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The standard treatment for metastatic hormone-sensitive prostate cancer (mHSPC) is now a combination of androgen deprivation therapy plus an androgen receptor-targeted therapy (abiraterone, apalutamide, enzalutamide or darolutamide), with or without chemotherapy (docetaxel). The selection of suitable patients for each therapeutic approach has become a determining factor to ensure efficacy and minimize side effects. This article combines recent clinical evidence with the accumulated experience of experts in medical oncology, radiation oncology and urology, to provide a comprehensive view and therapeutic recommendations for mHSPC., (Copyright © 2024 The Authors. Published by Elsevier España, S.L.U. All rights reserved.)

Introduction: Lung transplant (LT) is one of the therapeutic options for patients with terminal respiratory diseases. It is highly important to incorporate the functional status and frailty assessment into the selection process of candidates for LT., Objectives: Identify the prevalence of frailty in the LT waiting list. Study the relationship between frailty, functional status, Lung Allocation Score (LAS) and muscular dysfunction., Methodology: Descriptive transversal study of patients on the waiting list for LT., Population: 74 patients with chronic respiratory diseases assessed by the lung transplant committee and accepted to be transplanted in a university hospital in Barcelona. The outcome variables were frailty status was evaluate for SPPB test, functional capacity was evaluate for the six-minute walking test (6MWT) and muscular dysfunction. The results were analyzed with the statistical package STATA 12., Results: Sample of 48 men and 26 women, with a median age of 56.55 years (SD 10.87. The prevalence of frailty assessed with the SPPB was 33.8% (8.1% are in frailty and 25.7% are in a state of pre-frailty). There is a relationship between the SPPB, 6MWT and maximal inspiratory pressure, but not with others force values. There is a relationship between the risk of frailty (scores below 9 in SPPB) and the meters walked in 6 but not with the LAS., Conclusions: The risk of frailty in patients with terminal chronic respiratory diseases is high. Frailty is related with functional capacity, but not with LAS., (Copyright © 2024 Sociedad Española de Rehabilitación y Medicina Física. Publicado por Elsevier España, S.L.U. All rights reserved.)

Alguns dos indivíduos submetidos à cirurgia de coluna vertebral terão desfechos pós-operatório desfavoráveis, independente do êxito técnico. Esse insucesso gera aumento da morbidade e dos custos socioeconômicos. Sabe-se que fatores psicossociais interferem na impressão do sujeito. Com o propósito de identificá-los, tem-se estimulado a busca de preditores prognósticos por meio de instrumentos de triagem. Porém, a eleição do mais adequado pode ser difícil, já que existe um grande número de questionários. Entre os aspectos abordados por eles, podemos citar: incapacidade funcional, qualidade de vida, satisfação, dor, depressão, distúrbios do humor e atividade funcional. O trabalho objetiva revisar as particularidades, indicações e limitações dos instrumentos de avaliação do paciente com doença na coluna vertebral.Algunos individuos, sometidos a la cirugía de columna vertebral, tendrán resultados posoperatorios desfavorables, independientemente del éxito técnico. Esta falla causa aumento de la morbilidad y de los costos socioeconómicos. Se sabe que factores psicosociales interfieren en las impresiones del sujeto. Con la finalidad de identificarlos, se ha estimulado la búsqueda de predictores pronosticadores mediante instrumentos de selección. Sin embargo, elegir el más adecuado puede ser difícil, ya que existe un gran número de cuestionarios. Entre los aspectos abarcados por estos, podemos citar: incapacidad funcional, calidad de vida, satisfacción, dolor, depresión, disturbios del humor y actividad funcional. El trabajo tiene el objetivo de revisar las particularidades, indicaciones y limitaciones de los instrumentos de evaluación del paciente con enfermedad en la columna vertebral.Some individuals submitted to spine surgery will have unfavorable postoperative outcomes, regardless of the success of the technical procedure. This failure leads to an increase in morbidity and socioeconomic costs. Also, it is known that psychosocial factors influence the subject's impression. In order to identify these factors, the search for prognostic predictors through screening instruments has been stimulated. However, selecting the most appropriate one may be difficult, as a large number of questionnaires already exist. The aspects addressed by these questionnaires include: functional incapacity, quality of life, satisfaction, pain, depression, mood swings and functional activity. This work reviews the special characteristics, indications and limitations of the instruments used to evaluate patients with spine disease.

INTRODUCCIÓN No se han realizado hasta ahora reportes acerca de los medios de comunicación como métodos de convocatoria para reclutar voluntarios de investigación en poblaciones latinoamericanas. Dado el surgimiento de la investigación clínica en Ecuador, realizar un estudio de este tipo en la población local será beneficioso para futuras investigaciones y probablemente sea aplicable a otros países de la región. MÉTODOS Se realizaron dos convocatorias públicas para un estudio transversal sobre función cognitiva y diabetes. Sólo se incluyó a personas entre 55 y 65 años de edad sin patología neurocognitiva previa. Se invitó a los individuos por medio de entrevistas en radio, televisión y periódicos locales, además se promocionó a través de redes sociales. Se preguntó a cada individuo por el método mediante el cual se enteraron de esta convocatoria. Se calculó la frecuencia con que se reportó cada método y se utilizó la prueba Chi-cuadrado para valorar las diferencias por género. RESULTADOS Un total de 274 pacientes se reclutaron en el estudio, el 64,2% fueron mujeres y 35,8% varones. El 29,9% se enteraron por terceras personas, 20,8% mediante la radio, 8,8% a través de redes sociales, 8,4% por el periódico y 5,1% por televisión, mientras que el 27,0% restante no había escuchado del reclutamiento. Los métodos reportados variaron significativamente entre hombres y mujeres (p=0,03). CONCLUSIONES Los medios de comunicación tradicionales constituyen la forma más frecuente de enterarse del reclutamiento, predominando las entrevistas en la radio. Individualmente, ninguno supera en frecuencia a la difusión por terceras personas (efecto de bola de nieve). Las redes sociales ocupan un porcentaje importante que supera a ciertos medios de prensa tradicional. Hemos descrito por primera vez en Latinoamérica el uso de medios de comunicación como métodos de convocatoria para reclutar voluntarios de investigación, y la importancia de la difusión que realizan las mismas personas entre ellas para alcanzar a más personas.

As autoras aplicaram um instrumento de classificação de pacientes na Ala B2 do Hospital de Clínicas de Marília, em doisperíodos distintos, no ano de 1999, com o intuito de conhecer o grau de dependência dos pacientes em relaçãoàequipe de enfermagem. A amostra foi constituída de 31 pacientes no primeiro período e 35 pacientes no segundo período. Osresultados mostraram que a maioria dos pacientes foi classificada como cuidados mínimos ou intermediários, sendopreocupante o número de pacientes classificados como cuidados semi-intensivos e intensivos nas unidades de internação.São sugeridas algumas modificações no instrumento utilizado.Las autoras aplicaron un instrumento de clasificación en pacientes del Ala B2 del Hospital de Clínicas de Marília, en dosperiodos distintos durante 1999, con el objetivo de conocer el grado de dependencia de dichos pacientes con relación a los enfermeros. La muestra estuvo constituída de 31 pacientes en el primer periodo y de 35 pacientes en el segundo periodo. Los resultados mostraron que la mayoría de los pacientes fue clasificada como de cuidados mínimos o intermedios, siendopreocupante el número de pacientes clasificados como de cuidados semi-intensivos e intensivos en las unidades de internación. Se sugieren algunas modificaciones en el instrumento utilizado.The authors applied an instrument of patient classification to the patients of Hall B2 of the Hospital das Clínicas deMarilia, intwo distinct periods of 1999, seeking to discover the degree of dependency of the patients in relation tonursing staff. The sample consisted of 31 patients in the first period and 35 in the second. The results showed that mostof the patients had been classified as needing minimum or intermediary care in their units of admission. Some modifications of the procedures were suggested.

OBJETIVO: Analisar escolhas realizadas por graduandos de primeiro e de último ano em administração hospitalar, para a seleção de pacientes em serviços de emergência médica. MÉTODOS: Foi estudada uma amostra acidental de 64 alunos do primeiro ano e 25 do quarto ano, presentes na sala de aula no primeiro dia letivo, em 1999, do curso de administração hospitalar de instituição de ensino de São Paulo, SP, Brasil. Para coleta de dados, foi realizado questionário com nove situações hipotéticas, que envolviam critérios passíveis de ocorrer na seleção de pacientes dentro de um serviço de emergências médicas: idade, sexo, condição econômica, estilo de vida e responsabilidade social. RESULTADOS: Foram encontradas diferenças significativas nas opções feitas pelos dois grupos de alunos pesquisados, em relação aos critérios de condição econômica e estilo de vida. CONCLUSÃO: Os resultados apontam para uma aceitação, por parte dos estudantes pesquisados, de critérios sociais como variáveis para tomada de decisão, em situação de recursos limitados.OBJECTIVE: To identify the social first-year and senior undergraduate students of a healthcare management course used for selecting patients who need emergency medical care. METHODS: A random sample of 64 first-year and 25 senior year students of a healthcare management course in São Paulo, Brazil, were studied. To collect data, a survey instrument was developed with nine hypothetical simulated case scenarios, including the social criteria involved in the patient selection process, such as age, sex, economical status, life-style, and social duty. RESULTS: There were significant differences in the two groups concerning criteria such as the patient's life-style and economic status. CONCLUSIONS: The results suggest that the respondents accept the inclusion of social criteria in the decision-making process in a situation of scarce resources.

OBJETIVO: Alguns dos muitos desafios enfrentados por epidemiologistas são planejar adequadamente e otimizar o processo de captação de sujeitos em termos de efetividade e eficiência. Nesse sentido, no contexto de um estudo caso-controle envolvendo desnutrição aguda severa, usa-se o procedimento de captação em duas etapas. Os objetivos da pesquisa são identificar o melhor ponto de corte do indicador de rastreamento e obter equilíbrio entre perdas, eficiência da desnutrição severa e uso do procedimento em duas etapas. MÉTODOS: São usadas informações de 154 crianças abaixo de dois anos, em dois hospitais. Para a exploração do ponto de corte ótimo de peso para idade (PI), são de interesse as proporções de falso-negativos (PFN), falso-positivos (PFP) e percentual de ganho (temporal) total (pgt). O índice de peso para comprimento (PC) (ponto de corte de -2 desvios-padrão) é usado como padrão diagnóstico de desnutrição aguda severa. RESULTADOS: A magnitude de falso-negativos declinou rapidamente até o percentil 3 (P3) de PI e chegou a zero próximo de P9. Nesse ponto, a PFP esteve em torno de 0,4. O pgt decresceu acentuadamente até o P4, declinando suavemente até P10 (54,5%). CONCLUSÕES: Pode-se recomendar o P10 de PI, ponto de corte de rastreamento em que a eficiência é expressiva sem maiores perdas de verdadeiros casos de desnutrição aguda severa.OBJECTIVE: One of the many challenges faced by epidemiologists is to adequately plan and optimize subject selection procedures in terms of effectiveness and efficiency. In the context of a case-control study involving severe acute malnutrition, a two-step subject selection procedure is used. The aim of the article is to establish an appropriate cut-off point for the screening phase and to achieve a common ground for standards, efficiency in detecting severe malnutrition and the two-step procedure. METHODS: The study includes 154 children under the age of 2 from two different hospitals. To determine the ideal cut-off point of weight-for-age (WFA), the following estimators are of interest: the proportion of false negatives (PFN), false positives (PFP) and the percentage of total gain by time (ptg). Weight-for-height (WFH) (cut-off point at -2 SDs) is used as reference for establishing severe acute malnutrition. RESULTS: The magnitude of false negatives declines steadily until the 3rd WFA percentile (P3) and reaches zero close to P9. At this point, the PFP is around 0.4. The ptg decreases sharply up to P4, declining smoothly towards P10 thereafter (54.5%). CONCLUSIONS: The WFA P10 can be recommended for the screening phase. At this cut-off point, there is still efficiency whereas losses of true cases of severe acute malnutrition are minimized.

The implementation of the presumptive donor law in Brazil is expected to increase the availability of organs for transplantation. As medical management of end-stage organ dysfunction continues to improve, increasing numbers of potential transplant recipients will be available to meet this supply. There is mounting evidence that supports the involvement of skilled psychiatric practitioners in the selection of transplant candidates. Data supporting the influence of psychosocial factors on compliance and therefore medical outcomes continues to grow. The literature review allows delineating the components and rationale for comprehensive psychosocial evaluations as a component of preoperative transplantation evaluation.A implementação da figura do doador presumido e as recentes mudanças na regulamentação do transplante no Brasil irão aumentar a disponibilidade de órgãos no País. O avanço no cuidado de doentes portadores de insuficiência grave de órgãos, por sua vez, irá aumentar a demanda por esses mesmos órgãos. Há considerável literatura apoiando o envolvimento de psiquiatras no processo de seleção dos candidatos ao transplante. Pesquisas mostram que fatores psicossociais influenciam na adesão ao tratamento e, conseqüentemente, no prognóstico desses pacientes. A partir de uma revisão da literatura existente, articula-se os componentes e lógicas de uma avaliação psicossocial abrangente, propondo sua inserção na avaliação pré-operatória dos pacientes para o recebimento de órgão.

The implementation of the presumptive donor law in Brazil is expected to increase the availability of organs for transplantation. As medical management of end-stage organ dysfunction continues to improve, increasing numbers of potential transplant recipients will be available to meet this supply. There is mounting evidence that supports the involvement of skilled psychiatric practitioners in the selection of transplant candidates. Data supporting the influence of psychosocial factors on compliance and therefore medical outcomes continues to grow. The literature review allows delineating the components and rationale for comprehensive psychosocial evaluations as a component of preoperative transplantation evaluation.

This paper reviews published articles describing several instruments used currently to "capture" the attention of smokers for quit-smoking interventions and emphasizes the distinction between the strategies used to reach eligible individuals and those used to recruit them for the proposed smoking cessation intervention. The search for articles was conducted using MEDLINE, PsychARTICLE, and LILACS. Key words for the search included recruitment, enrollment, reach, smoking cessation, quitline, and helpline mentioned in the abstracts and titles of the articles. Articles published in English, Portuguese, and Spanish through November 2006 that emphasized capture instruments related to different populations and specific interventions were included in this review. Twenty-nine studies met the inclusion criteria. Studies that used active and mixed strategies reached, on average, a smaller and less diverse possible number of eligible individuals and had greater participation proportions than those that used reactive strategies. Future studies are needed to evaluate the effectiveness of new associations between current interventions and reactive capture strategies, in view of the potential for increasing the population impact related to reactive capture.Este artigo revisou artigos publicados sobre diversos instrumentos empregados atualmente para "capturar" a atenção dos fumantes, ressaltando a diferença existente entre alcance e recrutamento da população elegível para intervenção proposta. Realizou-se uma busca nas bases MEDLINE, PsychARTICLE, e LILACS. Os descritores de busca combinaram as palavras recruitment, enrollment, reach, smoking cessation, quitline, e helpline presentes nos resumos/títulos dos artigos. Artigos publicados em inglês, português e espanhol até novembro de 2006, que deram importância a instrumentos de captação empregados, associando os mesmos a populações diferentes e a intervenções específicas foram incluídos na revisão. Vinte e nove estudos atenderam os critérios de inclusão. Estudos que utilizaram estratégias ativas ou mistas alcançaram, em média, um menor e menos diversificado número possível de indivíduos elegíveis e obtiveram maior proporção de participação do que aqueles que utilizaram estratégias reativas. Estudos futuros são necessários para se avaliar a efetividade de novas associações entre as intervenções existentes e estratégias reativas de captação, dada a potencialidade de aumento do impacto populacional relacionada à captação reativa.

Underrepresentation of individuals with limited English proficiency (LEP) who speak Spanish is ongoing in phase 3 biomedical clinical trials and exacerbates health inequity. This article suggests strategies for increasing representation of Spanish speakers in clinical rials by emphasizing the importance of early engagement with Spanish language communities, inclusive participant recruitment, and collaborative trial design and implementation. Although investigators and institutions administering government-funded research must meet federal requirements for language assistance, journal editors, peer reviewers, institutional review board members, academic health centers, and all beneficiaries of the biomedical and behavioral research enterprise in the United States must motivate linguistic inclusion., (Copyright 2022 American Medical Association. All Rights Reserved.)

Objective: To review the mobile apps in the Spanish market to improve adherence to medications and evaluate their characteristics and quality to identify high-quality applications., Method: A review was carried out following a stepwise procedure similar to a systematic review of the scientific literature. Apple Apps Store and Google Play Store mobile application digital distribution platforms. Applications aimed at supporting self-management of treatment, which generate reminders, in Spanish, updated in the last 2 years and free. We evaluate the applications according to a set of characteristics considered desirable and the quality with the Mobile App Rating Scale tool., Results: Out of 708 applications, 3 applications were selected. The Medisafe and Mytherapy applications had 89% and 78% of the desirable characteristics, respectively. Sergio Licea's application only had 56%. The highest global quality score was obtained by the MyTherapy application (3.79/5, IQR: 3-4), followed by Medisafe (3.72/5, (IQR: 3-4) and, finally, Sergio Licea (2.87/5, IQR: 2-4). The quality assessment coincides with the user assessment. There are many available applications, however, most did not meet the selection criteria., Conclusions: A systematic stepwise process was able to identify the quality application to be tested in a future study that will provide evidence on the use of a multicomponent intervention to improve medication adherence., (Copyright © 2021 The Author(s). Publicado por Elsevier España, S.L.U. All rights reserved.)

Pharmaceutical companies fund most clinical trials on drugs. However, there are clinical issues that might not be a priority from a commercial point of view, but that should certainly be addressed, given their importance for patients and society in general. Independent clinical research represents a fundamental pillar here and its basic element is investigator-initiated studies/trials. In these studies, it is the researcher who conceives the idea, develops the project and also acts as the sponsor. Most researchers are familiar with participating as collaborators in studies sponsored by pharmaceutical companies. In these studies, the company is in charge of all the scientific, legal and financial aspects, leaving the responsibility of the researcher mainly limited to the inclusion of patients and compliance with the protocol. On the contrary, the start-up and development of an independent research study requires considerable resources - of knowledge, money and time - and careful planning on the part of the researcher. In this manuscript, we will review the main characteristics of the studies initiated by the researcher and their fundamental differences with those sponsored by the pharmaceutical industry. We will also outline what its strengths and limitations are. Finally, we will propose some solutions to the main challenges they pose. Our ultimate goal is to stimulate potential researchers to undertake the challenge of conducting an independent clinical research project., (Copyright © 2020 Elsevier España, S.L.U. All rights reserved.)

Frailty is a concept that has been mainly developed in geriatrics and it came from the need of identifying subjects at risk to develop complications when they faced a stressful event. Frail patients have higher risk of mortality, poor outcomes and disability, and this is independent from their age or comorbidities. Chronic kidney disease patients present with high prevalence of frailty, especially those who are in renal replacement therapy. Frail or pre-frail patients on the kidney transplant waiting list represent 20-30%, and these patients are proven to have poorer results after the transplant, which is a stressful event itself. Tools for frailty assessment, both scales or indexes, may be useful to identify which subjects might be at risk for complications after transplant, and this is necessary to adapt our clinical practice and minimize morbidity. The most used frailty scale in kidney patients is Fried scale, which is based in five phenotypic items. Besides that, knowing frail population allows potential interventions such as prehabilitation while the patient is waiting for the kidney transplant, which the aim of improving their vulnerability prior to transplant and, therefore, optimizing results after transplant. More studies are needed amongst kidney patients to improve and prevent frailty., (Copyright © 2020 Sociedad Española de Nefrología. Published by Elsevier España, S.L.U. All rights reserved.)

Introduction: In recent years, active surveillance (AS) has gained popularity as a safe and reasonable option for patients with low-risk, clinically localized prostate cancer., Objective: To summarize the latest information regarding the use of mpMRI in the setting of active surveillance (AS) for the management of prostate cancer (PCa)., Evidence Acquisition: A PubMed-based, English literature search was conducted through February 2020. We selected the most relevant original articles, meta-analyses and systematic reviews that could provide important information., Evidence Synthesis: The great importance of mpMRI of the prostate in the setting of PCa diagnosis is its ability to visualize primarily high-grade cancerous lesions potentially missed on systematic biopsies. In several studies, mpMRI has shown an improved performance over clinically based models for identifying candidates which will benefit the most from AS. Although data on prostate mpMRI during follow-up of men under AS is sparse, it holds the probability to improve significantly AS programs by a more precise selection of optimal candidates, a more accurate identification of disease progression and a reduction in number of biopsies. The goal of reassessment of patients undergoing AS is to find the most effective moment to change attitude to active treatment., Conclusion: The value of mpMRI has been recognized due to its high negative predictive value (NPV) for lesion upgrading in low-risk PCa patients. The improvement in imaging detection, and precise diagnosis with mpMRI could reduce misclassifications at initial diagnosis and during follow-up, reducing the number of biopsies., (Copyright © 2020 AEU. Publicado por Elsevier España, S.L.U. All rights reserved.)

The SARS-CoV-2 (COVID-19) pandemic requires an analysis in the field of oncological surgery, both on the risk of infection, with very relevant clinical consequences, and on the need to generate plans to minimize the impact on possible restrictions on health resources. The AEC is making a proposal for the management of patients with hepatopancreatobiliary (HPB) malignancies in the different pandemic scenarios in order to offer the maximum benefit to patients, minimising the risks of COVID-19 infection, and optimising the healthcare resources available at any time. This requires the coordination of the different treatment options between the departments involved in the management of these patients: medical oncology, radiotherapy oncology, surgery, anaesthesia, radiology, endoscopy department and intensive care. The goal is offer effective treatments, adapted to the available resources, without compromising patients and healthcare professionals safety., (Copyright © 2020 AEC. Publicado por Elsevier España, S.L.U. All rights reserved.)

Introduction and Objectives: Within the paradigm shift of the last decade in the management of prostate cancer (PCa), perhaps the most relevant event has been the emergence of active surveillance (AS) as a mandatory strategy in low-risk disease. We carry out a critical review of the clinical, pathological and radiological improvements that allow optimizing AS in 2021., Material and Methods: Critical narrative review of the literature on improvement issues and controversial aspects of AS., Results: Adequate use of traditional criteria, optimized by enhanced biopsy and calculation of the prostate volume technique thanks to multiparametric magnetic resonance imaging (mpMRI) allow a better selection of patients for AS. This management should not be limited to patients under 60years of age, and patients with intermediate-risk PCa should be carefully selected to be included. Biopsies are still required in the follow-up, which can be personalized according to risk patterns. The pathologist must identify the cribriform or intraductal histology on biopsies in order to exclude these patients from AS, in the same way as with patients with alterations in DNA repair genes., Conclusions: Controversial indications such as the inclusion of patients from intermediate-risk groups, or the transition to active treatment due to exclusive progression in tumor volume, should be further optimized. It is possible that the future competition of tissue biomarkers, the refinement of objective parameters of mpMRI and the validation of PSA kinetics calculators may sub-stratify risk groups., (Copyright © 2020 AEU. Publicado por Elsevier España, S.L.U. All rights reserved.)

Objective: To analyse the data, according to recruiting place and sex, of the survey May Measure Month in 2018 (MMM18) in Spain, promoted by the International Society of Hypertension., Methods: Subjects more than 18 years old were studied. MMM18 protocol was performed. Volunteers were recruited through the Spanish Society of Community Pharmacy (SEFAC) and the Spanish Society of Hypertension (SEH-LELHA). General linear models of blood pressure (BP) were carried out in subjects with and without treatment, and adjusted by age, sex, tobacco use, obesity and recruitment site., Results: 7 511 individuals (mean age 51.7 ± 19.6 years, 36.8% males) were screened. Systolic and diastolic BP was higher in males (129.0-16.7/119.6-18.2 mmHg) (78.3-11.1/74.8-10.7 mmHg) (p < 0.001). There was a linear relationship between systolic BP, age and sex, with higher values in males (11.2 mmHg in untreated and 4.5 mmHg in treated) (p < 0.001). Diastolic BP was inverted U-shaped, with highest level in males and between 50-55 years. The proportion of individuals with hypertension (pharmacies; public and clinical area) was 47.2% (54.2; 34.1 and 34.8%). Seventy-five percent were aware of their diagnosis (77.5; 61.5 and 69.2%), with 22% of them without pharmacological treatment (20.7; 26.0 and 27.9%). Sixty-four point five percent of those under antihypertensive treatment met targets (62.9; 65.6 and 69.1%) (p < 0.001)., Conclusions: There is big room for improvement in MMM indicators in Spain. Nearly half of subjects are hypertensive. Of those aware of their condition, 1 in 5 did not follow pharmacological treatment and of those treated, 1 in 3 did not meet targets. BP levels were significantly higher in males. Our study suggests that gender differences described should be considered in the BP thresholds established., (Copyright © 2020 SEH-LELHA. Publicado por Elsevier España, S.L.U. All rights reserved.)

Introduction: Among the strategies designed to optimize the number of existing liver grafts for transplantation, the implementation of the graft assessment process is one of the least explored. The main objective is to identify the risk factors presented by liver donors for «NO validity». Secondly, we analyzed the coincidence between the surgeon's assessment and that of the anatomo-pathologist in the invalid donors., Material and Method: Retrospective study conducted from a prospective database that analyzes 190 liver donors, 95 valid and 95 NOT valid. The variables of each of them corresponding to the donation protocol of the National Transplant Organization are studied. Through a multivariate study we determine the independent risk factors of NO validity. We checked the causes of NO validity argued with the histopathological findings of these grafts., Results: The independent risk factors of non-validity in the multivariate study (P < .05) were: dyslipidemia, personal medical history other than cardiovascular and abdominal surgical risk factors, GGT, BrT, and the result of previous liver ultrasound. The 3 most frequent causes of NO validity were: steatosis, fibrosis and macroscopic appearance of the organ. 78% of the biopsies confirmed the NO validity of the graft (in 57.9% of the cases the histological findings coincided with those described by the surgeon). The 22.1% of the biopsies hadńt pathological findings., Conclusions: The determination of the risk factors of NO validity will contribute to the design of future assessment scores that are useful tools in the process of liver graft assessment.)., (Copyright © 2020 AEC. Publicado por Elsevier España, S.L.U. All rights reserved.)

Introduction: The spread of the SARS-CoV-2 infection (COVID-19) has required adaptation by hospitals affected by the pandemic, which has caused a reduction in elective surgical activity., Methods: Retrospective study of patients operated on in the previous month and during the peak of the pandemic. We analysed the COVID-19 infection rate, the severity of respiratory infection according to the Brescia respiratory COVID-19 severity scale, the adopted therapeutic measures and the overall postoperative complications., Results: From 17 th February to 31 st March 2020, there was a progressive decrease in surgical activity, with only 213 patients operated on. This comprised 59 (27.8%) elective operations for oncological diseases, 97 (45.5%) elective operations for benign diseases and 57 (26.7%) as urgent procedures.There was a progressive increase in the rate of infection by COVID-19, with a total of 15 cases (7%). This included 10 patients (16.9%) in the elective group for oncological disease, 1 (1%) in the elective surgery group for benign disease and 4 (7%) in the urgent surgery group (p < 0.001). Five patients presented with a severe respiratory infection, of which 4 were affected by oncological disease. There were 3 deaths (1.4%), which were all due to the worsening of a respiratory infection., Conclusions: The patients undergoing the surgical procedures showed high rates of COVID-19 infection and postoperative complications, especially the patients with oncological diseases. Local resumption of surgical activity must be based on the prioritisation of the cases to be operated on, respecting certain premises of security and optimisation of the available resources., (© 2020 AEC. Published by Elsevier España, S.L.U. All rights reserved.)

Introduction: The World Health Organization declared the disease caused by the novel coronavirus (SARS-CoV-2), a pandemic on March 11, 2020. Several studies have been proposed and started since then, mainly covering prevention, diagnosis, management, and treatment., Objective: To identify and categorize all intervention studies up to the end of May related to SARS-CoV-2 infection, according to population and geo-graphical location (emphasis in Latin America) and to verify if there is any correlation according to purpose, phase, and recruitment status., Methods: One thousand six hundred seventy-two trials were selected from 1705 until May 24 on the World Health Organization clinical trials platform related to COVID-19. Jupyter and Python tools were used for data processing and cleaning., Results: One thousand six hundred seventy-two intervention studies related to SARS-CoV-2 infection were found. China, The United States, Iran, France, and Spain are the countries participating in the largest number of studies, while only 4,1% are from Latin America (mostly Brazilian). 28 studies are focusing only on older adults, and ten studies are based exclusively on populations under 19 years of age., Conclusion: The worldwide interest in this new disease is reflected in the increasing number of intervention studies that are being carried out to date. How-ever, the studies analyzed do not cover the most vulnerable age groups proportionally and do not have equitable participation of all the coun-tries. In Latin America, this problem is exacerbated by the region's social, economic, and political limitations. Because it is an emerging disease, there is still not enough information to establish strong correlations between the analyzed variables, and the standardization of protocols is not yet definite because most of the studies are in progress.

The COVID-19 pandemic has forced the establishment of preventive measures against contagion during the performance of diagnostic and therapeutic tests in gastroenterology. Digestive tract motility tests involve an intermediate and elevated risk for the transmission of COVID-19 infection. Given their elective or non-urgent indication in the majority of cases, we recommend postponing those tests until significant control of the infection rate in each Latin American country has been achieved during the pandemic. When the health authorities allow the return to normality, and in the absence of an effective treatment for or preventive vaccine against COVID-19 infection, we recommend a strict protocol for classifying patients according to their infectious-contagious status through the appropriate use of tests for the detection of the virus and the immune response to it, and the following of protective measures by the healthcare personnel to prevent contagion during the performance of a gastrointestinal motility test., (Copyright © 2020 Asociación Mexicana de Gastroenterología. Publicado por Masson Doyma México S.A. All rights reserved.)

The immunosuppressive treatment that recipients receive from a solid organ transplantation hinders the defensive response to infection. Its transmission from the donor can cause dysfunction or loss of the graft and even death of the recipient if proper preventive measures are not established. This potential risk should be thoroughly evaluated to minimise the risk of infection transmission from donor to recipient, especially with organ transplantation from donors with infections, without increasing graft dysfunction and morbidity and mortality in the recipient. This document aims to review current knowledge about infection screening in potential donors and offer clinical and microbiological recommendations about the use of organs from donors with infection based on available scientific evidence., (Copyright © 2019 Elsevier España, S.L.U. and Sociedad Española de Enfermedades Infecciosas y Microbiología Clínica. All rights reserved.)

The new coronavirus SARS-CoV-2, which gives rise to the highly contagious COVID-19 disease, has caused a pandemic that is overwhelming health care systems worldwide. Affected patients have been reported to have a heightened inflammatory state that increases their thrombotic risk. However, there is very scarce information on the management of thrombotic risk, coagulation disorders, and anticoagulant therapy. In addition, the situation has also greatly influenced usual care in patients not infected with COVID-19. This article by the Working Group on Cardiovascular Thrombosis of the Spanish Society of Cardiology aims to summarize the available information and to provide a practical approach to the management of antithrombotic therapy., (Copyright © 2020 Sociedad Española de Cardiología. Published by Elsevier España, S.L.U. All rights reserved.)

In recent years, severe obesity in adolescents has been rising worldwide, and Chile is no exception to this phenomenon. This condition exponentially increases health risks and it is associated with prema ture mortality. Since 2008, several guidelines on pediatric obesity treatment have included bariatric surgery as a treatment strategy for certain severely obese adolescents. These procedures have proven to be safe and efficient in adults. Recent evidence shows that, when done in specialized centers, the re sults would be similar in adolescents in the short and medium term. Nonetheless, in this group of pa tients, bariatric surgery has risks related to their stage of development, and data on long-term results and complications are still lacking. Therefore, to achieve the expected results, the patient selection, surgery, and follow-up must be carried out by qualified multidisciplinary teams, in hospitals centers that have the appropriate infrastructure, It is essential for the patients a life-long adherence to medi cal and nutritional monitoring. The objective of this document is to present the position statement of the Nutrition Branch of the Chilean Society of Pediatrics on the different issues to be considered for the adequate indication of these procedures in severely obese adolescents.

Motor fluctuations are frequently seen in Parkinson disease patients on chronic treatment with levodopa. Management of motor fluctuation includes the addition of catechol-O-methyl transferase (COMT) inhibitors. Opicapone is a recent and selective third-generation COMT inhibitor which achieves marked increase in the bioavailability of levodopa. We present a consensus of a group of Spanish neurologists with extensive experience in the clinical management of motor fluctuations. The clinical experience of this group of experts is in line with clinical trials and confirms that opicapone is an effective drug in the control of motor fluctuations, regardless of the daily levodopa dose, or the use of other antiparkinsonian drugs. However, in the opinion of these experts, the ideal patient with Parkinson's disease to initiate treatment with opicapone is the one with mild motor fluctuations, since the ratio between clinical efficacy and adverse effects is more favorable. In general, it is an easy-to-use drug both in those first treated with a COMT inhibitor or those already on entacapone. In any case, the secondary side effects are easily managed.

Introduction: 85% of lung cancers are non-small cell carcinomas (NSCLC), the majority of which are diagnosed in an advanced stage. Immunotherapy has changed the treatment pattern for these tumors and created the need to find a marker for patient selection. Although not ideal, PD-L1 is the biomarker currently used in clinical practice., Material and Methods: Retrospective review by two pathologists of 53 cases of NSCLC from 2005 to 2007 in Hospital Universitario La Paz, using the WHO 2015 classification studying PD-L1 with clones 22C3 and 28-8. The consistency between observers and clones was assessed and all data studied were correlated with survival rates., Results: We found a prevalence of PD-L1 expression in tumor cells (TC) similar to that previously reported in the literature and a very good consistency between clones in the evaluation of TC and immune cells (ICC 0.99-0.93, p<.001). Interobserver concordance was very good in the evaluation of TC (ICC 0.902, 95% CI: 0.836-0.942, p<.001 for clone 22C3 and ICC 0.927, 95% CI: 0.877-0.957, p<.001 for clone 28-8) and poor for immune cells (ICC of 0.413, 95% CI: 0.163-0.613, p=.001 with clone 22C3 and ICC of 0.313, 95% CI: 0.053-0.534, p=.010 with clone 28-8). Subtype and histological grade were the only variables related to prognosis., Conclusions: The clones of PD-L1 22C3 and 28-8 are equivalent and there is good interobserver consistency in the evaluation of TC but not in immune cells., (Copyright © 2019 Sociedad Española de Anatomía Patológica. Publicado por Elsevier España, S.L.U. All rights reserved.)

The Spanish Association for the Study of the Liver (AEEH) is convinced that the elimination of hepatitisC virus (HCV) in Spain is possible as long as we are able to use the resources and tools necessary for it. This document reflects the position of the AEEH regarding the elimination of HCV, establishing a wide range of recommendations that can be grouped into five categories: 1)Screening of HCV according to age, of the existence of classic acquisition risk factors of infection, active search of previously diagnosed patients and development of micro-elimination strategies in vulnerable populations; 2)Simplification of HCV diagnosis (one-step diagnosis and diagnosis at the point of patient care); 3)Simplification of patient treatment and improvement of care circuits; 4)Health policy measures, and, finally, 5)Establishment of HCV elimination indicators., (Copyright © 2019 Elsevier España, S.L.U. All rights reserved.)

Early-stage (T1) esophagogastric junction cancer continues to represent 2-3% of all cases. Adenocarcinoma is the most frequent and important type, the main risk factors for which are gastroesophageal reflux and Barrett's esophagus with dysplasia. Patients with mucosal (T1a) or submucosal (T1b) involvement initially require a thorough digestive endoscopy, and narrow-band imaging can improve visualization. Endoscopic treatment of these lesions includes endoscopic mucosal resection, radiofrequency ablation and endoscopic submucosal dissection. Accurate staging is necessary in order to provide optimal treatment. The most precise staging technique in these cases is endoscopic ultrasound. The suspicion of deep invasion of the submucosa, presence of unfavorable anatomopathological characteristics or impossibility to perform endoscopic resection make it necessary to consider surgical resection., (Copyright © 2019 AEC. Publicado por Elsevier España, S.L.U. All rights reserved.)

Aims: To describe the methodology of REAPSER (Spanish Registry of Recent-onset Psoriatic Arthritis), its strengths and limitations. The aim of this study is to identify prognostic factors for the clinical and radiographic course in a cohort of patients with psoriatic arthritis (PsA) diagnosed within 2years of symptom evolution., Methods: Multicenter, observational and prospective study (with 2-year follow-up including annual visits). Baseline visit intended to reflect patient situation before the disease course was modified by treatments prescribed in rheumatology departments. Patients were invited to participate consecutively in one of their routine visits to the rheumatologist. 211 patients were included. Following data were collected: sociodemographic variables; employment situation; family history; personal history and comorbidities; anthropometric data; lifestyle; use of healthcare services; clinical situation at the time of PsA diagnosis; joint involvement and spinal pain; pain and overall assessment; enthesitis, dactylitis and uveitis; skin and nail involvement; functional situation and quality of life; radiographic evaluation; analytical determinations; treatment; axial and peripheral flare-ups., Conclusions: The REAPSER study includes a cohort of patients with recent-onset PsA, before the disease course was modified by disease-modifying antirheumatic drugs prescribed in rheumatology departments. Exhaustive information collected in each visit is expected to be an important data source for future analysis., (Copyright © 2018 Elsevier España, S.L.U. and Sociedad Española de Reumatología y Colegio Mexicano de Reumatología. All rights reserved.)

Introduction and Objectives: Late functional tricuspid regurgitation after rheumatic left-sided valve surgery is an important predictor of poor prognosis. This study investigated the usefulness and accuracy of 3-dimensional transthoracic echocardiography tricuspid area compared with conventional 2-dimensional diameter (2DD) for assessing significant tricuspid annulus dilatation, providing cutoff values that could be used in clinical practice to improve patient selection for surgery., Methods: We prospectively included 109 patients with rheumatic heart disease in the absence of previous valve replacement. Tricuspid regurgitation was divided into 3 groups: mild, moderate, and severe. Optimal 3-dimensional area (3DA) and 2DD cutoff points for identification of significant tricuspid annulus dilatation were obtained and compared with current guideline thresholds. Predictive factors for 3DA dilatation were also assessed., Results: Optimal cutoff points for both absolute and adjusted to body surface area (BSA) tricuspid annulus dilatation were identified (3DA: 10.4 cm 2 , 6.5 cm 2 /m 2 ; 2DD: 35 mm, 21 mm/m 2 ); 3DA/BSA had the best diagnostic performance (AUC=0.83). Three-dimensional transthoracic echocardiography tricuspid area helped to reclassify surgical indication in 14% of patients with mild tricuspid regurgitation (95%CI, 1%-15%; P=.03) and 37% with moderate tricuspid regurgitation (95%CI, 22%-37%; P<.0001), whereas 3DA/BSA changed surgery criteria in cases of mild tricuspid regurgitation (17%; 95%CI, 3%-17%; P=.01) compared with 2DD/BSA. On multivariable analysis, right and left atrial volumes and basal right ventricle diameter were independently correlated with 3DA., Conclusions: The current 40 mm threshold underestimates tricuspid annulus dilatation. Although 21 mm/m 2 seems to be a reasonable criterion, the combination with 3DA assessment improves patient selection for surgery., (Copyright © 2018 Sociedad Española de Cardiología. Published by Elsevier España, S.L.U. All rights reserved.)

Bronchogenic carcinoma is the leading cause of death due to cancer worldwide. Nearly 75% of patients have a disseminated carcinoma at diagnosis. Up to 50% of patients with a localized disease will develop metastasis. Nevertheless, the current scientific evidence has demonstrated that when the metastatic disease is limited, particularly in specific locations such as the brain and the adrenal glands, a multidisciplinary approach with radical intent could achieve a longer survival. This review analyses the clinical evidence available in the literature that supports the treatment of both the primary and the metastatic disease, as well as the preoperative study and the most widely accepted indications., (Copyright © 2019 Elsevier España, S.L.U. All rights reserved.)

Introduction and Objectives: Malnutrition has been shown to affect clinical outcomes in patients with heart failure. The aim of this study was to analyze the impact of preoperative nutritional status assessed by the nutritional risk index (NRI) on the prognosis of patients with a continuous-flow left ventricular assist device (cf-LVAD)., Methods: We performed a retrospective study of 279 patients who underwent cf-LVAD implantation between 2009 and 2015 in our center. Preoperative NRI was calculated and the patients were followed-up for 1 year. The association between preoperative NRI and postoperative clinical events was analyzed using multivariable logistic regression., Results: The prevalence of severe (NRI <83.5), moderate (83.5 ≤ NRI <97.5) and mild (97.5 ≤ NRI <100) nutritional risk was 5.4%, 21.5%, and 9.3%. Mortality rates 1 year after cf-LVAD implantation in these 3 categories were 53.3%, 31.7%, 23.1% vs 18.0% (P <.001) in patients with a normal IRN. A normal preoperative NRI value was an independent predictor of lower risk of death from any cause during follow-up (aHR per 1 unit, 0.961; 95%CI, 0.941-0.981; P <.001) was and a predictor for a lower risk of postoperative infections (aOR, 0.968; 95%CI, 0.946-0.991; P=.007), respiratory failure (aOR, 0,961; 95%CI, 0.936-0.987; P=.004), and right heart failure (aOR, 0.963; 95%CI, 0.934-0.992; P=.014)., Conclusions: Malnourished patients are at increased risk for postoperative complications and death after cf-LVAD implantation. Assessment of nutritional risk could improve patient selection and the early initiation of nutritional support., (Copyright © 2018 Sociedad Española de Cardiología. Published by Elsevier España, S.L.U. All rights reserved.)