Kim-1 gene-expression), oxidative stress (MDA gene-expression), and an increase in apoptosis (caspase-3 gene-expression). Co-administration of propolis with gentamicin showed significant decrease in BUN levels, appearance of healthy glomeruli with normal cellularity, reduction of tubular injury, decrease of collagen and reticular fibres deposition, reduction of apoptosis, kidney injury and oxidative stress. Conclusion: Results presented in this study clearly show the reno-protective role of propolis against gentamicin-induced toxicity on mice kidney.

Introduction: A steady increase in the incidence of the abdominal sepsis puts it into the top priority in terms of both medical and socio-economic significance. Multiple organ failure/dysfunction syndrome is one of the most important components of the pathogenesis of abdominal sepsis, determining the severity of the course, features of the clinical picture, mortality and outcome. The aim of the study is to determine the dynamics of changes in the functional state of the excretory system under the conditions of modeling of the AS in the acute experiment. Material and methods: The study included acute experiment on 38 white rats with abdominal sepsis modeled by intraabdominal injection of a patented mixture of both aerobic and anaerobic conditionally pathogenic microorganisms' suspension and adjuvant substances influencing local host resistance. This study conforms to international and national standards of bioethics. Kidneys' functional state was evaluated by determining a set of 46 functional markers. Results: All renal function parameters were significantly influenced by abdominal sepsis formation. At the beginning of the formation of the abdominal sepsis, the disruption of the transport of sodium ions is concentrated mainly in the area of the distal tubules. Subsequently, the zone of functional disorders also covers the proximal nephron. Conclusions: Formation of abdominal sepsis is characterized by a complex of physiological changes in the functional state of the kidneys, both adaptive- compensatory and pathological. Renal function undergoes phase changes under abdominal sepsis with predominantly adaptive and compensatory mechanisms dominating at the beginning with further involvement of kidneys' components and formation of renal dysfunction.

Background. To determine the renoprotective effect of PUFA. Methods. The preparation of essential PUFA “Liposan-C” was used, which was administered to rats on a fat-free diet in an amount of 1% of the diet weight for 32 days. The activity of elastase, urease, lysozyme, catalase and the content of MDA were determined in the homogenate of the kidneys. According to these indicators, the degree of dysbiosis and intensity of inflammation were calculated. Results. A decrease in the activity of urease, elastase and the degree of dysbiosis in rats treated with Liposan-C was established. Conclusion. The drug PUFA "Liposan-C" has anti-inflammatory, antimicrobial and anti-disbiotic effect on the kidneys.

Оbject of the study was to evaluate activities of succinate dehydrogenase and ATP-ase in mitochondria of kidney under conditions of toxic influence of 2,4-dinitrophenol. The experiment was conducted on 60 male albino rats. Toxic damage was caused by 0.1% solution of 2,4-dinitrophenol intraperitoneally in the dose of 3 mg / kg. The histochemical, biochemical and statistical methods of research were used. Mitochondria isolation was performed using the method of differential centrifugation. Determination of mitochondrial succinate dehydrogenase activity consists in the restoration of potassium ferricyanide (K3[Fe (CN)6]), whose solution has a yellow color, to the colorless ferricyanide of potassium (K4[F (CN)6]) succinate by the action of succinate dehydrogenase. The activity of ATP-ase was determined by the accumulation of inorganic phosphate. The level of activity of succinate dehidrogenase was 39% lower than that of the control values. Whereas the level of activity of ATP-ase decreased by 48% in accordance with the control. Similar histochemical changes of the enzyme of the II complex of the mitochondrial respiratory chain were revealed. The findings revealed that 2,4-dinitrophenol produced significant biochemical and histochemical changes in the kidney of the rats. This led to a decrease enzyme activities and as a result to a discrepancy between the energy needs of the cell and energy production in the system of mitochondrial oxidative phosphorylation.

Kidneys perform excretory function and regulate the work of many systems of the body, therefore, the morphological changes of the functional apparatus of the kidneys must necessarily affect the functions of other organs and systems. Data on pathological processes in the kidneys caused by the action of ethanol are diverse and can be manifested as universal tissue reactions to the action of ethanol and manifestations of its toxic effects directly on the tissue of the kidney. Aim: to study the morphological changes in kidney tissues of rats with acute ethanol-induced injury and correction with quercetin and L-arginine L- glutamate. Experimental studies performed on 66 white non-linear, sexually mature male rats weighing 120-130g (average weight - 125 g). Acute alcoholic defeat was modeling by intragastric administration of 40% ethanol in a dose of 20 ml/kg for 7 days with the help of a metal probe with oil. The revealed changes in renal tissue can be considered valuable morphological criteria that characterize the damage of the renal parenchyma in acute alcohol defeat. Using of the preparations of quercetin and L-arginine L-glutamate promotes the protection of kidney cells from the toxic effects of ethanol, which manifested itself in decreasing the severity of dystrophic changes in the endothelium of the tubules. The performed morphological study allows verifying more pronounced tread effect in the form of improving the histostructure of the kidneys under the combination of both drugs in comparison with monotherapy.

El objetivo del presente estudio fue examinar los posibles efectos del estrés fisiológico producidos por un programa de entrenamiento de alta intensidad (EAI) en ratas. Cuarenta ratas Wistar fueron aleatoriamente distribuidas en 2 grupos experimentales: grupo EAI o grupo control, durante 12 semanas. Se estimaron índices biológicos, parámetros musculares, urinarios, plasmáticos, de perfil lipídico hepático y morfológicos renales. Tanto la ingesta media (P

Objective: To evaluate the transfer of the practical skills of robot-assisted surgery acquired in the dry-lab into a real live experimental setting for performing upper and lower urinary tract surgeries., Material and Methods: An in vivo experimental study design was utilized. Six urology trainees and fellows; two 2nd year trainees with no previous exposure to laparoscopic surgery (Group 1), two 4th year residents with medium exposure to laparoscopic surgery (Group 2) and two fellows trained to perform laparoscopic surgeries (Group 3) performed ureteral reimplantation into the bladder, pyeloplasty, and radical nephrectomy on three female pigs under general anesthesia. Prior to performing the requested procedures, each participant completed 10-14 h dry-lab robotic training acquiring skills in basic surgical tasks, such as suturing, cutting and needle passage. The recorded variables were the successful completion of the procedures, the console time, and the time to perform different steps and major complications., Results: All procedures were completed successfully by all groups except the pyeloplasty by group 1 which was complicated by bleeding from the renal vein, and the procedure was abandoned. Group 3 achieved shorter console time for all successfully completed procedures and for separate surgical steps compared to all groups, followed by Group 2. The slowest group for all procedures and steps analyzed was Group 3., Conclusions: Although further clinical evidence is needed, the robotic-assisted urological procedures and the most challenging steps could be performed safely and effectively after proper training in the dry lab under mentor supervision according to our study., (Copyright © 2023 AEU. Published by Elsevier España, S.L.U. All rights reserved.)

Turner syndrome is a genetic disorder that occurs in women with partial or complete absence of an X chromosome., Objective: To describe the clinical, laboratory, and genotypic characteristics of patients with Turner syndrome, treated at three health institutions in Medellin., Patients and Method: A retrospective study was carried out. A total of 97 patients with Turner syndrome (< 18 years) confirmed by karyotype between 2011 and 2018 were included. Patients whose karyotype did not meet the specification of the American College of Medical Genetics were excluded. Data on sociodemographic details, nutritional variables, phenotypic characteristics, and laboratory tests were collected. A descriptive analysis was performed in SPSS software version 20., Results: Median age at diagnosis was 8.5 years (IQR 4-12). The main clinical characteristic was short stature (90%). Additionally, they presented cardiovascular malformations (35%), renal alterations (26%), hearing disorders, mainly hypoacusis (33%), and neuropsychiatric disorders (44%). The most frequent karyotype was 45,X (51%) followed by 45,X/46,XX (14%). The patients with 45,X karyotype had the most classic clinical characteristics. Patients > 5 years old had a higher proportion of weight excess than the general population. Dyslipidemia was found in 62% and hypothyroidism in 22%. 70% of patients > 11 years received pubertal induction; 23% presented spontaneous puberty and 44% of them required hormonal maintenance. 86% received somatropin., Conclusion: The patients with Turner syndrome in our study presented a high frequency of short stature and cardiovascular, renal, hearing, endocrine, and neuropsychiatric comorbidities. The diagnosis was delayed due to the lack of clinical suspicion given its variable presentation.

Objectives: To report a case of prenatal diagnosis of ectopic intrathoracic kidney with diaphragmatic hernia managed surgically after birth, and to conduct a review of the literature on prenatal diagnosis of ectopic intrathoracic kidney and perinatal prognosis., Material and Methods: We report the case of a 28-week fetus in which, on ultrasound imaging, a mass was observed displacing the heart and lung in the right hemithorax, which was was confirmed by magnetic resonance (MR) to be an ectopic intrathoracic kidney (ITEK). After birth, the neonate was approached by laparoscopy to place a mesh in continuity with the diaphragm, leaving the kidney in the abdomen, with good evolution. A search was conducted in the PubMed, Embase and Cochrane databases for cohorts, case reports and case series of prenatal diagnosis of intrathoracic kidney in the fetus. Information was retrieved regarding design, population, imaging diagnosis, treatment and prognosis., Results: The search identified 8 studies that met the inclusion criteria, reporting a total of 8 cases. Ultrasound diagnosis showed ectopic intrathoracic kidney associated with diaphragmatic hernia in all the subjects. Fetal magnetic resonance imaging (MRI) was also used in 5 cases., Conclusions: Ectopic intrathoracic kidney is a congenital abnormality amenable to prenatal diagnosis. Survival after corrective surgery performed in the neonatal period is common. There is a paucity of publications, limited to case reports, regarding the prenatal diagnosis of this condition.

Background: Solid Organ Transplant recipients (SOTR) appear to be at particular high risk for critical COVID-19 due to immunosuppressive drugs and comorbidities. We report the first description of clinical course and short-term outcomes of kidney and liver transplant recipients with confirmed COVID-19 in Mexico. The objective of this paper was evaluate the clinical course of transplant patients with COVID-19 infection., Material and Methods: We retrospectively evaluated SOTR (kidney and liver) over 18 years of age with confirmed diagnosis of COVID-19 from tertiary care centers in Mexico., Results: Data from 45 kidney transplant recipients were recorded. Median (IQR) age was 43 (IQR 25-70) years. Admission to hospital was required in 37 (75.5 %) patients, of which 8 (16.3%) were hospitalized at Intensive Care Unit (ICU). Acute kidney injury (AKI) stage was documented in 33 (67%) patients. The time of hospitalization was 8 (IQR 6-12) days. Six patients died (12.2%). Additionally, data from 10 liver transplant recipients were included. During their evolution, 5 / 10 required hospital admission and there were no deaths in this group., Conclusions: Transplant recipients show a higher fatality rate and complications from SARS-CoV-2 infection; more studies are needed to identify prognostic factors and effective anti-SARS-CoV-2 therapies.

The World Kidney Day was founded in 2003 by doctor Joel D. Kopple, American nephrologist, who in the session in the Congress of the International Federation of Kidney Foundations explained the need to implement the celebration on a day that alludes to this organ, in order to direct preventive actions for kidney disease and raise awareness in the medical community and the general population on the importance of caring for the kidneys. 3 years later, the proposal was accepted and as of 2006 World Kidney Day is celebrated. The diffusion is found throughout the world and in each place there are talks, courses, workshops, cultural activities and even marathons related to the prevention, diagnosis and treatment of kidney disease. Chronic kidney disease (CKD) is a disorder with a chronic, degenerative, and lethal evolution. Managing CKD requires a large amount of human, financial, and infrastructure resources. It impairs the quality of life and negatively affects survival. On the other hand, it leads to dialysis and kidney transplant treatments, which are expensive enough to put any health institution at financial risk, especially those most vulnerable. The main idea of these non-profit international organizations is to promote the well-being and improve the quality of life of people with CKD with and without dialysis, and to promote kidney transplantation as the first treatment option., (Licencia CC 4.0 (BY-NC-ND) © 2023 Revista Médica del Instituto Mexicano del Seguro Social.)

Hydronephrosis is a condition where urine overfills, or backs up, into the kidney, which causes the kidney to stretch (dilate), much like a balloon when it is filled with water. Hydronephrosis can be congenital or acquired (functional or anatomical). The aim of the study is to investigate the case of left kidney taken from human corpses (82-year-old man) with morphological changes corresponding to hydronephrosis. In the anatomical aspect, the hydrogel formation process is as follows: above the obstruction in the ureters (e.g. stone or a tumour) the urinary tracts expand. Followed by impaired blood supply, kidney parenchyma disappears and kidneys transform themselves in a bag filled with urine. Causes are numerous. Various congenital deformities of the ureter may sooner or later produce back pressure. Kidney stones are a common cause. In older men, the continued growth of the prostate gland leads commonly to restricted urine flow out of the bladder. Prostate cancer, and cancer anywhere else along the urine pathways, can obstruct flow.

Kidney transplantation is considered to be the optimal treatment for end-stage renal disease. The main goal of renal replacement therapy is to prolong life as well as improve its quality. The key here is the education of the patient, which is conducted by a transplant physician, a transplant nurse and a nutritionist. Nursing staff taking care of a patient after a kidney transplant should have the ability to correctly diagnose and resolve nursing problems. The aim of the work is to present the role of a nurse in patient care after kidney transplant. Nurses pursuing health education focus primarily on shaping individual patient health behaviors.