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Background: In patients with chronic renal failure under haemodialysis, we investigated the inter-relationships and relative contributions of disease, haemodialysis and of nutrition related factors on the patients' Quality of Life. Methods: Collected data in 60 adult patients comprised: co-morbidities (multiple medicines, other chronic diseases), duration of renal failure and of haemodialysis (in months), % weight loss since haemodialysis, nutrient intake derived from diet history analysis (DIETPLAN5 2003, UK). The EuroQoL instrument that includes 5 dimensions, mobility, self-care, activities, pain/discomfort, anxiety/depression, and an overall health visual analogue scale evaluated QoL. Results: Estimates of effect size attributed to each variable included in the general linear model revealed that 47% of patients' mobility/self-care scores were worsened by deficient protein/energy intake and 30% by weight loss=10%. Poor performance of usual activities was attributed in 45% to duration of haemodialysis and of disease, 70% to protein/energy/vitamin B12/zinc/iron deficits, and 20% to weight loss =10%. Pain/discomfort were worsened in 45% by the duration of haemodialysis and of disease,and in 15% by co-morbidities. Higher anxiety/depression were related in 43% to protein/energy/selenium & vitamin C deficits, in 40% to the duration of haemodialysis and of disease, in 10% to weight loss =10%, and in 3% to co-morbidities. Likewise, 47% of poor overall health was determined by protein/energy/vitamin B12/zinc/selenium & vitamin C deficits, 25% by weight loss=10%, 10% by disease duration, and 7% by co-morbidities. Conclusion: Protein, antioxidants and key micronutrients involved in protein metabolism, did exert a major effect on patients' Quality of Life. Given the prevalence of nutrient deficits, the ensuing impaired functional capacity is likely to compromise QoL, timely nutrition is thus warranted.Antecedentes: en pacientes con insuficiencia renal crónica y en hemodiálisis, investigamos las relaciones y contribuciones relativas de la enfermedad, hemodiálisis y factores nutricionales del paciente sobre la calidad de vida (QOL). Métodos: los datos recogidos de 60 pacientes adultos incluían: comorbilidades (múltiples fármacos, otras enfermedades crónicas), duración de la insuficiencia renal y hemodiálisis (en meses), % pérdida de peso desde la hemodiálisis, ingestión de nutrientes derivada del análisis de la historia dietética (DIETPLAN5, 2003, RU). La escala EuroQOL que incluye 5 dimensiones de movilidad, autocuidado, actividades, dolor / malestar, ansiedad/depresión, y una escala analógica visual sobre salud global, evaluó la QOL. Resultados: las estimaciones del efecto del tamaño atribuido a cada variable incluida en el modelo linear general mostraron que el 47% de las puntuaciones de los pacientes sobre movilidad/pérdida de peso empeoraban con una ingestión de deficiente de proteínas / energía y el 30% por una pérdida de peso ≥ 10%. El bajo rendimiento en las actividades habituales se atribuyó en un 45% a la duración de la hemodiálisis y de la enfermedad, el 70% a deficiencias de proteínas/energía/vitamina B12/cinc/hierro, y el 20% a una pérdida de peso ≥ 10%. El dolor/ansiedad empeoraban en un 45% por la duración de la hemodialysis y de la enfermedad, y en un 15% por comorbilidades. La mayor ansiedad/depresión se relacionó en un 43% con deficiencias de proteínas / energía/selenio y vitamina C, en un 40% por la duración de la hemodialysis y la enfermedad, en un 10% por una pérdida de peso ≥ 10%, y en un 3% a las comorbilidades. Asimismo, el 47% de la salud global mala vino determinado por deficiencias de proteína/energía/vitamina B12/cinc/selenio y vitamina C, 25% por pérdida de peso ≥ 10%, el 10% por la duración de la enfermedad, y el 7% por las comorbilidades. Conclusiones: las proteínas, los antioxidantes y los micronutrientes clave implicados en el metabolismo proteico ejercieron un efecto principal sobre la calidad de vida de los pacientes. Dada la prevalencia de las deficiencias nutricionales, la alteración resultante de la capacidad funcional probablemente comprometa la calidad de vida, por lo que se debe garantizar una nutrición adecuada.

Résumé: Notre présente contribution vise à délimiter le champ du travail de la terminologie telle qu’elle est enseignée à l’université algérienne d’une part, et cerner les limites d’une méthode de travail qui marginalise le contexte (et /ou co-texte) d’apparition des unités terminologiques, d’autre part. En analysant le programme suivi par les enseignants de la matière au département du droit à l’université de Chlef, pour l’année universitaire 2022/2023, nous démontrons que toute méthode d’enseignement de la terminologie qui n’adopte pas des stratégies adéquates visant à prendre en considération le contexte des unités terminologiques est vouée à l’échec. Mots-clés : Enseignement, Terminologie, Droit, Contexte, Université.

Background: Hepatitis C is a major global health problem, with a high disease burden in developing countries like Pakistan. Rural communities in Pakistan have limited awareness about hepatitis C transmission, prevention, and control. This study aimed to assess knowledge and practices related to hepatitis C among patients in the rural community of Lasi Goth, Gadap Town, Karachi. Material and Method: A quantitative cross-sectional survey was conducted among 150 adult patients (>18 years) with known hepatitis C infection in Lasi Goth. Data was collected through face-to-face interviews using a structured questionnaire. The questionnaire captured socio-demographic information, knowledge about hepatitis C (causative agent, symptoms, transmission), attitudes towards its prevention, and related practices. Descriptive statistics were used to analyze the data. Results: Of 150 participants, 55% were males and mean age was 25 years. Majority (69.3%) had heard about hepatitis C, with main sources being television (28.7%) and other people (38.7%). Knowledge regarding hepatitis C was low, with less than half aware of the causative agent (42%) and symptoms (41.3%). Around 55% knew it spreads person-to-person, mainly by blood transmission (38%), shared razors/brushes (4.7%), injection drug use (12%), mother to child transmission (18.7%), and sexual contact (26.7%). Most (76%) believed hepatitis C was preventable through screening blood (20%), avoiding sharing razors/brushes (37.3%), and infected persons not donating blood (24.7%). Only 18% reported their families were involved in prevention efforts. A high proportion (88%) were using anti-hepatitis C drugs and 54.7% received hepatitis B vaccination. Conclusion: Patients from the rural community had limited knowledge about hepatitis C transmission routes and prevention measures. Culturally appropriate educational campaigns are required to raise awareness in rural communities regarding risks, prevention strategies, and control of hepatitis C infection.

Two individuals of one live female and one live male Large-toothed Ferret Badger were spotted at an altitude of 2,196 masl in Phedi, Kepilashgadi Rural Municipality, Khotang on 13 June 2020 and at an altitude of 1885 masl in Roksim Bhanjyang of Khotehang Rural Municipality on February 3, 2022 respectively. The record at Phedi is the global highest elevational record of the species which is 579 meters higher than the previous record.

Whilst political ecology scholarship has contributed much to articulating social injustices associated with Nepal's community forestry, here we took a different approach, by attempting an 'affirmative political ecology.' We drew on feminist and activist scholarship to inspire collective action that engaged directly with challenges of social justice and those charged with delivering it through their work. Guided by theories and practices of 'transformative learning' and a range of associated reflective practices, our participatory action research involved 4 facilitators and (up to) 25 participants who work across Nepal's forest bureaucracy (and for some, the wider community-based natural resource management sector). Together physically, remotely and through our writing, we reflect upon the operation of power in our professional – and personal – lives, exploring how that may enable a more informed and meaningful engagement with social justice within the workplace, and beyond. This article presents the process of our collective reflection and learning, and shares some of its initial outcomes based on the experiences of the 15 co-authors. Whilst 'simply' having the time and space to come together was hugely important, it was the form and feel of that space that was particularly significant, as we focused on co-creating a safe space which was non-judgmental and based on mutual respect, enabling comfortable and open discussion of often unspoken and uncomfortable issues. Ultimately, this article argues that collective practices of reflection and transformative learning can create shared learning, understanding, empathy and solidarity, and thus that it offers hope in the face of on-going social injustices. It therefore urges political ecologists to work towards such caring and affirmative collective engagements with practitioners as one way in which to affect change.

Pastures may act as carbon sources and sinks depending on grazing pressure and management practices. Soil organic carbon (SOC) stock and its fractions were quantified under 3 different grazing intensities using 5, 10 and 15 sheep/ha under sown, improved and natural pastures in the semi-arid tropics of India. Results revealed that after 3 years, improved pasture had significantly higher particulate organic carbon (POC ~4.5 g/kg), SOC (~0.53 %), total organic carbon (TOC~7 g/kg) and SOC stock (~15 mg/ha) as compared with sown and natural pastures. Labile carbon (LC ~185 mg/kg) and soil microbial biomass carbon (SMBC ~378 µg/g soil) were higher under natural pasture. A moderate grazing intensity of 10 sheep/ha resulted in significantly greater carbon fractions, TOC and SOC stock. SOC stock and its fractions were significantly higher in the topsoil layers as compared with the subsoil layers. These results indicate that improved pasture management practices with moderate grazing intensity can be recommended for improving SOC stock and its fractions in semi-arid tropical pastures.

This paper is an effort in reviewing and assembling the research findings of different researchers on the factors that cause conflicts in schools and the strategies adopted by schools for conflict resolution. The research is limited to certain databases only. The basis for selecting relevant literature for this study is their accessibility, language (English) and relevancy to the topic and only those research papers that highlight teacher-teacher conflicts and teacher-administration conflicts have been selected. The several factors that emerged from the study were classified as Structural and Personal factors only. The originality of this paper rests in an attempt to attract the attention of the research community towards the factors that lead to conflicts in schools and an insight into the strategies used by the school administration to resolve them. This study also recommends that school administrators be trained to identify at least some factors responsible for conflicts among their staff, even among the students of the school so that they can resolve it in a better way.

Background: In patients with chronic renal failure under haemodialysis, we investigated the inter-relationships and relative contributions of disease, haemodialysis and of nutrition related factors on the patients' Quality of Life. Methods: Collected data in 60 adult patients comprised: co-morbidities (multiple medicines, other chronic diseases), duration of renal failure and of haemodialysis (in months), % weight loss since haemodialysis, nutrient intake derived from diet history analysis (DIETPLAN5 2003, UK). The EuroQoL instrument that includes 5 dimensions, mobility, self-care, activities, pain/discomfort, anxiety/depression, and an overall health visual analogue scale evaluated QoL. Results: Estimates of effect size attributed to each variable included in the general linear model revealed that 47% of patients' mobility/self-care scores were worsened by deficient protein/energy intake and 30% by weight loss=10%. Poor performance of usual activities was attributed in 45% to duration of haemodialysis and of disease, 70% to protein/energy/vitamin B12/zinc/iron deficits, and 20% to weight loss =10%. Pain/discomfort were worsened in 45% by the duration of haemodialysis and of disease,and in 15% by co-morbidities. Higher anxiety/depression were related in 43% to protein/energy/selenium & vitamin C deficits, in 40% to the duration of haemodialysis and of disease, in 10% to weight loss =10%, and in 3% to co-morbidities. Likewise, 47% of poor overall health was determined by protein/energy/vitamin B12/zinc/selenium & vitamin C deficits, 25% by weight loss=10%, 10% by disease duration, and 7% by co-morbidities. Conclusion: Protein, antioxidants and key micronutrients involved in protein metabolism, did exert a major effect on patients' Quality of Life. Given the prevalence of nutrient deficits, the ensuing impaired functional capacity is likely to compromise QoL, timely nutrition is thus warranted.

In recent years, new avenue has been opened for extensive research and debate between Natural and artificial sweeteners. Stevia rebaudiana has emerged as a potent and remarkable substitute to artificial and calorie dense sweeteners. Stevia being natural and zero caloric is becoming a choice of many diet conscious people. The leaves and extract of Stevia plant are used to sweeten different food stuffs, desserts, beverages, etc. across globe especially in USA, Europe, China and Japan. Sweet components responsible for intense sweetness are the Steviosides having sweetness ranging from 250 to 400 times sweeter as compared to sucrose. Bioactive moieties in Stevia play vital role in health promotion aiding and boosting immune system to fight against cancer, cardiovascular diseases, diabetes and lower the occurrence of various other ailments diseases. This review article encompasses the biochemical, nutritional, therapeutic potential and end use applications of Stevia.

Background: The incidence of Hepatitis C virus (HCV) infection among patients with Lichen planus (LP) varies considerably. There is also lack of data in Indian population. Due to these variation, this study is to assessing the prevalence of HCV infection among patients with CLP in Hassan Karnataka. Methods: 135 clinically diagnosed cases of Lichen planus more than 18 years of age will be included as cases.147 patients having skin diseases other than lichen planus will be included as controls. Details of the patients personal history and family history,medical history and blood transfusion history will be collected. Detection of antibodies against HCV (anti-HCV) by enzyme-linked immunosorbent assay (ELISA). Results: Anti-HCV antibodies were found in 3(2.2%) patients of the case group and 1(0.7%) in control group. P value is 0.274, not statistically significant. Conclusion: Currently, there is no evidence confirming the relationship between HCV infection and CLP in Hassan Karnataka. However, there is a need for further research on larger groups of

The Indian state has conserved tigers by establishing reserves that are governed as a form of fortress conservation. Residence and local uses in these tiger reserves are often criminalized. It is in this context that we critique recent neoliberal attempts to estimate the economic value of ecosystem services from tiger reserves. Proponents of valuation argue that it will not only provide a justification for the reserves, but also recognize the importance of ecosystem services for human well-being. We use a political ecology approach to argue that economic valuation is never a benign tool, but is situated in wider institutional contexts that favor certain actors over others. In India, protected areas are being valued even as people living within them are being evicted and their use of the forest restricted. We draw from fieldwork in the Biligiri Rangaswamy Temple Hills of Karnataka and conversations with Soligas. We ask how nature is made legible and who benefits from such legibility? We suggest that economic valuation can hide complex human-nature relationships and undermine different ways of knowing and 'valuing' landscapes. Key Words: tiger reserves, Karnataka, economic valuation

Este artigo buscou levantar na literatura nacional os motivos pelos quais a relação entre as operadoras de planos de saúde e os cirurgiões-dentistas é conflituosa, traçando um histórico do mercado brasileiro na área, bem como o perfil do profissional deste segmento, destacando as implicações observadas quanto à autonomia profissional, remuneração e satisfação com o trabalho, a fim de fomentar uma reflexão crítica na categoria quanto às relações de trabalho no âmbito da assistência odontológica suplementar. A análise realizada evidenciou que o sistema de saúde suplementar se desenvolveu por mais de trinta anos sem interferência governamental, culminando em um crescimento alarmante, desordenado e desregulado, influenciado pelo excesso de oferta de dentistas e redução de pacientes que pagam por serviços privados. Dessa forma, grande parcela dos profissionais que têm se associado a planos de saúde na expectativa de expansão dos seus serviços são submetidos às demandas das operadoras que limitam seu trabalho àquele menos oneroso, interferem no plano de tratamento e utilizam tabelas de preços desatualizadas para o pagamento de procedimentos clínicos, levando a uma percepção negativa e descontentamento em relação ao desempenho das operadoras. Concluiu-se que de fato a relação é conflituosa, atingindo o profissional em diversas esferas, não apenas econômicas como pessoais, e está associada à expansão do sistema suplementar. Sendo assim, a prática odontológica é afetada na sua essência, sem que medidas de controle e supervisão, tão necessárias, sejam implementadas para corrigir assimetrias nas relações corporativas e evitar condições precárias da profissão.

In the backdrop of acute shortage of allopathic doctors in rural India, this paper looks at the interplay and tension between central and state regulatory measures aimed at improving the availability and retention of allopathic doctors in the rural areas, within the overarching framework of centre-state relations and division of legislative powers between them, with respect to regulation of medical education. While the Central Government has introduced certain provisions in the central law to promote availability of doctors in rural areas, some States have implemented provisions with the same objective, that go beyond the stipulations of the Central Act. Several such measures taken by state governments; be it reservation of post graduate seats for doctors serving in government rural institutions or developing cadre of medical practitioners for rural area under certain conditionalities; have been challenged in courts and held to be violative of the central legislation which inter alia, regulates standards of medical education and registration of doctors. The measures introduced by the state governments for increasing availability of doctors in rural areas, even though struck down as invalid, were intended as instruments of equity and social justice, with far reaching implications for improving availability of health care services in underserved areas. Unless the Medical Council of India Act is amended or the subject matter of medical education is moved from Union list to State list, state interventions are likely to continue to be struck down if they are found to be affecting the standards of medical education.

A 3 x 3 factorial study was conducted in the southern foothills of Bhutan to compare 3 cultivars of Napier hybrid grass (Pennisetum purpureum x P. glaucum: Pakchong-1, CO-3 and Giant Napier), at 3 cutting intervals (40, 60 and 80 days), in terms of forage growth, dry matter (DM) yield and crude protein (CP) concentration. The effects of cultivar x cutting interval were significant only on tiller number per plant and leaf:stem ratio (LSR). CO-3 consistently produced the highest tiller number per plant, leaves per plant and LSR, while Pakchong-1 produced the lowest. Pakchong-1 plants were taller, had bigger tillers and basal circumference and higher stem DM production than CO-3 and Giant. Leaf CP for all cultivars was about 17%, while stem CP concentration was lower for Pakchong-1 than for the other cultivars (3.6 vs. 5.3%, PKeywords: Bhutan, CO-3, crude protein , dry matter, Giant Napier, Pakchong-1.DOI: 10.17138/TGFT(3)142-150

Context: Bombax ceiba Linn. (Bombacaceae) is a well-known plant for its antihypertensive, antioxidant, antidiabetic, aphrodisiac and uterine tonicity properties. Aims: To study pharmacognostical, physicochemical and phytochemically the roots of this plant. Methods: Pharmacognostical study included the macroscopic characters like size, color, surface characteristics, texture, fracture characteristics and odor of the roots. The intact root as well as powdered drug were studied under a microscope to analyze the cellular characteristics of the drug. Physicochemical parameter like extractive values, loss on drying (LOD), total ash, water-soluble and acid insoluble ash, foaming index and hemolytic index of Bombax ceiba root powder were determined as per WHO guidelines. Preliminary phytochemical screening and qualitative chemical examination studies have been carried out for the various phytoconstituents. HPTLC have also carried out using cyclohexane: diethyl ether: ethyl acetate as mobile phase. Results: Chemical evaluation and TLC studies shown presence of alkaloids, glycosides, flavonoids, steroids, saponins and tannins. The microscopic characters have shown presence of cork, cambium, xylem vessels, stone cells, starch grains, calcium oxalate crystals and phloem fibers. Microscopy analysis of the powder included the cork cells, fibers, calcium oxalate crystals and vessel. The presence of steroids was confirmed in HPTLC fingerprinting studies. Conclusions: Pharmacognostical and preliminary phytochemical screening of Bombax ceiba roots will be useful in order to authenticate, standardize and avoid any adulteration in the raw material. The diagnostic microscopic characters and physicochemical data will be helpful in the development of a monograph. The chromatographic fingerprinting profile can be used to standardize extracts and formulations containing Bombax ceiba roots.

Calibration models were developed for Fourier Transform Near Infrared Reflectance spectroscopy using PLS method and coefficients of determination (r2) for oil, protein, erucic acid and crude fiber contents were estimated 0.907, 0.922, 0.902, 0.903, respectively. Effects of the salinity on these traits were studied under normal and saline environments in the field (ECe 10.7dS·m-1) and nethouse using saline irrigation levels (ECiw 0, 9, 12, 15, 18 dS/m) during 2011–12 and 2012–13. At higher salinity; oil, protein and crude fiber contents decreased by 7.27, 14.78, 34.25% and 5.78, 29.31, 20.45% in nethouse and field conditions respectively, whereas erucic acid content increased by 72.43 and 12.20%. Thus, FT-NIRS may be useful for quick and nondestructive estimations of oil quality parameters in Indian mustard.

Resumo Estuda-se a utilização da glicose por microrganismos em dois lagos amazônicos (Tupe e Janauari) durante um ano. As populações bacterianas do lago Tupe são aproximadamente 1000 vezes menores, e a do Janauari 100 vezes menores que as populações de bactérias de lagos de região temperada. A capacidade de mineralização por bactérias heterotrópicas é muito baixa e o tempo de "turnover" do substrato orgânico é muito prolongado.