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The sustainability of businesses has emerged as a pressing concern in the competitive landscape. To tackle this issue, the present study aims to explore the role of ethical leadership in determining the sustainability of private banking institutions in Pakistan, with corporate social responsibility (CSR) serving as the mediator. The research utilized data from 232 middle and upper-level private bank employees in Pakistan. The statistical tools SPSS and SmartPLS were employed for data analysis, and a structural equation model was used to test the study hypotheses. The findings indicate a positive and significant impact of ethical leadership on firms' sustainability. Furthermore, CSR significantly and positively mediates the relationship between ethical leadership and firms' sustainability. This study provides valuable insights into the fields of organizational behavior, leadership, and sustainable business practices. The results shed light on the mechanisms through which ethical leadership influences CSR practices and the sustainability of private banking institutions in Pakistan. The study has implications for policymakers, practitioners, and academic researchers to promote sustainable and socially responsible business practices in the private banking sector of Pakistan.

Context: The extraction mode plays a key role in extracting a particular type of pharmacologically active compounds that can be isolated as leads to develop novel therapeutic molecules. Aims: To evaluate the impact of extraction mode on extract yield, phytochemicals constituents, and antidiabetic activity of different parts of the Calotropis procera. Methods: The different parts extracts were prepared by maceration and Soxhlet extraction. The resulting extracts were subjected to determining phytochemical constituents and antidiabetic activity using in vitro models (inhibition of alpha-amylase, glucose uptake by yeast cell, and inhibition of non-enzymatic Hb-glycation). Result: The yield of extracts was higher in Soxhlet extraction in both solvents compared to maceration. Likewise, methanol extract of all the parts prepared by Soxhlet extraction exhibited higher contents of total polyphenols and tannins (430.2 ± 0.99 and 228.3 ± 3.8, respectively). On the other hand, total flavonoids and terpenoids were more in all parts prepared by maceration. The extract of flower and stem prepared by maceration exhibited 64.87 ± 0.720%, 70.32 ± 0.75%, and 56.86 ± 0.13% antidiabetic activity in alpha-amylase enzyme, non – enzymatic Hb glycation inhibition, and glucose enhancement in yeast, respectively (p

La literatura sobre factores heurísticos y rendimiento de la inversión no es muy precisa. Por eso es muy importante explorar y cuantificar el mecanismo de mediación de las anomalías del mercado de valores en un entorno volátil. Los datos para esta investigación se recopilaron a través de una encuesta a inversores bursátiles que participan activamente en la inversión. Los hallazgos de este estudio indican que los factores heurísticos, la disponibilidad, el conservadurismo y la ilusión de control tienen una relación directa significativa y positiva con el rendimiento de la inversión. Para factores heurísticos como el anclaje y la falacia del apostador, ha habido una relación directa insignificante con el rendimiento de la inversión. Mientras que la ilusión de control y el conservadurismo, en relación indirecta con el rendimiento de la inversión, generan anomalías tanto fundamentales como técnicas en el mercado y afectan el rendimiento de la inversión a través de ambas anomalías. El sesgo de anclaje, el sesgo de disponibilidad y la falacia del apostador no causan anomalías técnicas y fundamentales en el mercado. Las anomalías fundamentales y técnicas tienen una importancia y una relación positiva con el rendimiento de la inversión.

Vaccine development using different platforms is one of the important strategies to address coronavirus disease pandemic. The global need for vaccines requires effective vaccine approaches and collaboration between pharmaceutical and biotechnological companies, governments and the industrial and academic sectors. About 72% of the vaccine candidates are being developed by the private sector, while 28% are carried out by the public sector and different non-profit organizations. COVID-19 vaccines are based on complete viruses (inactivated or attenuated), viral vectors (replicating or not), antigenic subunits (proteins or peptides), nucleic acids (RNA or DNA) or virus-like particles. Important aspects of vaccine development include manufacturing flexibility, speed, cost, safety, cellular and humoral immunogenicity, vaccine stability and cold chain maintenance. Vaccines can be prepared using different manufacturing platforms, computational biology, gene synthesis, structure-based antigen design and protein engineering. Individual confidence, convenience and complacency are factors that affect the attitude towards acceptance of COVID-19 vaccination. This could be complicated by socio-demographic, psychologic, cognitive and cultural factors.

El objetivo de este artículo es investigar los antecedentes de la amenaza financiera y su relación con la inclinación del individuo a cambiar su comportamiento financiero y su estado de salud. La población de estudio comprende a pequeños inversionistas que poseen pólizas de seguros de vida. El diseño de investigación explicativa se utiliza para conocer la relación causal entre todas las variables. Se utilizaron datos primarios recopilados a través de cuestionarios aplicados personalmente a los encuestados. Los encuestados fueron seleccionados al azar y los cuestionarios fueron aplicados de manera apropiada para facilitar la recopilación de datos. Las diferentes técnicas de datos Smart PLS3 se emplearon para las inferencias de datos. Este estudio explora que tanto las dificultades económicas como la ansiedad financiera están efectivamente asociadas con la amenaza financiera, y que la amenaza financiera también se relaciona significativamente con la voluntad de cambiar el comportamiento financiero y la angustia psicológica. La investigación también revela que la amenaza financiera media entre variables independientes y dependientes. La contribución más novedosa de este estudio es el papel del apoyo social, que moderó significativamente la relación entre la amenaza financiera y la voluntad de cambiar el comportamiento financiero. Este estudio hace una importante contribución a la literatura existente sobre las amenazas financieras, brinda excelentes sugerencias prácticas para inversionistas individuales domésticos y destaca los problemas que enfrentan estos pequeños inversores.

Context: Despite being a causative agent of gout, uric acid is used as an anti-gout medicine in homeopathy without reported scientific evidence, and such highly diluted medicines lack the exact amount of active ingredient per dose, which is mandatory for pharmacological evaluation. Aims: To determine active contents per tablet and evaluate anti-gout and anti-inflammatory activities of Acid Uric 3× Tablet, a homeopathic anti-gout medicine. Methods: A simple RP-HPLC method was developed and validated for the determination of uric acid in Acid Uric 3× Tablet. The standardized tablet was then investigated for anti-gout activity using xanthine oxidase inhibition and potassium oxonate-induced hyperuricemia in rats models. The tablet was also investigated for anti-inflammatory activity employing both in vitro and in vivo models. Results: The developed HPLC method was found to be simple, sensitive and precise. Acid Uric 3× Tablet was found to contain 250 µg uric acid/tablet. This medicine inhibited xanthine oxidase activity (IC50 = 12.42 μg/mL) and lowered the serum uric acid in tablet-treated rats (1.02 mg/dL) as compared to toxic group (4.87 mg/dL). The tablet also showed anti-inflammatory activity in heat-induced protein denaturation (IC50 = 4.6 ± 1.0 µg/mL), anti-proteinase (IC50 = 4.64 ± 1.0 µg/mL), heat-induced RBC hemolysis (IC50 = 12.39 ± 1.5 µg/mL) and hypotonicity-induced hemolysis (IC50 = 11.31 ± 1.0 µg/mL). Moreover, significant anti-inflammatory activity was found in the carrageenan-induced rat-paw edema model at a dose of 0.132 mg/kg. Conclusions: The findings of the study indicate that the developed HPLC method may be used to standardize Acid Uric 3× Tablet and provide scientific evidence of lowering uric acid level.

The literature of heuristic factors and investment performance is less confirmatory. That is why it is quite important to explore and quantify the mediation mechanism of stock market anomalies in a volatile environment. For this research, the data were collected through a survey to stock investors who are actively involved in investing. The findings of this study show that heuristic factors, availability, conservatism, and illusion of control have a significant and positive direct relationship to investment performance. For heuristic factors like anchoring and gambler’s fallacy, there has been an insignificant direct relationship to investment performance. While in indirect relationship to the investment performance, illusion of control and conservatism generate both fundamental and technical anomalies in the market, and they affect the investment performance via technical and fundamental anomalies. Anchoring bias, availability bias and gambler fallacy do not generate both technical and fundamental anomalies in market. Our study result indicates that stock market fundamental and technical anomalies have influenced individual investors’ investment performance. The findings show that there is a significant impact of fundamental anomalies on investment performance.

ABSTRACT OBJECTIVE: This research aimed to quantitatively assess the general public's awareness, attitude and perception of polio and its vaccination in Peshawar KPK, Pakistan. METHODS: We conducted a survey-based study to understand the surge in polio cases from 2015 to 2019 in the Peshawar city of the Khyber Pakhtunkhwa (KPK), Pakistan. A pre-tested questionnaire-based study was conducted in 2019 to assess the attitude and general perception of residents of Peshawar KPK towards polio vaccination. RESULTS: Out of 241 country-wide polio cases, 63 (26.1%) polio cases were reported in Peshawar city from 2015–2019. The questionnaire revealed that individuals between 18–30 years of age had sufficient knowledge (65.1%) about polio. Male and female participants had equal awareness (~ 43%). Participants with higher education (45.9%), those with better financial status (49.5%), individuals with children < 5 years of age (46.4%), and those who had experience of a polio patient (63.1%) had better knowledge. Participants inhabiting the central city were better aware (50.5%) of polio than individuals living in the outskirts. CONCLUSION: The data indicated that poor knowledge and negative attitudes of people towards polio vaccination are the main causes of the polio eradication program's failure. Moreover, religious beliefs, unchecked migration between the Pak-Afghan border, and lack of knowledge about polio vaccination are identified as critical barriers to polio eradication.

El objetivo de este artículo es investigar los antecedentes de la amenaza financiera y su relación con la incli-nación del individuo a cambiar su comportamiento financiero y su estado de salud. La población de estudio comprende a pequeños inversionistas que poseen pólizas de seguros de vida. El diseño de investigación explicativa se utiliza para conocer la relación causal entre todas las variables. Se utilizaron datos primarios recopilados a través de cuestionarios aplicados personalmente a los encuestados. Los encuestados fueron seleccionados al azar y los cuestionarios fueron aplicados de manera apropiada para facilitar la recopila-ción de datos. Las diferentes técnicas de datos Smart PLS3 se emplearon para las inferencias de datos. Este estudio explora que tanto las dificultades económicas como la ansiedad financiera están efectivamente asociadas con la amenaza financiera, y que la amenaza financiera también se relaciona significativamente con la voluntad de cambiar el comportamiento financiero y la angustia psicológica. La investigación tam-bién revela que la amenaza financiera media entre variables independientes y dependientes. La contribu-ción más novedosa de este estudio es el papel del apoyo social, que moderó significativamente la relación entre la amenaza financiera y la voluntad de cambiar el comportamiento financiero. Este estudio hace una importante contribución a la literatura existente sobre las amenazas financieras, brinda excelentes sugerencias prácticas para inversionistas individuales domésticos y destaca los problemas que enfrentan estos pequeños inversores.

This research aims to probe the classical elements in the works of Fyodor Dostoevsky and to show the author’s bent towards the classical authors and traditions. Dostoevsky is the giant literary figure of 19th-century Russian literature and he belongs not only to a particular time but to all times like many other great classic writers. The research is significant for exposing the author’s affiliation towards the epic poetry of Homer and Hesiod and the dramas of the preeminent Athenian tragedians, Aeschylus, Sophocles, and Euripides. Dostoevsky also becomes classic based on his dealings with the themes dealt by the classics like love, fight for honour, real-life presentation, the conflict between vice and virtue and the struggle of his tragic heroes to reach their goal. The research proves that Dostoevsky is a classic among the classics because of having close resonance with the classics in the art of characterization, the portrayal of tragic heroes, theme building and by including some elements of tragedy. The qualitative research is designed on the descriptive-analytic method by using the approach of Classicism presented by Mark Twain.

In the present work, the antioxidant activity of different solvent extracts of wheat (var. Inqalab 91) bran was evaluated following different antioxidant assays using canola oil as the oxidation substrate. The bran samples were extracted with 80% and 100% methanol and acetone. A preliminary assessment of the antioxidant activity of the 80 and 100% acetone and methanolic extracts of wheat bran was done by the measurement of % inhibition of peroxidation in a linoleic acid system, total phenolic contents (TPC) and bleachability of β-carotene in the linoleic acid system. Additionally, the canola oil samples were stabilized with crude concentrated extracts and subjected to ambient aging (6 months). The extent of oxidative deterioration was followed by the measurement of peroxide-, p-anisidine-, conjugated dienes-, and trienes- values. The results of ambient stored samples revealed a significant improvement in these oxidation parameters. The overall order of antioxidant activity of the extracts as determined by various antioxidant assays was determined to be; 80% methanolic extract > 100% methanolic extract > 80% acetone extracts . 100% acetone extract. The results of the present comprehensive analysis demonstrate that extracts of the wheat bran indigenous to Pakistan are a viable source of natural antioxidants and might be exploited for commercial and neutraceutical applications.