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ABSTRACT On May 26, 2021, the European Medical Device Regulation (EU-MDR) entered into effect resulting in a major shift in the requirements for assessment of medical devices in Europe. The EU-MDR Cardiovascular Collaboratory (EU-MCVC) was founded to contribute to the development of faster, more efficient, and more effective pathways for innovation of cardiac medical devices. A registry is an organized system that collects uniform data and evaluates specified outcomes in a population defined by a disease, condition, or exposure. Most registries have been created to improve the quality of care and provide feedback to physicians, hospitals, and health providers. Clinical registries represent an ideal construct for scientific, clinical, and policy-making collaboration. We describe diverse experiences from 5 European countries and address the traditional quality components in clinical trials. Continued collaboration is expected among academics, clinical trialists, patient representatives, regulatory experts, research organizations, registry platforms, regulatory bodies, and industry partners. Data quality is a primary concern and registry leaders need to optimize data quality to become regulatory compliant. A collaborative approach among medical device stakeholders may improve quality of care, reduce costs, and provide faster access to innovative technologies, with the common objective of improving cardiovascular care and outcomes.

RESUMEN El 26 de mayo de 2021 entró en vigor el Reglamento Europeo de Productos Sanitarios (EU-MDR), que supuso un importante cambio en los requisitos de evaluación de los productos sanitarios en Europa. El EU-MDR Cardiovascular Collaboratory (EU-MCVC) se fundó con el fin de contribuir al desarrollo de vías más rápidas, eficientes y eficaces para la innovación de productos sanitarios cardiacos. Un registro es un sistema organizado que recoge datos uniformes y evalúa resultados específicos en una población definida por una enfermedad, afección o exposición. La mayoría de los registros se han desarrollado para mejorar la calidad de la atención y proporcionar información a médicos, hospitales y proveedores de servicios sanitarios. Los registros clínicos representan una construcción ideal para la colaboración científica, clínica y política. Describimos diversas experiencias de 5 países europeos y abordamos los componentes de calidad tradicionales en los ensayos clínicos. Se espera una colaboración continua entre académicos, especialistas en ensayos clínicos, representantes de pacientes, expertos en regulación, organizaciones de investigación, plataformas de registros, organismos reguladores y socios de la industria. La calidad de los datos es una preocupación primordial y los responsables de los registros deben optimizarla para cumplir con la normativa. Un enfoque colaborativo entre las partes interesadas en los dispositivos médicos puede mejorar la calidad de la atención, reducir los costes y proporcionar un acceso más rápido a tecnologías innovadoras, con el objetivo común de mejorar la atención y los resultados cardiovasculares.

ABSTRACTThis study aimed to investigate the impact of microwave drying (MD), microwave vacuum drying (MVD), freeze drying (FD), vacuum drying (VD), hot air drying (HAD), and sun drying (SD) on the quality attributes of freeze-thaw pretreated beetroots. The quality characteristics including physical properties, bioactive compounds, and antioxidant activities of dried beetroots were evaluated. The results showed that the freeze-thaw pretreated beetroots obtained using FD displayed the lowest shrinkage rate, hardness, and total color difference (ΔE), and the highest rehydration ratio of 6.49. FD, MD, and MVD resulted in porous structures of freeze-thaw pretreated beetroots. The highest betalains, ascorbic acid, total phenolic and total flavonoids contents were found in freeze-thaw pretreated beetroots prepared by MVD. Meanwhile, the largest FRAP value and ABTS free radical scavenging ability of freeze-thaw pretreated beetroots were obtained by MVD. These findings suggested that MVD is a more favorable method for drying freeze-thaw pretreated beetroots.

ABSTRACTThe oil content, fatty acid, oil quality and oxidation stability of seeds of four woody oil plants (pecan, Camellia oleifera, Torreya grandis and walnut) were analyzed. The results showed that pecan oil had the strongest antioxidant activity, the variation range of FFA, peroxide value(PV), UV absorption, carbonyl value(CV) and OSI were the lowest; C. oleifera oil and T. grandis oil were the next, and walnut oil had the greatest variation range; besides, pecan oil contained higher tocopherol and total phenol(TP) content. Correlation analysis showed that, OSI was significantly positively correlated with OA, tocopherol and TP, and significantly negatively correlated with PA, LA, LOA and PV. The oxidation stability from superior to inferior is pecan oil, C. oleifera oil, T. grandis oil and walnut oil. Meanwhile, the oil content of pecan kernel was the highest, the fatty acid composition of pecan oil fulfills human dietary needs, it’s an high-quality edible oil.Abbreviations: PA: palmitic acid; POA: palmitoleic acid; SA: stearic acid; OA: oleic acid; LA: linoleic acid; LOA: linolenic acid; AA: arachidic acid; EA: cis-11-eicosenoic acid; UFA: unsaturated fatty acid;SFA: saturated fatty acid; FFA: free fatty acid; PV: peroxide value; CV: carbonyl value; TP: total phenols; OSI: oil stability index; UV: ultraviolet.

ABSTRACT Through a long-term micro-area positioning experiment (2006-2017), the precise fertilization locations of spring maize (Zea mays L.) in Jilin, China, were investigated using an embedded cement bucket pot. The effects of different fertilization placements and additional application of organic manure on maize yield, biomass, grain nutrient uptake, and soil fertility were examined. Six treatments were designed: base fertilizer + topdressing shallow application (BF1TD1); base fertilizer deep + topdressing shallow application (BF2TD1); base fertilizer + topdressing deep application (BF1TD2); base fertilizer deep + topdressing deep application (BF2TD2); base fertilizer + topdressing + organic manure shallow application (BF1TD1 + OS); and base fertilizer + topdressing shallow application + organic manure deep application (BF1TD1 + OD). After 12 years of continuous experimentation, the findings revealed that BF2TD2, BF1TD1 + OS, and BF1TD1 + OD exhibited 10.59 %, 25.17 %, and 29.34 % higher average yields than BF1TD1, respectively. Deep topdressing was more beneficial in increasing maize yield and nutrient accumulation, and additionally, increasing the use of organic fertilizer enhanced plant biomass and nutrient uptake. Over the 12 years considered, the soil organic matter in the 0-20 cm and 20-40 cm layers increased by 45.96 % and 80.61 %, respectively, and the soil pH increased from 0.38 to 0.48. In general, the deep application of organic manure was more beneficial for soil retention as it can increase soil fertility in the 0-40 cm layer. Considering the high yield and nutrient absorption and utilization of maize, technical advancement for soil fertilizer in whole-field tillage layers was crucial.

Vegetable oil phospholipids can be divided into hydratable phospholipids (HP) and non-hydratable phospholipids (NHP). The general process of alkali refining or hydration degumming can remove most of the phospholipids, and the rest is mainly non-hydratable phospholipids. A non-hydratable phospholipid has obvious hydrophobicity, which cannot be completely removed even after 16 times of washing, so the non-hydratable phospholipid is the main research target of vegetable oil degumming. In order to better understand and study the non-hydratable phospholipids, the chemical composition and origin of non-hydratable phospholipids in vegetable oil are discussed. The advantages and disadvantages of these various detection and removal methods are analyzed in this paper.

ABSTRACT This study was conducted to identify the key volatile compounds that characterize whether silage has deteriorated and to investigate the intrinsic link between the key compounds and silage odor. First, silages with different aerobic exposure durations were sampled, and sensory evaluation integrating aerobic stability monitoring was used to distinguish whether the silage had deteriorated. Subsequently, headspace solid-phase microextraction gas chromatography-mass spectrometry (HS-SPME-GC-MS) was utilized to determine the relative content of the compounds. Using the relative content of the compounds in each silage as input, relative odor activity value (ROAV) calculations and orthogonal partial least squares discriminant analysis (OPLS-DA) were performed to determine the odor contribution of the compounds and the compounds with significant differences in relative content (based on variable importance for the projection, VIP) between the deteriorated and non-deteriorated silages. Next, the key compounds were identified by combining the conditions of average ROAV (aROAV) ≥ 1 and VIP > 1. Finally, the OPLS algorithm was used to analyze the intrinsic link of key compounds with the silage odor. The results showed that three out of 63 compounds—4-ethyl phenol, eugenol, and ethyl linoleate—were key compounds to characterize whether the silages deteriorated or not. In addition, ortho-guaiacol, 4-ethyl guaiacol, and 2-methoxy-4-vinyl phenol were the specific key compounds for deteriorated silage. Eugenol and ethyl linoleate were correlated with fruity, sour, and spicy odors. In addition, guaiacol, 4-ethylphenol, 4-ethyl guaiacol and 2-methoxy-4-vinyl phenol contributed to roasted, musty, and putrid odors.

ABSTRACTThe purpose of this study was to determine the effect of different subjects from Lactiplantibacillus plantarum SCS5 (L. plantarum SCS5) on type 2 diabetes by modulating oxidative stress levels.The normal group (NG) and the model group (MG) of mice were fed normally, while the three test groups (LP1,LP2,LP3) received 10 ml/kg (body weight) of the L. plantarum SCS5 suspension, intracellular material, or heat-killed intracellular material daily for 10 weeks. The weight loss and the increase in blood glucose were alleviated in the LP2 and LP3 groups. Insulin, catalase, superoxide dismutase, and glutathione peroxidase significantly increased in the LP3 group of mice compared with the MG group. Additionally, the pathological sections showed that the lesions in the LP3 group were less severe than those in the MG group. These findings indicate that the heat-killed intracellular L. plantarum SCS5 material was most effective in alleviating oxidative stress in type 2 diabetic mice.

ABSTRACT Due to its high nutritional value, broccoli (Brassica oleracea var. italica Plenck) is one of the most popular vegetables worldwide. This study assessed 36 phenotypic characteristics of 111 broccoli varieties to understand the phenotypic diversity of new broccoli varieties and improve their breeding speed with advantages and characteristics in China, including 108 new varieties and three varieties of common knowledge. The genetic diversity, the principal component, and the cluster of phenotypic characteristics of broccoli varieties were further investigated. The results showed that the coefficients of variation of 36 characteristics ranged between 11.18 % and 94.99 %, with their diversity index between 0.26 and 1.82. The 111 broccoli varieties were further classified into eight groups, primarily attributed to the differences in phenotypic characteristics, including curd weight, main stem thickness, plant development degree, plant height, and anthocyanin coloration. The cumulative contribution rate of the first five principal components reached 81.186 %, corresponding to 12 representative phenotypic traits. The analysis indicated that the phenotypic characteristics of broccoli were rich in diversity, especially for several characteristics appreciated by the market, such as weight, curd firmness, and anthocyanin coloration. This study revealed the basic information on the genetic diversity of new broccoli varieties in China from 2017 to 2019 and provided potential breeding strategies for broccoli to meet diverse market demands.

Abstract Humboldtian science aims at an empirically supported transdisciplinary and at the same time transareal development of a world consciousness that is fundamentally based on a world-spanning conviviality in peace and difference. In the development of this world consciousness, not only Europe and the Americas, but also Central Asia and especially China play an important role. The Humboldt Center for Transdisciplinary Studies (HCTS) in Changsha, China, is attempting to address the fact that China has been largely left out of international Humboldt studies and that Alexander von Humboldt was intensively engaged with Central Asia and China for decades. The Humboldtian cosmos would remain incomplete without this region of the world. Therefore, the Humboldt Center in Changsha sets itself the goal of expanding Humboldt Studies to include this important aspect, to stimulate and coordinate special research work, and to build scientific and cultural bridges between Germany and China, Europe and Asia. Zusammenfassung Die Humboldt’sche Wissenschaft zielt auf eine empirisch gestützte transdisziplinäre und zugleich transareale Entfaltung eines Weltbewusstseins, das auf fundamentale Weise an einer weltumspannenden Konvivenz in Frieden und Differenz aufruht. Bei der Entwicklung dieses Weltbewusstseins spielen nicht allein Europa und die Amerikas, sondern auch Zentralasien und insbesondere China eine wichtige Rolle. Das Humboldt Center for Transdisciplinary Studies (HCTS) im chinesischen Changsha versucht, der bisher weitgehenden Ausblendung Chinas aus den internationalen Humboldt-Studien und der Tatsache Rechnung zu tragen, dass Alexander von Humboldt sich jahrzehntelang intensiv mit Zentralasien und China beschäftigte. Der Humboldt’sche Kosmos bliebe ohne diese Weltregion unvollständig. Daher setzt sich das Humboldt-Zentrum in Changsha zum Ziel, die Humboldt-Studien um diesen wichtigen Aspekt zu erweitern, spezielle Forschungsarbeiten anzuregen und zu koordinieren sowie wissenschaftliche und kulturelle Brücken zwischen Deutschland und China, Europa und Asien zu bauen. Resumen La Ciencia Humboldtiana intenta desarrollar, mediante una estrategia a la vez transdisciplinaria y transareal siempre empíricamente fundada, una conciencia mundial (Weltbewusstsein) que se basa en una convivencia en paz y diferencia. Dentro de la concepción de esta conciencia mundial, Asia Central y específicamente China ocupan un lugar importante dentro de las concepciones humboldtianas. A pesar del hecho de que Alejandro de Humboldt estudiara, durante largos años, tanto a la Asia Central y a China, los estudios humboldtianos ofrecen una especie de blind spot en esta área. El Humboldt Center for Transdisciplinary Studies (HCTS) en Changsha quiere remediar esta situación, fomentar y coordenar estudios especializados sobre China y el mundo de Asia Central en la obra humboldtiana y crear asimismo un punete científico y cultural entre Alemania y China, entre Europa y Asia Central. el cosmos de Alejandro de Humboldt hubiera quedado incompleto sin la integrqción de esta parte del mundo en su conciencia mundial.

ABSTRACT The harvesting of straw by the flail knife type straw cutting device will cause loose contacts between straw roots and soil, affecting the straw feed's impurity content. In this study, a theoretical analysis of the straw cutting process was conducted to explore the factors influencing the root-soil disturbance. A pulling force test device was designed to test the pulling force of the corn stalk. The response surface method was used to study the effects of various factors on the straw pulling force under different conditions of draft angles (20°, 30°, 40°), soil moisture content (15.23%, 17.62%, 20.47%), and different straw root diameters. The test results showed that the straw pulling force was directly proportional to the straw root diameter and inversely proportional to the soil moisture content. The straw pulling force decreased first and then increased with the increase of the draft angle. According to the established second-order regression model, when the draft angle was 28.5°, the soil moisture content was 20.47%, the root diameter was 22 mm, the minimum pulling force of straw was 189.635N. The test results can provide a reference for the design of straw feed harvester.

This document is one in a series designed to provide important information on the causal agent, symptoms, and transmission of exotic citrus diseases. This information can be used as an educational tool to raise awareness about these diseases and for scouting and identification efforts. Disseminating information about the diseases to the citrus industry may prevent their introduction and spread in Florida. This document will focus on the exotic viral disease caused by isolates of citrus tristeza virus–stem pitting (CTV-SP). Original version: Chung, Kuang-Ren, and Ronald Brlansky. 2006. “Citrus Diseases Exotic to Florida: Citrus Tristeza Virus– Stem Pitting (CTV-SP)”. EDIS 2006 (7). https://doi.org/10.32473/edis-pp149-2006.

This research aims to explore the function of intercultural communication of Chinese Rap music and the construction of hybrid identity, through discourse analysis methods: Narrative Semiotics, visual semiology, and sociolinguistics of globalization. The general context of the research is the development of global youth culture and Rap music as an intercultural formulation of local identities. Songs of two Chinese Rap groups are analyzed: Higher Brothers and Bohan Phoenix. In short, it attempts to scrutinize their use of Rap lyrics in order to promote the intercultural communication and construction of hybrid identity.

Different from ordinary discourse, the institutional nature of courtroom discourse has attracted much scholarly attention in the field of applied linguistics and professional discourse studies. Previous studies have examined the lexico-grammatical features and asymmetric power relations inherent in courtroom communication. However, little research has investigated the hybridizing construction of judges’ discourse and the contextual clues that may shape such discursive construction. Under the framework of Critical Genre Analysis (Bhatia, 2017), this study examines 25 video recordings of criminal court trials in the Chinese mainland. The findings indicate a reciprocal relationship between the interdiscursive mechanism of judges’ discourse in criminal trials and the relevant social, cultural, and institutional background. The study also discusses the constituents of the overall courtroom discourse against the background of the social and political realities of the Chinese mainland

The 0-1 test algorithm is a new nonparametric method for detecting the presence of chaos in the nonlinear science disciplines. This test applies directly to the time series and does not depend on phase-space reconstruction. This thesis take logistic map as an example, the numerical results demonstrate the advantages of the method. Then, the runoff time series (2002-2009) collected by the six hydrologic stations (Tangnaihai, Lanzhou, Toudaoguai, Longkou, Sanmenxia and Huayuankou) of Yellow River, are selected to detect the existence of chaotic behaviour in different spatial scales. The asymptotic growth rates of Kc are 0.8751, 0.8985, 0.9783, 0.9793, 0.9848 and 0.9976, respectively. Multiple spatial scales runoff data of Yellow River Basin shows chaotic characteristic. The minimum value of Kc is in the upper reaches of the Yellow River (Tangnaihai). The maximum value of Kc is in the lower reaches of the Yellow River (Huayuankou). The spatial runoff process changes greatly in temporal and spatial scales. And drainage area is an important factor in causing chaos variation. The conclusion illustrates the feasibility of this method and provides scientific data for runoff prediction.

In the present study the white-rot fungi BP was selected to study the degradation of nitrogen heterocyclic compounds in real and simulated coking wastewater. The study incorporated analysis of the degradation process, mechanism of action of white-rot fungi on nitrogen heterocyclic compounds, changes of enzyme activity and white-rot fungi biomass growth rate in coking wastewater (simulated and actual). The results showed that addition of ammonia nitrogen and phenol in simulated wastewater had insignificant effects on the degradation of indole. Moreover, the promoting effect of phenol on quinoline degradation was greater than the inhibition effects of ammonia nitrogen. Degradation rates of quinoline, indole and pyridine are consistent with the zero-order kinetics equation. It was also found that the addition of Mg (II) and Mn (II) promotes the degradation of quinoline by white-rot fungi in the actual wastewater, while degradation of pyridine was inhibited by three ions, out of which the inhibition of Cu (II) was the most obvious. Cu (II) was also found to have positive effects on the levels of activity of laccase enzyme secreted by the white-rot fungi as opposed to other metal ions tested. However, it was found to have inhibitory effects on the development of white-rot fungi, while Mg (II) and Mn (II) were found to promote the development of the white-rot fungi. The activity of the enzyme and the growth rate of biomass of white-rot fungi first reached the maximum levels followed by a significant decline.

Inclusion complex of catechin (CAT) with β-cyclodextrin (β-CD) was prepared using co-precipitation method to enhance antioxidant stability of CAT and the physicochemical properties of the inclusion complex were studied. The CAT/β-CD inclusion complex was analyzed through phase solubility study, Fourier transform infrared spectroscopy (FT-IR), differential scanning calorimetry (DSC), scanning electron microscopy (SEM) and X-ray diffraction (XRD). Phase solubility study indicated that CAT and β-CD formed 1:1 stoichiometric inclusion complex. Results of FT-IR indicated that CAT was stabilized in β-CD cavity by intra-molecular hydrogen bonds. Results of DSC and SEM proved that CAT/β-CD inclusion complex formed. XRD results showed that the formation of new solid crystalline phases in the CAT/β-CD inclusion complex. CAT was effectively protected through encapsulation into β-CD and the antioxidant stability of CAT was improved after encapsulation. In addition, the release behavior of CAT from the inclusion complex increased with increasing of the temperature.

Abstract Introduction: Hepatic ischemia-reperfusion injury is a common pathophysiological process in liver surgery. Whether Propofol can reduce myocardial ischemia-reperfusion injury induced by hepatic ischemia-reperfusion injury in rats, together with related mechanisms, still needs further studies. Objective: To investigate if propofol would protect the myocardial cells from apoptosis with hepatic ischemia-reperfusion injury. Methods: Male Sprague-Dawley rats (n = 18) were randomly allocated into three groups: Sham Group (Group S, n = 6), Hepatic Ischemia-reperfusion Injury Group (Group IR, n = 6) and Propofol Group (Group P, n = 6). Group S was only subjected to laparotomy. Group IR was attained by ischemia for 30 min and reperfusion for 4 h. Group P was subjected identical insult as in Group IR with the administration of propofol started 10 min before ischemia with 120 mg.kg−1, following by continuous infusion at 20 mg.kg−1.h−1. Cell apoptosis was examined by terminal deoxynucleotidyl transferase-mediated dUTP-biotin nick end labeling assay. Endoplasmic reticulum Ca2+-ATPase2 (SERCA2) and cysteine-containing aspartic acid cleaved-caspase3 (cleaved-caspase3) were assayed by western blot and Altimeter polymerase chain reaction. Results: Apoptosis rate was increased, with mRNA and protein of SERCA2 down-regulated and cleaved-caspase3 up-regulated in Group IR compared with Group S (p < 0.01). Apoptosis rate was decreased, with mRNA and protein of SERCA2 up-regulated and cleaved-caspase3 down-regulated in Group P compared with Group IR (p < 0.01). Conclusions: Propofol can reduce hepatic ischemia-reperfusion injury-induced myocardial cell apoptosis, meanwhile, can up-regulate mRNA and protein of SERCA2 in rats.

This article is one in a series designed to provide important information on the causal agent, symptoms, and transmission of exotic citrus diseases. Disseminating the information about the diseases to the citrus industry may prevent their introduction and spread in Florida. This 5-page document will focus on the exotic viral disease citrus leprosis. This is a major revision of an article originally published in 2006. Written by O. Batuman, A. Levy, P. Sieburth, A. M. Paolillo, K.-R. Chung, and R. H. Brlansky, and published by the UF/IFAS Plant Pathology Department. https://edis.ifas.ufl.edu/pp148 Previous version: Chung, Kuang-Ren, and Ronald Brlansky. 2006. “Citrus Diseases Exotic to Florida: Citrus Leprosis”. EDIS 2006 (7). https://journals.flvc.org/edis/article/view/115752.

With the rapid development of Internet technology, traditional online learning can no longer meet the adaptive learning needs of students, and smart education concepts, such as mushrooms, use data generated by traditional platforms to use machine learning and depth. Artificial intelligence technology with learning as a means has gradually become a new research hotspot through re-analysis technology. How to further use these big data resources for adaptive learning and push to improve the quality of student training has become an important issue in the current research field. For the protection of students' learning during the COVID-19 epidemic prevention and control, national universities, primary schools and secondary schools solved the problem of “Classes Suspended but Learning Continue” through online teaching. Students learn online at home and the family plays a vital role as a special classroom. Based on the analysis of the factors affecting home study, this article compares the live broadcast platforms and constructs a student-centered network broadcast + home learning model under the epidemic situation. After the implementation effect investigation, the evaluation effect is good. It is hoped that this model can provide a reference for teachers and students in the new situation and solve some problems currently facing online teaching at home.

ABSTRACT: The main goal set by researchers in this article was to gather knowledge on the structure of the basic biometric features of tree-rings of two species of poplars, belonging to different sections of Aegeiros – Populus xcanadensis and Tacamahaca – Populus maximowiczii, and to define and understand the correlation between weather and annual increment. A supplementary objective of the article was to determine pointer years of species found in individual populations. Our research used the standard methodology applied in dendroclimatology. In the analysis of correlation of the tree species studied, stronger statistically significant relationships were obtained in terms of precipitation-increment compared to temperature-increment. The annual increment in the Canadian poplar was enhanced by wet autumns and winters, especially by the rainfall in Oct and Dec in the previous year, as well as in Apr of this year. The tested Maximovich's poplars tested preferred rainfall during spring going into summer, especially in June of this year. Seven specific pointer years were determined for the Canadian poplar, comprising 4 positive (1987, 2008, 2010, 2012) and 3 negative years (2000, 2011, 2014). For P. maximowiczii, 11 pointer years were determined, i.e. 5 positive years (1987, 1991, 1999, 2009, 2012) and 6 negative (1984, 2000, 2002, 2010, 2013, 2015). In the pointer years, monthly sums of atmospheric precipitation and the average monthly air temperatures differed from the multi-year period. In the process of forming the secondary growth of the wood of the studied poplar species, the predominant role was played by atmospheric precipitation.

According to "A German Media Forecasts the next 30 year of China" a report which appeared in November 2016 in the internet, around the year 2033, surrounding the Chinese mainland, a Greater China region will be formed. It is expected that its total economy will be similar in size to that of the United States. It seems inevitable that by 2040, the Oriental world wealth will be more than the Western world’s, while the global GDP ranking after re-shuffling may be sorted as follows: 1. Greater China; 2. European Union; 3. North America (USA and Canada); 4. Japan; 5. Republic of Greater Korea; and, 6. India. Through the presentation of this argument, this article hopes to understand the process of China's rise, the Chinese community's future overall cooperation, as a way to approach the hegemonic competition between China and the United States, and the future of cross-Strait relations. Finally, from the angle of the trans-oceanic canal construction, some observations will also be made

Pickled and dried mustard (PDM; Brassica juncea, Coss) is a traditional fermented vegetable product that is widely consumed as a food ingredient with aromatic flavour in China. Here, we aimed to determine the volatile compounds in PDM by headspace solid-phase micro-extraction combined with gas chromatography-mass spectrometry (HS-SPME-GC-MS). The results showed that a total of 41 volatile compounds were identified and quantified in PDM by optimized HS-SPME-GC-MS. Approximately 15 compounds were considered to be the dominant volatile compounds in PDM with relatively high concentrations. These findings make the volatile composition characteristics in PDM clear for the first time.

Kan, G., He, X., Ding, L., Li, J., Hong, Y., Ren, M., Lei, T., Liang, K., Zuo, D., & Huang, P. (March-April, 2017). Daily streamflow simulation based on the improved machine learning method. Water Technology and Sciences (in Spanish), 8(2), 51-60. Daily streamflow simulation has usually been implemented by conceptual or distributed hydrological models. Nowadays, hydrological data, which can be easily obtained from automatic measuring systems, are more than enough. Therefore, machine learning turns into an effective and popular tool which is highly suited for the streamflow simulation task. In this paper, we propose an improved machine learning method referred to as PKEK model based on the previously proposed NU-PEK model for the purpose of generating daily streamflow simulation results with better accuracy and stability. Comparison results between the PKEK model and the NU-PEK model indicated that the improved model has better accuracy and stability and has a bright application prospect for daily streamflow simulation tasks.

The study of motivation based on non-English languages has attracted increasing attention in recent years, but related research in China is still limited. In an attempt to address this situation and with Dörnyei’s L2 Motivational Self System (L2MSS) as a framework, this paper studied seventeen Chinese university students’ motivational disposition to learn Spanish as their university major without abandoning their English study. Based on Q-methodology and complementary interviews, the results of our experiment showed that these Chinese students displayed two types of foreign-language learning motivation, one being “Multilingual group with an English orientation”, and the other “Strong Spanish”. The first group, profoundly influenced by their ideal L2 selves, had a strong motivation to learn English instead of Spanish, while the second group learned Spanish with a motivation closely related to their ought-to L2 selves. A variety of analyses were applied to answer questions pertaining to group differences and students’ attitudes towards Spanish and English learning mediated by individual, educational, and social factors.

Huanglongbing (HLB), commonly called citrus greening disease, is caused by the bacterium, Candidatus Liberibacter spp. The name huanglongbing means “yellow dragon” which describes the symptom of a bright yellow shoot that commonly occurs on a sector of infected trees. HLB is a serious disease of citrus because it affects all citrus cultivars and causes rapid decline of trees. This document is PP-225, one of a series of the Plant Pathology Department, UF/IFAS Extension. Original publication date November 2005. PP-225/CG086: 2020–2021 Florida Citrus Production Guide: Huanglongbing (Citrus Greening) (ufl.edu)

ABSTRACT To demonstrate the role of gonadotropin-releasing hormone (GnRH) in yaks (Bos grunniens), we characterized the expression of gonadotropin-releasing hormone receptor (GnRHR) mRNA and protein. The level of GnRHR mRNA in the hypothalamus was higher than that in the pineal gland, pituitary gland, and ovary during estrus. Immunofluorescence analysis showed that GnRHR was expressed in the pinealocyte, synaptic ribbon, and synaptic spherules of the pineal gland and that melatonin interacts with GnRHR via nerve fibers. In the hypothalamus, GnRHR was expressed in the magnocellular neurons and parvocellular neurons. In the pituitary gland, GnRHR was expressed in acidophilic cells and basophilic cells. In the ovary, GnRHR was present in the ovarian follicle and Leydig cells. Gonadotropin-releasing hormone receptor is located in the pineal gland, hypothalamus, pituitary, and gonad during estrus of yaks and is mainly expressed in the hypothalamus and ovaries during the estrus period.

Background: Previous study revealed that the link between dental caries and obesity has been controversial. The purpose of this research is to investigate the association between dental caries and obesity among primary school children in Wannan area, China. Methods: A cross-sectional study was designed to collect the routine health screening data for primary school children aged 5-14 years inWannan area,China, Overweight and obesity status were determined using the International Obesity Task Force standard (IOTF) BMI cut-off points. Caries status was recorded based on WHO recommendations. Results: Our results revealed that the overall caries prevalence of the subjects was 44.9%, Maximum number of caries affected children belonged to underweight and normal group, followed by overweight, and the least number was obesity. These differences were statistically significant (chi-square test, P < 0.001). Children with obesity were 1.908 times (OR =1.908; CI95%=1.750, 2.079) more likely have caries than children with underweight or health weight. Overweight children were 1.547 times (OR = 1.547; CI95% = 1.479, 1.618) more likely to have caries than children with underweight or health weight. After adjusted the gender and age, a statistically significant association was also observed between body mass index categories and caries. Conclusions: Obesity may have a significant effect on caries prevalence of primary school children in Wannan area, China. The importance of obesity should not only be emphasized with respect to general diseases but also with regard to carious lesions.

Background: Overweight and obesity are epidemic worldwide. Our present study was to examine the prevalence of overweight and obesity in a university faculty and staffs using two references [Working Group on Obesity references in China (2004) and World Health Organization (WHO) criteria 2000]. Objective: The purpose of this study was to estimate the prevalence of overweight and obesity among university faculty and staffs in China. Methods: A cross-sectional study was designed to collect the routine health screening data for a university faculty and staffs from 2004 to 2010(2004, 2006, 2008 and 2010); the subjects aged 22-94 years. Results: Depending on the references used (China and WHO, respectively), the overall prevalence of overweight, including obesity of the subjects was 36.1% and 25.5%, the prevalence of obesity was 5.3%, and 1.5%, respectively, the prevalence of overweight, including obesity among the male subjects was 46% and 32.5%, respectively, the prevalence of overweight, including obesity among the female subjects was 21% and 14.1%, respectively, An interesting observation made was that the overall prevalence of overweight was increased with age. Conclusions: Regarding the harmful of overweight and obesity, it is encourage reducing liberal food environment and increasing physical activity among university faculty and staffs, especially for male faculty.

Douglas Robinson, Translation and the Problem of Sway. Amsterdam: John Benjamins Publishing Co., 2011, 227 pages.

Se presentan en este trabajo adiciones, correcciones, comentarios y novedades nomenclaturales que afectan a los volúmenes 7 y 8 del Catálogo de Coleópteros Paleárticos. Consúltese el texto para hallar la autoría exacta de cada una de ellas. Se describe una nueva especie: Mecinus tavaresi Caldara & Fogato, sp. nov. de Portugal y España. Son nuevas sinonimias: Compsapoderus (Compsapoderus) erythropterus (Gmelin, 1790) = Attelabus intermedius Hellwig, 1795, syn. nov.; Paroplapoderus (Erycapoderus) angulipennis (Kolbe, 1886) = Paroplapoderus (Erycapoderus) angulipennis shaanxinsis Legalov, 2004, syn. nov. (Attelabidae); Aspidapion (Koestlinia) aeneum (Fabricius, 1775) = Aspidapion (Koestlinia) motschulskyi (Hochhuth, 1847), syn. nov., Taeniapion rufescens (Gyllenhal, 1833) = Taeniapion notatum (Wagner, 1912), syn. nov. (Apionidae); Larinus (Larinomesius) scolymi (Olivier, 1807) = Curculio teres Hellwig, 1795, syn. nov. (Curculionidae); Lixus paraplecticus (Linnaeus, 1758) = Curculio phellandrii Linnaeus, 1764, syn. nov. (Curculionidae); Curculio alternans Hellwig, 1795= Curculio alternans Herbst, 1795, syn. nov. (Curculionidae); Sibinia lyrata Faust, 1889= Sibinia attalica var. judea Pic, 1901, syn. nov. (Curculionidae); Phyllobius (Metaphyllobius) pomaceus Gyllenhal, 1834= Curculio prasinus Olivier, 1791, syn. nov. (Curculionidae). Son nuevas homonimias: Attelabus intermedius Hellwig, 1795 (non Attelabus intermedius Illiger, 1794); Baris marshalli Ramesha & Ramamurthy, 2011 (non Baris marshalli Hustache, 1938). Son nuevos nombres de reemplazo: Baris ramamurthyi Alonso-Zarazaga nom. nov. para Baris bimaculata Pajni & Kohli, 1990 (non Hustache, 1932); Archarius (Archarius) kwonleeanus Alonso-Zarazaga nom. nov. para Archarius (Archarius) parvus (Kwon & Lee, 1990) (non Archarius (Archarius) parvus (Hong & Wang, 1987), a fossil species); Curculio (Curculio) zhangianus Alonso-Zarazaga nom. nov. para Curculio (Curculio) helleri Pelsue & Zhang, 2002 (non Curculio (Curculio) helleri (Voss, 1932)); Lixus trichromus Alonso-Zarazaga nom. nov. para Lixus tricolor Capiomont, 1876 (non L. tricolor (Scopoli, 1771)). Son nuevas combinaciones: Cionus affinis (Brahm, 1790), comb. nov. desde Curculio; Curculio helleri (Voss, 1932), comb. nov. desde Balaninus; Donus diversisquamosus (Legalov, 2012), comb. nov. desde Asiodonus; Donus knutelskyi (Legalov, 2012), comb. nov. desde Asiodonus; Donus potanini (Legalov, 2012), comb. nov. desde Asiodonus; Donus shokhrini (Legalov, 2012), comb. nov. desde Asiodonus; Donus streltzovi (Legalov, 2012), comb. nov. desde Asiodonus; Donus tshernyshevi (Legalov, 2012), comb. nov. desde Asiodonus; Involvulus (Teretriorhynchites) icosandriae (Scopoli, 1763), comb. nov. desde Curculio; Mecaspis alternans (Hellwig, 1795), comb. nov. desde Curculio; Otiorhynchus mucronatus (Paykull, 1792), comb. nov. desde Curculio; Pseudopoophagus constricticollis (Kojima & Morimoto, 1993), comb. nov. desde Apionodes. Se reconsidera a Protapion interjectum boreum (Gønget, 1997) como una subespecie válida basándose en sus caracteres genitales, stat. res. Se declaran nomina protecta conforme al Art. 23.9.2. del Código los siguientes nombres: Apion apricans Herbst, 1797 (ahora en Protapion) sobre Rhinomacer flavipes O.F. Müller, 1776 (nomen oblitum), Apion genistae Kirby, 1811 (ahora en Exapion) sobre Curculio astralagi Herbst, 1795 (nomen oblitum), Curculio piceus Pallas, 1771 (ahora en Sphenophorus) sobre Curculio piceus Wulfen in Scopoli, 1763 (nomen oblitum), Curculio phyllocola Herbst, 1795 (ahora en Anthonomus) sobre Curculio resinae Fabricius, 1792 (nomen oblitum), and Rhynchaenus posticus Gyllenhal, 1813 (ahora en Hypera) sobre Curculio denigratus Panzer, 1790 (nomen oblitum). Se confirma Rhynchites laevior Faust, 1882 como especie tipo de Aphlorhynchites Sawada, 1993 mediante una acción de Primer Revisor. Se ofrecen dataciones pertinentes para algunas obras. Las referencias han sido completadas y actualizadas. Se han corregido algunas grafías erróneas en uso, entre ellas, Hylesinus taranio Danthoine (no toranio).

El estudio de la riqueza y la composición de especies vegetales de un humedal es esencial a la hora de estimar su importancia ecológica y sus servicios ecosistémicos, especialmente cuando éste está sujeto a perturbaciones humanas. El lago Poyang, situado en el curso medio del río Yangtsé (China central) constituye la mayor superfície de agua dulce del país. Alberga una elevada biodiversidad y proporciona hábitats importantes para la flora y fauna locales. En la actualidad existen planes de construir una presa que mantendrá el volumen de agua del lago estable. Sin embargo, y hasta la fecha, apenas existen estudios que hayan abordado la biodiversidad del lago y los posibles efectos negativos de la presa sobre ésta (y en especial sobre las especies endémicas y raras). Así pues, se ha llevado a cabo una intensa campaña de campo combinada con una búsqueda bibliográfica con el objetivo de evaluar la riqueza de especies y comunidades vegetales del lago Poyang y sus humedales asociados. Se han identificado un total de 124 familias, 339 géneros y 512 especies (incluyendo subespecies, variedades y formas) así como ocho comunidades vegetales dominantes, confirmándose así el papel de los humedales del lago Poyang como hotspot regional de biodiversidad. Resulta imperativo estudiar los efectos del represado sobre la vegetación, y, de manera especial, todo aquello concerniente a la protección de la biodiversidad local, el mantenimiento de los servicios ecosistémicos, el control de las especies invasoras y la restauración de los ecosistemas degradados.

Las áreas montañosas de la región centro-sur de China están ampliamente reconocidas por su papel como refugio de plantas relictas durante la última etapa del Neógeno y el Cuaternario. En el presente trabajo se intentan explorar los patrones de distribución de los hábitats naturales y la localización exacta de los refugios para especies vegetales relictas en los alrededores de la montaña Fanjinshan, mediante el empleo de datos dendrológicos de individuos longevos (≥ 100 años). En el área de estudio se encontraron seis especies vegetales típicamente relictas: Cyclocarya paliurus, Ginkgo biloba, Liriodendron chinense, Pinus massoniana, Podocarpus macrophyllus y Taxus chinensis. Los individuos longevos se dividieron en tres categorías de acuerdo con su edad estimada: individuos de Clase I (≥ 500 años), de Clase II (300–499 años) y de Clase III (100–299 años). Nuestros resultados muestran que la región situada al suroeste de la montaña se corresponde con la principal área de distribución de los árboles de Clase I de G. biloba y T. chinensis, localizándose la mayor parte de éstos en los alrededores de una pequeña aldea (Yangliu, en el condado de Yinjiang). La región situada al noreste de Fanjinshan alberga, por su parte, las seis especies relictas, y los análisis florísticos muestran una elevada similaridad entre ambas regiones por lo que respecta al crecimiento arbóreo medido como DBH [diámetro a la altura del pecho (1,3 m)]. Por consiguiente, estas dos regiones habrían proporcionado hábitats adecuados para la supervivencia de especies relictas. La región suroeste, y en especial la aldea de Yangliu, deben recibir la máxima prioridad para la conservación in situ de especies relictas (y otras especies raras y amenazadas). La región noreste también debe priorizarse dada su elevada diversidad de especies relictas.

El hotspot de biodiversidad en las fronteras de las provincias Guizhou-Yunnan- Guangxi es un centro de distribución de plantas tropicales en China. Se extiende por toda la cuenca alta del río Zhujiang, el mayor río del sur de China. En este artículo, se explora el papel del río en la propagación y la diversificación de las plantas tropicales en este área, usando el género endémico de Asia Hiptage Gaertn. (Malpighiaceae) como ejemplo. Se reconocen dos centros de diversidad y endemismo de Hiptage: la Península Indochina y el curso superior del río Zhujiang (UZJ). El índice de endemismo ajustado al área indica UZJ como la región más importante de distribución de especies endémicas, ya que, aunque UZJ tiene un área muy pequeña (~210.000 km2), seis de un total de siete especies son estrictamente endémicas. UZJ está situado en el extremo norte del área de distribución de Hiptage, lo que resultó principalmente de la disposición noroeste-sureste de los sistemas fluviales de UZJ, que facilitaron la expansión y diferenciación hacia el norte de este género tropical. Los paisajes de piedra caliza altamente fragmentados en esta región han contribuido al aislamiento de hábitat y pueden ser el principal factor para el origen de estas especies endémicas. Hiptage también se distingue por su sistema de polinización altamente especializado, con flores de imagen especular, lo que probablemente facilita la diversificación de las especies a través del aislamiento de la polinización. Otros estudios también encontraron que UZJ es un importante centro de diversificación de las familias de plantas tropicales Begoniaceae y Gesneriaceae. Por consiguiente, se concluye que UZJ es un «frente evolutivo» de plantas tropicales en China, lo que contribuye de manera significativa al origen y mantenimiento de la biodiversidad única en la zona.

China tiene una de las floras más ricas del mundo con alrededor 33.000 plantas vasculares, de las cuales hasta 17.000 son endémicas. Además de estas cifras asombrosas, la flora china es muy interesante desde el punto de vista de la evolución, ya que muestra un fuerte carácter relictual con algunos auténticos «fósiles vivientes» como Ginkgo biloba o Metasequoia glyptostroboides. Al mismo tiempo, China probablemente alberga el «frente evolutivo» más importante de las floras templadas del mundo, las montañas Hengduan. Por desgracia, la flora de China también destaca por el elevado número de especies amenazadas (casi 4000), sobre todo debido a la destrucción de los hábitats y la sobreexplotación de los recursos naturales. Este número especial, que corresponde al volumen 34 de Collectanea Botanica, tiene como objetivo contribuir al conocimiento de la flora de China a través de una serie de contribuciones (siete artículos y una nota breve) que abarcan varios temas como la biogeografía, la conservación, la demografía, la ecología, la evolución y las interacciones planta-animal.

En el presente trabajo se ha evaluado el control de bajas temperaturas mediante el riego por aspersión ERA (efecto de riego por aspersión) y el efecto debido a la humedad de una parcela irrigada un día antes por riego por aspersión ESH (efecto de suelo húmedo). Se han realizado veintidós ensayos, a una intensidad de riego de 5 mm h-1, presión de funcionamiento de 200 kPa y el solapamiento entre aspersores de 12x12 m2. Se han instalado sensores de temperatura humedad relativa a nivel espacial y a tres alturas sobre el nivel del suelo (0,1; 0,25; 0,5 y 1,0 m). Estos ensayos estuvieron sometidos a diferentes intensidades y tiempos de exposición de heladas en la época más fría. Para el cálculo de la lámina de riego se utilizó el modelo propuesto por Gerber y Martsolf (1979) y la aproximación realizada por Campbell y Norman (1998), para una helada de radiación. Las evaluaciones fueron realizadas en la Estación Experimental de Patacamaya de la Facultad de agronomía de la Universidad Mayor de San Andrés. Los resultados muestran que a los tiempos de exposición de heladas de 0 a 3; 3 a 6; 6 a 9 y mayores a 9 horas muestran un incremento en la temperatura (ΔT°) de: 1,2 °C; 1,4 a 2°C; 1,2 a 5 °C y 1,1 a 2 °C respectivamente para él ERA. Los incrementos en la humedad relativa (ΔHR) fueron de: 12%; 7 a 26%; 16 a 35% y 18 a 32 % respectivamente. Es así que el incremento de temperatura (ΔT°) para todos los ensayos realizados debido al ERA van desde 1 a 5 °C y en cuanto al incremento de la humedad relativa van desde de 7 a 35%. El incremento de la temperatura debido al ESH, se encuentra en el rango de 0,7 a 1,1 °C y de 12 a 18% para la ΔHR.

The People's Republic of China has always followed a policy of no alignment, even with its neighbors of the Southeast Asian region. But since every rule has an exception, the People's Republic of China changed its position in 1990, by joining the core of the Asian Region, in an action interpreted as remuneration for the support received in favor of its legal status, and for the political support to the principle of the "One China" In time, the financial Asian crisis has created a bi-polar development, with the Southern countries still under the influence of the financial sequels of the crisis, and the Northern ones, as the People's Republic of China, Japan, South Korea, Taiwan and Hong Kong attaining evident economic achievements. With the financial crisis, Beijing was invited to participate in the Asian Forum of BOAO, under the political clout of the "ASEAN+3" group. The People's Republic of China also actively cooperates in the Forum for East Asia-Latin America Cooperation (FEALAC), in order to project a "southern political sphere", able to act as a fence around the Capitalist World Axis, under the leadership of USA. The People's Republic of China, after gaining the desired success in the BOAO by projecting the image of "a China in peaceful emergence", has been able to come out as the leader of the Southeast Asian region, and also has managed to focus the international attention in the FEALAC. Nowadays, everybody tries to understand the real intentions of China in this forum. Does China look at it as a mere negotiation forum for South to South relations or it wants to turn it into a replica of the BOAO, to use it as a tool to influence Latin America?

El cancro cítrico es una enfermedad introducida en Florida y es muy perjudicial económicamente para la industria comercial. La enfermedad no está presente en todas las regiones tropicales y subtropicales productoras de cítricos donde el cancro cítrico puede ser problemático, por lo tanto, las restricciones para exportar fruta con cancro cítrico son muy estrictas. Esta enfermedad también concierne a los propietarios, no solo por sus efectos en la industria económica, sino también porque es altamente contagiosa y la mayoría de la fruta contagiada en un árbol muy afectado se cae de éste prematuramente. This 4-page fact sheet was written by M. M. Dewdney, P. D. Roberts, J. H. Graham, K. R. Chung, and M. Zekri, and published by the UF Department of Plant Pathology, January 2013. http://edis.ifas.ufl.edu/pp298

Mal secco, Italian for "dry disease", is a fungal disease that causes serious damage to a number of citrus cultivars in the Mediterranean and Black Sea areas but has not been reported in other citrus-growing regions. The main diagnostic field symptom is that wood of affected limbs has a reddish-yellow stain. This 3-page fact sheet was written by K.-R. Chung, and published by the UF Department of Plant Pathology, February 2012.

Citrus yellow mosaic is an important viral disease in India, where it causes significant yield reduction. In some groves, infection rate may be as high as 70%. CYMV induces a bright yellow mottling or vein flecking that persists in mature leaves. Yields are sharply reduced in chronically infected 'Sathgudi' sweet orange trees in India, and fruit may also show mosaic symptoms. This 2-page fact sheet was written by K.-R. Chung and R. H. Brlansky, and published by the UF Department of Plant Pathology, February 2012.

Satsuma dwarf is a virus disease that was first reported in the early 1930s in Japan. The disease causes serious problems in citrus because it reduces tree vigor and fruit yield. Satsuma dwarf has also been reported in mandarin-growing areas in China, Korea, and Turkey, where it was likely introduced through importation of infected budwood from Japan. This 2-page fact sheet was written by K.-R. Chung and R.H. Brlansky, and published by the UF Department of Plant Pathology, February 2012.

Powdery mildew, which affects almost all citrus cultivars, is a common fungal disease problem in Asian countries. This 2-page fact sheet provides background information for this disease to provide a basis for evaluating potential risk to Florida citrus and for aiding decision-making to prevent its introduction and spread in Florida. It was written by K.-R. Chung and published by the UF Department of Plant Pathology, October 2011.

HS1165, a 7-page fact sheet by Timothy M. Spann, Ryan A. Atwood, Megan M. Dewdney, Robert C. Ebel, Reza Ehsani, Gary England, Stephen H. Futch, Tim Gaver, Tim Hurner, Chris Oswalt, Michael E. Rogers, Fritz M. Roka, Mark A. Ritenour, Mongi Zekri, Brian J. Boman, Kuang-Ren Chung, Michelle D. Danyluk, Renee Goodrich-Schneider, Kelly T. Morgan, Robert A. Morris, Ronald P. Muraro, Pamela Roberts, Robert E. Rouse, Arnold W. Schumann, Philip A. Stansly, and Lukasz L. Stelinski, provides guidance to the Florida citrus industry in making management decisions regarding huanglongbing (HLB, citrus greening). Published by the UF Department of Horticultural Sciences, June 2010.

Revised! PP194, a 4-page illustrated fact sheet by M.M. Dewdney, P.D. Roberts, J.H. Graham, K.R. Chung, and M. Zekri, informs homeowners about this serious disease of citrus, its history, symptoms, spread, and control strategies. Published by the UF Department of Plant Pathology, October 2009. PP194/PP116: Homeowner Fact Sheet: Citrus Canker (ufl.edu)

PP-234, a 3-page illustrated fact sheet by K.-R. Chung and L. W. Timmer, is part of the Citrus Diseases Exotic to Florida series, which aims to provide a basis for evaluating exotic pathogens that may pose potential risks to Florida citrus and create a decision-making framework to prevent their introduction and spread. It answers several questions, including why it is a concern, causal agent, affected cultivars, typical symptoms, how it is spread, and means of detection and control. Includes references. Published by the UF Department of Plant Pathology, February 2007.

PP-229, a 6-page fact sheet by A.J. Palmateer, C.L. Harmon, A. Hodges, N. Peres, K.R. Chung, P.D. Roberts, L. Buss, W.T.. Crow, J. Xin, R.J. McGovern, J. W. Kimbrough, and M.T. Momol, describes Florida's network of support for the rapid detection, diagnosis, and decision support for pathogens and other pests affecting Florida's agricultural and natural ecosystems. Provides information on diagnostic services, Distance Diagnostic and Identification System (DDIS), First Detector Training, and other services. Published by the UF Plant Pathology Department, April 2006.

Citrus is susceptible to a large number of diseases caused by plant pathogens. Economic losses due to plant diseases can be severe, but fortunately, not all pathogens attacking citrus are present in Florida. Major citrus diseases currently present in Florida include: Alternaria brown spot, blight, citrus canker, greasy spot, melanose, Phytophthora-induced diseases (foot and root rot, brown rot), postbloom fruit drop (PFD), scab, and tristeza. An exotic, destructive disease called citrus greening (Huanglongbing) has recently been found in Florida. Any exotic diseases, if introduced, will increase production costs and decrease profitability for Florida growers. Exotic diseases affect the viability of the industry or the varieties that could be profitably grown. Background information for each exotic citrus disease will be presented in a series of fact sheets to: 1) provide a basis for evaluating exotic pathogens that may pose potential risks to Florida citrus; and 2) create a decision-making framework to prevent their introduction and spread. This paper will discuss Citrus tristeza virus-Stem Pitting (CTV-SP) disease. This article is written based on the materials used for the Workshops of the Exotic Citrus Pathogen Threat Project led by Drs. S. M. Garnsey and H. W. Browning, and approved for publication. This document is Fact Sheet PP-227, one of a series of the Plant Pathology Department, UF/IFAS Extension. Original publication date: March 2006.

This paper discusses Witches' Broom Disease of Lime (WBDL). This document is Fact Sheet PP-228, one of a series of the Plant Pathology Department, UF/IFAS Extension. Original publication date: April 2006.

This document is one in a series designed to provide important information on the causal agent, symptoms, and transmission of exotic citrus diseases. Disseminating the information about the diseases to the citrus industry may prevent their introduction and spread in Florida. This document will focus on the exotic viral disease citrus leprosis. This document is PP148, one of a series of the Plant Pathology Department, UF/IFAS Extension. Original publication date April 2006. PP-226/PP148: Citrus Diseases Exotic to Florida: Citrus Leprosis (ufl.edu)