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Endophthalmitis is a potentially vision-threatening complication associated with nearly every intraocular or periocular procedure, including cataract surgery and intravitreal injection. Post-operative endophthalmitis after cataract surgery is a familiar entity with well-established features and treatment. However, infectious endophthalmitis after intravitreal injection is not as well understood. The current widespread use of intravitreal injections of vascular endothelial growth factor (VEGF) antagonists has raised increasing concern for post-injection endophthalmitis. Endophthalmitis associated with intravitreal injections occurs with a similar low incidence rate as endophthalmitis associated with cataract surgery. Post-surgical and post-injection endophthalmitis exhibit similar clinical features, though post-injection endophthalmitis might present slightly earlier. These entities share the most common causative organism, Staphylococcus epidermidis, although there is a higher incidence of more virulent and resistant organisms such as Streptococcal species in post-injection endophthalmitis. The proportion of eyes with a culture-negative endophthalmitis has been found more commonly after intravitreal injection, raising concerns for distinguishing infectious endophthalmitis from “sterile endophthalmitis” which may be associated with anti-VEGF therapy. The Endophthalmitis Vitrectomy Study (EVS) guides the treatment of exogenous endophthalmitis after cataract extraction. The treatment of post-injection endophthalmitis is an area of new interest with emerging literature of clinic presentation and therapeutic management.

There are numerous reports of incidental findings of thyroglossal duct remnants (TGDR) after total thyroidectomy, but its implication on the outcome of patients with differentiated thyroid cancer (DTC) is unknown. The aim of this study was to determine the frequency of TGDR detected by ultrasonography after total thyroidectomy in patients with DTC and to evaluate the impact of this finding on the response to treatment. A total of 377 records of patients with DTC who received total thyroidectomy between January 1994 and January 2017 were reviewed. Patients with less than one year of follow-up after surgery were excluded. TGDR was diagnosed in 16 out of 377 (4.2%). Fifteen had a low risk of recurrence DTC and 13 of them were treated with radioactive iodine. All low risk patients had an excellent response to treatment. Only one with an intermediate risk of recurrence DTC had an initial structural incomplete response which changed to an indeterminate response after a modified central lymph node dissection. The median time of TGDR diagnosis after thyroidectomy was 5 years (1-16). Two patients underwent TGDR surgery due to the presence of a rapidly growing neck mass, 2.4 and 4 cm in size, detected 9 and 16 years after thyroidectomy, respectively. The prevalence of this condition seems to be rare. However, the appearance of a cystic mass during the follow-up of a patient with DTC cancer could be confused with metastatic disease. The diagnosis of TGDR seems not to have an impact on the response to treatment.