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ABSTRACT: Weed species is one of the factors contributing to grain yield losses due to crop-weed competition. Two of the most common weeds of soybean fields in Brazil are from the Rubiaceae family: Borreria latifolia and Richardia brasiliensis. This study aimed to evaluate the effects of B. latifolia and R. brasiliensis on plant development, yield components, and soybean productivity. Two assays were conducted in a randomized block design with four replications, using a two-level factorial design, in which the first factor consisted of the species B. latifolia and R. brasiliensis and the second factor consisted of the densities 0, 2, 4, 6, 8, 10, and 12 plants m-2. Plant height, leaf area and total chlorophyll in the V6 and R5 stages, number of pods per plant, number of grains per pod, 1000-grain weight, and grain yield loss were evaluated in both cultivars. Grain yield of both soybean cultivars was negatively affected by the interference with B. latifolia and R. brasiliensis. The species B. latifolia was more competitive with soybean when compared to R. brasiliensis, causing higher reductions for all variables. Each B. latifolia plant per square meter is able to reduce the yield of soybean by 3 a 4.4%, while each R.brasiliensis plant reduces yield by 2 a 2.6%. For both species, the reduction in soybean yield due to competition was caused by a decrease in the number of pods per plant, number of grains per pod, and 1000-grain weight.

ABSTRACT: Spermacoce latifolia, S. verticillata, and Richardia brasiliensis (family Rubiaceae, tribe Spermacoceae) are glyphosate-tolerant weeds in the soybean producing areas of Brazil. The weed shifts to glyphosate-tolerant weeds across soybean-producing areas has shown the need for adoption of practices that conserve the efficacy of glyphosate. This study evaluated the effect of single- and double-knockdown herbicide applications on the control of S. latifolia, S. verticillata, and R. brasiliensis prior to soybean sowing. Trials were designed as a randomized block and treatments were arranged as a factorial. Factor A was three systemic herbicide treatments 10 days before sowing (DBS), while Factor B was three contact herbicide treatments applied 0 DBS (“sow and apply”). The single- and double-knockdown applications were followed by post-emergence applications of glyphosate or 2,4-D + glyphosate when the crop reached three leaves. The efficacy of control of each weed species was visually evaluated 14 days after sowing (DAS), as well as 0 and 28 days after post-emergence application (DAA). The double-knockdown applications generally provided higher levels of control for the target weeds of the Rubiaceae family than the single-knockdown applications. Glyphosate + 2,4-D, glyphosate + 2,4-D + diclosulam or glyphosate + [halauxifen-methyl + diclosulam] followed by glufosinate or paraquat achieved at least 90% of control of S. latifolia and R. brasiliensis, but did not control S. verticillata (

ABSTRACT: Infesting species of Rubiaceae family have great importance in soybean crops in Southwest of Paraná and North of Santa Catarina, especially due to the selection of tolerant populations caused by the pressure of selection exerted by intensive use of glyphosate. The study aimed to evaluate the levels of tolerance to glyphosate in biotypes of broadleaf buttonweed (Borreria latifolia) (BL) and white-eye (Richardia brasiliensis) (RB) by means of dose-response curves. Two experiments were conducted in a greenhouse, in completely randomized design (CRD), with four replications. Fourteen BL biotypes and eleven RB biotypes were evaluated, collected in soybean fields of Paraná and Santa Catarina. The doses of glyphosate were 0, 74, 163, 360, 792 and 1,742 g ha-1, applied when the plants had 6 to 8 leaves. Visual control was evaluated at 14 and 28 days after application (DAA), as well as mass of green shoots and mass of dry shoots at 28 DAA. It was verified that there is response variability among the biotypes studied. BL biotypes 277, 283 and 300, and RB biotypes 283, 285 and Papanduva were not controlled with glyphosate at doses superior to those normally used in crops (720 g ha-1), indicating selection by the recurrent use of glyphosate. The tolerance factors ranged from 1.1 to 4.1 and 2.8 to 8.1 for RB and BL, respectively. The greatest difficulties of control were reported in areas where RR technology had been adopted for more than six years.

ABSTRACT The possibility of using auxin mimics herbicides in culture postemergence applications contributes to weed management. This study aimed at evaluating and comparing the effectiveness of 2,4-D and dicamba herbicides on glyphosate resistant or tolerant weeds. The treatments were dicamba and 2,4-D doses with or without glyphosate. The evaluated weeds in the experiment were Richardia brasiliensis, Commelina benghalensis, Conyza sp. and Ipomoea nil. Herbicides were applied when weeds were in 4 to 6 and 10 to 12 leaves stages. Data referring to evaluations on day 30 after application were submitted to analysis of variance. Response-dose curves were obtained for herbicides, and C85 and C95 values were identified. Weed species showed different tolerance to dicamba and 2,4-D, and differences were more evident for C. benghalensis. The addition of glyphosate to the auxin mimic reduced the differences between them. For plants in less developed stages, regardless of the species, mixtures of glyphosate + 2,4-D or glyphosate + dicamba provided excellent levels of control. In general, considering equivalent doses, for R. brasiliensis, C. benghalensis and I. nil, 2,4-D herbicide was superior to dicamba. As for Conyza bonariensis, dicamba showed better control percentages.

Embora o herbicida glyphosate seja considerado não-seletivo, várias espécies de plantas daninhas apresentam certo grau de tolerância às doses recomendadas. No Brasil, já existem relatos de seleção de espécies de plantas daninhas tolerantes ao glyphosate em áreas com o uso intensivo deste herbicida. Assim, o objetivo desta pesquisa foi avaliar a influência da aplicação repetitiva do herbicida glyphosate sobre a dinâmica do banco de sementes das plantas daninhas tolerantes: Commelina benghalensis, Ipomoea grandifolia e Richardia brasiliensis; e das plantas daninhas suscetíveis: Amaranthus hybridus e Galinsoga parviflora. O experimento foi monitorado durante dois anos em áreas experimentais do Departamento de Produção Vegetal da Escola Superior de Agricultura ''Luiz de Queiroz'' - Universidade de São Paulo, Piracicaba, São Paulo. Partindo de uma densidade de 100 plantas m-2 de cada espécie, o glyphosate foi aplicado periodicamente em pós-emergência sobre as plantas daninhas adultas nas doses de 0, 0,36, 1,44 e 2,88 kg e.a. ha-1. O banco de sementes do solo foi estimado através da avaliação de emergência direta das plântulas e extração física das sementes. O banco de sementes das plantas daninhas tolerantes ao glyphosate teve aumento significativo, principalmente nas menores doses. Por outro lado, o banco de sementes das espécies suscetíveis diminuiu ao longo do tempo mesmo nas menores doses do glyphosate. Na última análise do banco de sementes, as plantas daninhas tolerantes apresentaram, na maior dose de glyphosate aplicada, cerca de 12 milhões de sementes não-dormentes ha-1, ao passo que as suscetíveis apresentaram cerca de 4 milhões de sementes não-dormentes ha-1. Concluiu-se que o uso intensivo do herbicida glyphosate pode ocasionar uma mudança na área, aumentando a freqüência das plantas tolerantes ao longo dos anos.Although glyphosate is considered a non- selective herbicide, several weed species show a certain degree of tolerance to the recommended rates. Weed species tolerance to glyphosate in areas with intensive application of this herbicide has been reported in Brazil. Thus, the objective of this research was to evaluate the influence of the herbicide glyphosate on the seedbank dynamics of the tolerant weeds Commelina benghalensis, Ipomoea grandifolia and Richardia brasiliensis; and the susceptible weeds Amaranthus hybridus and Galinsoga parviflora. The experiment was monitored during two years in the experimental area of Department of Plant Production of ESALQ/University of São Paulo, Brazil. Beginning with an initial density of 100 plants m-2 of each species, glyphosate was sprayed periodically under post-emergence conditions at the rates of 0, 0.36, 1.44 and 2.88 kg a.e/ha. The seedbank in the soil was estimated through seedling emergence evaluation and physical extraction from the soil. Seedbank of the tolerant species increased specially at lower rates of glyphosate. On the other hand, the seedbank of susceptible species decreased during the experiment, even at lower rates. In the last seedbank evaluation, the tolerant weeds presented almost 12 million of seeds/ha, while the susceptible weeds showed about four million seeds/ha. It was concluded that the intensive use of glyphosate can cause a weed shift in the area, increasing the frequency of tolerant weeds along the years.

O presente experimento, inteiramente casualizado, foi desenvolvido em condições de laboratório no Departamento de Defesa Fitossanitária, FCA/UNESP - Botucatu, entre julho e setembro de 1992. Amostras de Areia Quartzosa equivalentes à 40 g de terra seca à 105 oC ± 2 com ou sem adição de 1,9 g de matéria seca de plantas de poaia-branca (Richardia brasiliensis), 0,19 g de nitrogênio (NH4)2SO4 e 0,88 g de apatita de Araxá, foram incubadas no escuro a 25 o C ± 2 , com umidade mantida a 60% da capacidade de retenção de água. Durante a incubação, determinou-se o CO2 liberado, utilizando-se o método de retenção em NAOH seguida de titulometria com HCl; a biomassa microbiana, método de fumigação-incubação; o pH e a quantidade de fósforo extraído por resina. A maior liberação de CO2 ocorreu durante os dez primeiros dias de incubação, com 77% do total de carbono liberado nos tratamentos com adição de poaia, e 37% nos tratamentos sem adição da mesma. A liberação de CO2 foi 57 vezes maior nos tratamentos com poaia em relação ao controle. A poaia também provocou aumentos na biomassa microbiana (média de 8 vezes a biomassa do tratamento controle), e a adição de nitrogênio e/ou fosfato de rocha junto à poaia antecipou os picos de formação de biomassa de 20 para 10 dias de incubação. Os níveis de fósforo disponível foram maiores no tratamento com adição de fosfato de rocha apenas. A poaia também alcalinizou o sistema, não permitindo desta forma, observar-se relação significativa entre pH e teor de fósforo disponível.The present experiment, totally randomized, was carried out under laboratory conditions at the Departamento de Defesa Fitossanitária, FCA/UNESP-Botucatu, between July and September, 1992. Fresh air-dry samples of quartz sand representing 40g of dry soil each, at 105 o C ± 2, with or without addition of 1.90g of dry matter of "poaia-branca" (Richardia brasiliensis) plants, 0.19g of nitrogen (NH4)2SO4 and 0.88g of Araxá apatite, were incubated under dark conditions at 25 oC ±2,with moisture held at 60% water retention capacity. During incubation, CO2-liberation was determined by means of the method of retention in NaOH followed by titration with HCl; microbial biomass was determined through the fumigation-incubation method, while pH and phosphorus extract by resin. CO2-liberation was high during the first ten days of incubation, with 77% of total carbon released in treatments with "poaia" addition, and 37% in treatments without addition. CO2-liberation was 57 times higher in the "Poaia" treatments compared to the control.

A poaia-branca (Richardia brasiliensis Gomez) é uma das principais plantas que infestam espontaneamente os agroecossistemas na América do Sul e, com freqüência, atingem elevadas densidades populacionais, provocando sérios prejuízos aos agricultores. Nos estudos envolvendo a biologia e o controle de plantas daninhas, a área foliar é uma das mais importantes características a serem avaliadas, mas tem sido pouco estudada porque sua determinação exige equipamentos sofisticados ou utiliza técnica destrutiva. Visando obter equações que permitissem a estimativa da área foliar desta planta daninha utilizando características lineares do limbo foliar, facilmente mensuráveis em plantas no campo, foram estudadas correlações entre a área foliar real e as seguintes características das folhas: comprimento ao longo da nervura principal (C), largura máxima do limbo (L) e o produto CxL. Para tanto, foram mensurados os limbos de 500 folhas coletadas em diversas épocas, locais e culturas, em plantas que apresentavam bom aspecto sanitário e nutricional. Todas as equações, lineares simples, geométricas e exponenciais, permitiram boa estimativa da área foliar (AF) da poaia-branca. Do ponto de vista prático, sugere-se optar pela equação linear simples envolvendo o produto Cx L, a qual apresentou o menor QM Resíduo. Assim, a estimativa da área folia r de R. brasiliensis pode ser efetuada pela equação AF= 0.5899 (CxL), com coeficiente de determinação (R2) de valor 0.9886 .Brazilian pusley (Richardia brasiliensis) is one of the most important weeds infesting orchards, crops and pastures in South America. Frequently, their populations are dense enough to promote significant losses to the farmers. In the studies on the biology and control of the weeds, the leaf area determination is fundamental, but commonly requires sophisticated and expensive equipment or destructive techniques. So, the present research was set up aiming to obtain a suitable equation for R. brasiliensis leaf área estimation from the linear leaf measures, such as the leaf length in the mid rib direction (C), the maximum leaf width (L), and the rela tion CxL. The measures were done in 500 leaves collected from plants infesting different places and crops and showing suitable nutritional and health conditions. All the equations, linear, geometric, and exponential, permitted suitable estimates of the R. brasiliensis leaf area (AF). The suggested equations was AF = 0.5899 (CxL), because it is easy to use, showed the smallest Stand Error, and the determination coefficient was high, R2=0.9886.

ABSTRACT: Increased use of glyphosate in transgenic soybean areas has selected resistant and tolerant weed species. The aim of this study was to evaluate chemical management strategies for controlling Borreria latifolia and Richardia brasiliensis at pre-emergence (Pre), early post-emergence (Poste) and late post-emergence (Postl). Six experiments were carried out in a completely randomized design with four replicates per treatment in the Pre experiments and three in the Poste and Postl experiments, for each of the species. In the Pre experiments, tests were performed with herbicides imazethapyr, sulfentrazone, chlorimuron, diclosulam, S-metolachlor and saflufenacil. In the Poste experiments, seedlings were sprayed with herbicides bentazon, fomesafen, lactofen, flumioxazin and glyphosate. In Postl experiments, adult plants received glyphosate application associated with herbicides 2,4-D, carfentrazone, imazethapyr, flumiclorac, flumioxazin, sulfentrazone, chlorimuron, saflufenacil and glufosinate, plus three sequential applications with glyphosate only and paraquat/diuron. In the experiments, there was a control treatment without application of herbicides. In the Pre experiments, the plants established at 14 and 28 days after application (DAA) were evaluated. In the Poste and Postl experiments, shoot dry matter evaluation and visual control were performed at 14 and 28 DAA. The herbicides sulfentrazone, S-metolachlor and saflufenacil suppressed the emergence of both B. latifolia as R. brasiliensis; chlorimuron-ethyl and diclosulam were effective only on R. brasiliensis. In Poste, fomesafen, lactofen and flumioxazin reached levels of control over 90% of plants of both species. In Postl, glyphosate associated with carfentrazone, flumiclorac, flumioxazin, chlorimuron-ethyl, saflufenacil, glufosinate, and sequential applications of glyphosate/glyphosate, glyphosate/paraquat+diuron, glyphosate+2,4-D/paraquat+diuron reached levels control higher than 95%.